Founded in 1722 and incorporated in 1848, Worcester developed as an industrial city in the 19th century due to theBlackstone Canal and railways, which facilitated the import of raw materials and the export of such finished goods as machines, textiles, and wire. The city's population grew, driven by European immigration. AfterWorld War II, manufacturing in Worcester waned, and the city declined economically and in terms of population. This trend was reversed in the 1990s, when higher education, medicine,biotechnology, and new immigrants started making their mark. The population has grown by 28% since 1980, reaching its all-time high in the 2020 census, in an example ofurban renewal. Since the 1970s, and especially since the construction ofRoute 146 and interstates90,495,190,290, and395, both Worcester and its surrounding towns have become more integrated with Boston's suburbs. The Worcester region now marks the western periphery of the Boston–Worcester–Providence (MA–RI–NH) U.S. censusCombined Statistical Area (CSA), orGreater Boston.
The area was inhabited by members of theNipmuc tribe at the time of European contact. The native people called the regionQuinsigamond and built a settlement on Pakachoag Hill inAuburn.[9]
In 1673, English settlersJohn Eliot andDaniel Gookin led an expedition to Quinsigamond to establish a new Christian Indianpraying town and identify a new location for an English settlement. On July 13, 1674, Gookin obtained a deed to eight square miles (21 km2) of land in Quinsigamond from the Nipmuc people and English traders and settlers began to inhabit the region.[10]
In 1675,King Philip's War broke out throughout New England with the Nipmuc Indians coming to the aid of Indian leaderKing Philip. The English settlers completely abandoned the Quinsigamond area and the empty buildings were burned by the Indian forces. The town was again abandoned duringQueen Anne's War in 1702.[10]
In 1713, Worcester was permanently resettled for a third and final time byJonas Rice.[11] Named after the city ofWorcester, England, the town was incorporated on June 14, 1722.[12]
On April 2, 1731, Worcester was chosen as the county seat of the newly foundedWorcester County government. Between 1755 and 1758, future U.S. presidentJohn Adams worked as a schoolteacher and studied law in Worcester.[13][14]
Worcester also had a role in the start of theAmerican Revolution. On September 6, 1774, 4,622 militiamen from 37 towns in Worcester County assembled and marched on Main Street, Worcester; they sought to shut down the Crown's court before it could sit for a new session. The event was dubbed theWorcester Revolution, or the Worcester Revolt. Having seized the courthouse, the militiamen waited for the 25 appointees from the Crown to arrive, where they were denied entry and later forced to disavow their appointments by King George III. Bloodshed and violence was avoided, with no shots fired. British authority had been demonstrably overthrown in the American colonies for the first time.[15]
In the 1770s, Worcester became a center ofAmerican revolutionary activity. TheWorcester Revolt on September 6, 1774, was an early successful attempt to throw off British rule. BritishGeneral Thomas Gage was given information of patriot ammunition stockpiled in Worcester in 1775. That same year,Massachusetts Spy publisherIsaiah Thomas moved his radical newspaper out of British occupiedBoston to Worcester. Thomas would continuously publish his paper throughout theAmerican Revolutionary War. On July 14, 1776, Thomas performed the first public reading in Massachusetts of theDeclaration of Independence from the porch of the Old South Church,[16] where the 19th-century Worcester City Hall stands today. He would later go on to form theAmerican Antiquarian Society in Worcester in 1812.[17] During the years leading up to and through the American Revolution, Worcester was an important inland center of Patriot activity and organization. In 1755–1758, future U.S. presidentJohn Adams worked as a schoolteacher in Worcester while studying law, an experience that helped shape his later views on education and self-government.[18]
By the early 1770s, Worcester’s location on the main route between Boston and western Massachusetts made it a hub for revolutionary communication and militia mobilization. In September 1774, local Patriots forced royal officials to resign and closed the county courts, effectively ending British authority in Worcester County months before the battles ofLexington and Concord.[19]
According to local tradition,John Hancock briefly took refuge in Worcester in 1774–1775 as tensions escalated in Boston.[20] In the winter of 1775–1776, GeneralHenry Knox’s famous "noble train of artillery" passed through Worcester while transporting captured cannon from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston, stopping for supplies and repairs on its way to aid the siege of the city.[21]
Worcester continued to commemorate its Revolutionary heritage in the decades that followed. Whenthe Marquis de Lafayette made his triumphal tour of the United States in 1824, he was greeted with great ceremony in Worcester by local citizens and surviving veterans of the Revolution.[22]
Throughout the conflict, Worcester’s residents contributed soldiers, supplies, and civic leadership to the Patriot cause, leaving a lasting legacy reflected in the city’s Revolutionary monuments and archives.[23]
During the turn of the 19th century, Worcester's economy moved into manufacturing. Factories producing textiles, shoes and clothing opened along the nearbyBlackstone River.
The manufacturing industry in Worcester began to thrive with the opening of theBlackstone Canal in 1828 and the opening of theWorcester and Boston Railroad in 1835. The city transformed into a transportation hub and the manufacturing industry flourished.[24]
Worcester was officially chartered as a city on February 29, 1848.[12] The city's industries soon attracted immigrants of primarily Irish, Scottish, French, German, and Swedish descent in the mid-19th century and later many immigrants of Lithuanian, Polish, Italian, Greek, Turkish, Armenian, Syrian, and Lebanese descent.[25] Immigrants moved into newthree-decker houses (which originated in Worcester)[26] lining hundreds of Worcester's expanding streets and neighborhoods.[27]
In 1831,Ichabod Washburn opened theWashburn & Moen Company. The company would become the largest wire manufacturing in the country and Washburn became one of the leading industrial and philanthropic figures in the city.[25][28]
Worcester became a center of machinery, wire products and power looms and boasted large manufacturers, including Washburn & Moen,Wyman-Gordon Company, American Steel & Wire, Morgan Construction and theNorton Company. In 1908, theRoyal Worcester Corset Company was the largest employer of women in the United States.[29]
After World War II, Worcester began to fall into decline as the city lost its manufacturing base to cheaper alternatives across the country and overseas. Worcester felt the national trends of movement away from historic urban centers. The city's population dropped over 20% from 1950 to 1980. In the mid-20th century, largeurban renewal projects were undertaken to try to reverse the city's decline. A huge area of downtown Worcester was demolished for new office towers and the 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2)Worcester Center Galleria shopping mall.[31] After 30 years, the Galleria would lose most of its major tenants and its appeal to more suburban shopping malls around Worcester County.
On June 9, 1953, anF4 tornado touched down inPetersham, northwest of Worcester. The tornado tore through 48 miles (77 km) of Worcester County including a large area of the city of Worcester. The tornado left massive destruction and killed 94 people. TheWorcester tornado would be the deadliest tornado ever to hit Massachusetts.[32] Debris from the tornado landed as far away asDedham.[33]
In the 1960s,Interstate 290 was built right through the center of Worcester, permanently dividing the city. In 1963, Worcester nativeHarvey Ball introduced the iconic yellowsmiley face to American culture.[34][35]
In recent decades, a renewed interest in the city's downtown has brought new investment and construction to Worcester. A Convention Center was built along theDCU Center arena in downtown Worcester in 1997.[37] In 2000, Worcester'sUnion Station reopened after 25 years of neglect and a $32 million renovation.Hanover Insurance helped fund a multimillion-dollar renovation to the old Franklin Square Theater into theHanover Theatre for the Performing Arts.[38] In 2000, theMassachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences built a new campus in downtown Worcester.[39] In 2007, WPI opened the first facility in their new Gateway Park center in Lincoln Square.[40] In 2004, Berkeley Investments proposed demolishing the old Worcester Center Galleria for a new mixed-used development calledCity Square. The ambitious project looked to reconnect old street patterns while creating a new retail, commercial and living destination in the city.[41] After struggling to secure finances for a number of years, Hanover Insurance took over the project and demolition began on September 13, 2010.Unum Insurance and the Saint Vincent Hospital leased into the project and both facilities opened in 2013. The new Front Street opened on December 31, 2012.[42]
On December 3, 1999, a homeless couple accidentally started a five-alarm fire at theWorcester Cold Storage & Warehouse Company. The fire took the lives of six firemen and drew national attention as one of the worst firefighting tragedies of the late 20th century.[43] PresidentBill Clinton, Vice PresidentAl Gore and other local and national dignitaries attended the funeral service and memorial program in Worcester.[43]
Worcester has a total area of 38.6 square miles (100 km2): 37.6 square miles (97 km2) of land and 1.0 square mile (2.6 km2), comprising roughly 2.59%, of water. Worcester is bordered by the towns ofAuburn,Grafton,Holden,Leicester,Millbury,Paxton,Shrewsbury, andWest Boylston.
Worcester is known as the "Heart of the Commonwealth" because of its proximity to the center of Massachusetts. The city is about 40 miles (64 km) west ofBoston, 50 miles (80 km) east ofSpringfield, and 38 miles (61 km) northwest ofProvidence, Rhode Island.
TheBlackstone River forms in the center of Worcester by the confluence of the Middle River and Mill Brook. The river courses underground through the center of the city, and emerges at the foot of College Hill. It then flows south through Quinsigamond Village and into Millbury. Worcester is the beginning of theBlackstone Valley that frames the river. TheBlackstone Canal was once an important waterway connecting Worcester to Providence and theEastern Seaboard, but the canal fell into disuse at the end of the 19th century and was mostly covered up. In recent years, local organizations, including the Canal District Business Association, have proposed restoring the canal and creating a Blackstone ValleyNational Park.[46]
Worcester is one of many cities claimed, likeRome,to be found on seven hills: Airport Hill, Bancroft Hill, Belmont Hill (Bell Hill),Grafton Hill, Green Hill, Pakachoag Hill and Vernon Hill. However, Worcester has more than seven hills, examples of which include Indian Hill, Newton Hill, Poet's Hill, and Wigwam Hill.
Worcester has many ponds and two prominent lakes:Indian Lake andLake Quinsigamond. Lake Quinsigamond (also known as Long Pond) stretches four miles (6.4 km) across the Worcester and Shrewsbury border and is a very popularcompetitive rowing and boating destination.
Worcester'shumid continental climate (Köppen:Dfb) is typical ofNew England. The weather changes rapidly owing to the confluence of warm, humid air from the southwest; cool, dry air from the north; and the moderating influence of theAtlantic Ocean to the east. Summers are typically hot and humid, while winters are cold, windy, and snowy. Snow typically falls from the second half of November into early April,[47] with occasional falls in October; May snow is much rarer. TheUSDA classifies the city as straddlinghardiness zones 5b and 6a.[48]
The hottest month is July, with a 24-hour average of 70.2 °F (21.2 °C), while the coldest is January, at 24.1 °F (−4.4 °C). There are an average of only 3.5 days of highs at or above 90 °F (32 °C) and 4.1 nights of lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) per year, and periods of either extremes are rarely sustained. The all-time record high temperature is 102 °F (39 °C), recorded on July 4, 1911,[49] the only 100 °F (38 °C) or greater temperature to date. The all-time record low temperature is −24 °F (−31 °C), recorded on February 16, 1943.[50] The lowest daily maximum temperature on record is −2 °F (−19 °C) on January 8, 1968, while the highest daily minimum is 80 °F (27 °C) on July 4, 1911.[51]
Worcester is known for being particularly snowy in the cold months, sometimes even experiencing intense autumn blizzards. The city averages 48.07 inches (1,220 mm) ofprecipitation a year, as well as an average of 64 inches (160 cm) of snowfall a season,[52] receiving far more snow than coastal locations less than 40 miles (64 km) away.[53][54] Massachusetts' geographic location, jutting out into theNorth Atlantic, as well as Worcester's elevation relative to the surrounding terrain, makes the city very prone toNor'easter weather systems that can dump heavy snow on the region. Extreme winters have brought up to 120 inches (300 cm) of snowfall, as happened in 2005. In late January 2015, a blizzard traversed over the city as it shed almost 32 inches (81 cm) of snow. This was the highest single-day snowfall total for anywhere in Massachusetts since data collection began in 1892.[55]
While rare, the city has had its share of extreme weather. On September 21, 1938, the city was hit by the brutalNew England Hurricane of 1938. Fifteen years later, Worcester was hit by atornado that killed 94 people. The deadliest tornado in New England history, it damaged a large part of the city and surrounding towns. It struckAssumption Preparatory School, now the site ofQuinsigamond Community College.
Worcester, Massachusetts – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Vietnamese community float in the Worcester Saint Patrick's Day Parade
According to the 2020 U.S. Census, Worcester had a population of 206,518, of which 104,911 (50.8%) were female and 101,607 (49.2%) were male. In terms of age, 81.0% were over 18 years old and 13.6% were over 65 years old; children under 5 made up 5.2% of the city's population.[63]
In terms of race and ethnicity, Worcester's population as of 2020 was 67.7%White (including Hispanics), 13.0% Black orAfrican American, 0.5% American Indian and Alaska Native, 7.2% Asian, <0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 5.2% from Some Other Race, and 6.4% from Two or More Races.[citation needed]Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 24.6% of the population[62] (of whom nearly half were Puerto Rican).[64]Non-Hispanic Whites were 48.93% of the population in 2020,[62] down from 96.8% in 1970.[65] In 2010, 19.7% of Worcester's population are below thepoverty threshold.[63]
From 2015 to 2024, the city's per capita income increased from $24,447 to $33,592, according to the city auditor.[67] The data below is from the 2015–2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.[68][69][70]
By the mid-19th century, Worcester was one of New England's largest manufacturing centers. The city's large industries specialized in machinery, wire production, and power looms. Although manufacturing has declined, the city still maintains large manufactures, likeNorton Abrasives, which was bought bySaint-Gobain in 1990, Morgan Construction Company, since bought by Siemens and then bought by Japanese company PriMetals Technologies, and the David Clark Company. TheDavid Clark Company pioneered aeronautical equipment including anti-gravity suits and noise attenuating headsets.
Services, particularly education and healthcare, make up a large portion of the city's economy. Worcester's many colleges and universities make higher education a considerable presence in the city's economy.Hanover Insurance was founded in 1852 and retains its headquarters in Worcester.Unum Insurance andFallon Community Health Plan have offices in the city.Polar Beverages is the largest independent soft-drink bottler in the country and is in Worcester.
Worcester is home to the largest concentration of digital gaming students in the United States.[71] The Memorial Auditorium, built as a tribute to World War I veterans of Worcester, is undergoing a renovation and may cater to these Digital Students as a future multimedia and digital center, in conjunction with the twelve Worcester colleges and universities.
As one of the top ten emerging hubs for tech startups,[72] the city's biotechnology and technology industries have helped spur major expansions at both the University of Massachusetts Medical School andWorcester Polytechnic Institute. The Massachusetts Biotechnology Research Park hosts many innovative companies includingAdvanced Cell Technology andAbbVie. The Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology in nearbyShrewsbury developed the oralcontraceptive pill in 1951.
Downtown Worcester used to boast major Boston retailersFilene's andJordan Marsh as well Worcester's own department stores Barnard's andDenholm & McKay. Over time most retailers moved away from downtown and into the suburbanAuburn Mall andGreendale Mall in North Worcester.
In 2010,[73] the median household income was $61,212. Median family income was $76,485. About 7.7% of families and 10.8% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 14.1% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over. In October 2013, Worcester was found to be the number five city for investing in a rental property.[74] From 2015 to 2024, the city's per capita income increased from $24,447 to $33,592, according to the city auditor.[67]
Much of Worcester's culture is synonymous with broaderNew England culture. The city's name is notoriously mispronounced by people unfamiliar with the city. As with the city in England, the first syllable of "cester" (castra) is left entirely unvoiced. Combined with a traditionallynon-rhoticEastern New England English accent, the name can be transcribed as "WOOS-tuh" or "WISS-tuh" (the first syllable possibly having anear-close central unrounded vowel).[4]
Worcester has many traditionally ethnic neighborhoods, including Quinsigamond Village (Swedish), Shrewsbury Street (Italian),Kelley Square (Irish and Polish), Vernon Hill (Lithuanian), Union Hill (Jewish), and Main South (Puerto Rican, Dominican, and Vietnamese).
Boulevard Diner
Shrewsbury Street is Worcester's traditional "Little Italy" neighborhood and today boasts many of the city's most popular restaurants and nightlife.[78] The Canal District was once an old Eastern European neighborhood, but has been redeveloped into a very popular bar, restaurant and club scene.[79]
There are also many dedicated community organizations and art associations in the city.stART on the Street is an annual festival promoting local art. TheWorcester Music Festival andNew England Metal and Hardcore Festival are also held annually in Worcester. The Worcester County St. Patrick's Parade runs through Worcester and is one of the largestSt. Patrick's Day celebrations in the state. The city also held the second oldestFirst Night celebration in the country eachNew Year's Eve until 2017. Since 1916, Worcester has also been the home of theWorcester Kiltie Pipe Band, one of the oldest pipe bands in the United States.[80]
Worcester is also the state's largest center for the arts outside of Boston.Mechanics Hall, built in 1857, is one of the oldest concert halls in the country and is renowned for its pure acoustics.[81] In 2008 the old Poli Palace Theatre reopened as theHanover Theatre for the Performing Arts.[82] The theatre brings many Broadway shows and nationally recognized performers to the city.Tuckerman Hall, designed by one of the country's earliest woman architects,Josephine Wright Chapman, is home to the Massachusetts Symphony Orchestra. TheDCU Center arena and convention holds many large concerts, exhibitions and conventions in the city. The Worcester County Poetry Association sponsors readings by national and local poets in the city and theWorcester Center for Crafts provides craft education and skills to the community. Worcester is also home to the Worcester Youth Orchestras.[83] Founded in 1947 by Harry Levenson, it is the 3rd oldest youth orchestra in the country and regularly performs at Mechanics Hall.
Mechanics Hall is also home to the Worcester Symphony Orchestra formerly known as the New England Symphony Orchestra.[84] Founded in 1974 the Worcester Symphony Orchestra performs classical works regularly at Mechanics Hall in downtown Worcester.
The nickname "Wormtown" is synonymous with the city's once large underground rock music scene. The nickname has now become used to refer to the city itself.[85][86][87]
Due to its location inCentral Massachusetts, Worcester is known as the "Heart of the Commonwealth"; a heart is the official symbol of the city. However, the heart symbol may also have its provenance in lore that the Valentine's Day card, although not invented in the city, was firstmass-produced and popularized by Worcester residentEsther Howland.[88] Similarly, the invention of the classic yellow "smiley face" design by Worcester native Harvey Ball has gained it an iconic status in the city. This design is now commonly seen in art and merchandise relating to Worcester, including murals, t-shirts and stickers.
TheBurnside Fountain, also known as theTurtle Boy statue, is a local landmark on the Worcester Common.The Elm Park Iron Bridge
Worcester has 1,200 acres (490 ha) of publicly owned property. Notable parks includeElm Park, which was laid out byFrederick Law Olmsted in 1854, and the City Common laid out in 1669. Both parks are listed on theNational Register of Historic Places.[89] The largest park in the city is the 549-acreGreen Hill Park (222 ha). The park was donated by the Green family in 1903 and includes theGreen Hill Park Shelter built in 1910. In 2002, the Massachusetts Vietnam Veterans Memorial was dedicated in Green Hill Park. Other Parks, include Newton Hill, East Park, Morgan Park, Shore Park, Crompton Park, Hadwen Park,Institute Park andUniversity Park. In 1840, Worcester resident Soloman Parsons bought around 300 acres (120 ha) of land in what is now Rattlesnake Hill. A follower ofMillerism, Parsons believed the world would end in 1843 and purchased the land as a gift to God. The area is a hiking spot, although many of the paths are overgrown and is considered haunted by some residents. Though not within city limits,New England Botanic Garden at Tower Hill is operated by theWorcester County Horticultural Society and is a 20-minute drive northeast of the city inBoylston. The Horticultural Society's former headquarters became theWorcester Historical Museum, dedicated to the cultural, economic, and scientific contributions of the city to American society. As a former manufacturing center, Worcester has many historic 19th century buildings and on the National Register of Historic Places, including the old facilities of theCrompton Loom Works,Ashworth and Jones Factory andWorcester Corset Company Factory.
TheAmerican Antiquarian Society has been in Worcester since 1812. The national library and society has one of the largest collections of early American history in the world. The city's main museum is theWorcester Art Museum established in 1898. The museum is the second largest art museum in New England, behind theMuseum of Fine Arts in Boston.[90] From 1931 to 2013, Worcester was home to theHiggins Armory Museum, which was the sole museum dedicated to arms and armor in the country.[91] Its collection and endowment were transferred and integrated into the Worcester Art Museum, with the collection now being shown in a new gallery which opened in 2015. The non-profitVeterans Inc. is headquartered at the southern tip of Grove Street in the historicMassachusetts National Guard Armory building.
TheWorcester Memorial Auditorium is one of the most prominent buildings in the city. Built as aWorld War Iwar memorial in 1933, the multipurpose auditorium has hosted many of Worcester's concerts and sporting events, and is[when?] undergoing a renovation to become a multimedia and event center.
According to the U.S. Religion Census 2020, most inhabitants of Worcester County report no religious affiliation. Following None, the largest reported religious denomination is Catholicism. The first Catholics came to Worcester in 1826. They were chiefly Irish immigrants brought to America by the builders of the Blackstone canal. As time went on and the number of Catholics increased, the community petitioned Bishop Fenwick to send them a priest. In response to this appeal, the bishop appointed the Reverend James Fitton to visit the Catholics of Worcester in 1834. A Catholic Mass was first offered in the city in an old stone building on Front Street. The foundation of Christ's Church, the first Catholic church in Worcester (now St. John's), was laid on July 6, 1834.[92] The Roman Catholic Diocese of Worcester was canonically erected on January 14, 1950, by Pope Pius XII. Its territories were taken from the neighboring Diocese of Springfield. The fifth and current bishop is Robert Joseph McManus.[93]
The Unitarian-Universalist Church of Worcester was founded in 1841. Worcester's Greek Orthodox Cathedral, St. Spyridon, was founded in 1924.[citation needed]
The Islamic Society of Greater Worcester established Masjid Al-Arkham as the first mosque in Worcester with less than 50 congregants in 1979 at 57 Laurel Street in an abandoned church.[96] As the congregation grew, the size of the original mosque no longer adequately met its needs.[97] The community built theWorcester Islamic Center, also known as the Worcester Mosque, and moved there in 2005-07.[98] After a period of renovations, Masjid Al-Arkham was re-opened in 2008.
Worcester is home to three Buddhist Centers: Boundless Way Zen Temple, Chua Pho Hien, and New England Buddhist Vihara & Meditation Center.[citation needed]
The small Worcester Baha'i Community has a long history, having been established in 1920.[99] Prior to this, in 1912 'Abdu'l-Bahá, the son of Bahá'u'lláh and then leader of the Bahá'í Faith, visited the city and spoke at Clark University.[99]
Worcester is home to a Jewish population who attend fivesynagogues, includingReform congregationTemple Emanuel Sinai,Congregation Beth Israel, aConservativesynagogue founded in 1924,[100] andOrthodox, Congregation Shaarai Torah West, Congregation Tifereth Israel – Sons of Jacob (Chabad), home of Yeshiva Achei Tmimim Academy, and The Torah Center. Beth Israel and itsrabbi were the subject of the bookAnd They Shall be My People: An American Rabbi and His Congregation byPaul Wilkes.
Armenian Church of Our Savior
The first Armenian Church in the Western Hemisphere was built in Worcester in 1890 and consecrated on January 18, 1891, as "Soorp Purgich" (Holy Savior). The current sanctuary of the congregation, now known asArmenian Church of Our Savior, was consecrated in 1952.[101]
Worcester is home to America's largest community ofMandaeans, numbering around 2,500. Most Mandaeans in Worcester arrived as refugees from instability inIraq during the early 21st century.[102]
Worcester was home toMarshall Walter ("Major") Taylor, anAfrican American cyclist who won the world one-mile (1.6 km) track cycling championship in 1899. Taylor's legacy includes being the first African American and the secondblack athlete to be a world champion (Canadian boxerGeorge Dixon, 1892). Taylor was nicknamed theWorcester Whirlwind by the local papers.
Lake Quinsigamond is home to theEastern Sprints, a premierrowing event in the United States.Competitive rowing teams first came to Lake Quinsigamond in 1857. Finding the long, narrow lake ideal for such crew meets, avid rowers established boating clubs on the lake's shores, the first being the Quinsigamond Boating Club. More boating clubs and races followed, and soon many colleges (local, national, and international) held regattas, such as theEastern Sprints, on the lake. Beginning in 1895, local high schools held crew races on the lake. In 1952, the lake played host to the National Olympic rowing trials.
In 2002, the Jesse Burkett Little League all-stars team went all the way to theLittle League World Series. They made it to the US final before losing toOwensboro, Kentucky. Jesse Burkett covers the West Side area of Worcester, along with Ted Williams Little League.
Worcester is governed by acouncil–manager government, with a popularly electedmayor. Acity council acts as the legislative body, and the council-appointed manager handles the traditional day-to-day chief executive functions.
City councilors can run as either a representative of a city district or as an at-large candidate. The winning at-large candidate who receives the greatest number of votes for mayor becomes the mayor (at-large councilor candidates must ask to be removed from the ballot for mayor if they do not want to be listed on the mayoral ballot). As a result, voters must vote for their mayoral candidate twice, once as an at-large councilor, and once as the mayor. The mayor has no more authority than other city councilors, but is the ceremonial head of the city and chair of the city council and school committee. Currently, there are 11 councilors: 6 at-large and 5 district.
Worcester's firstcharter, which went into effect in 1848, established a Mayor/Bicameral form of government. Together, the two chambers—the 11-member Board ofAldermen and the 30-member Common Council—were vested with complete legislative powers. The mayor handled all administrative departments, though appointments to those departments had to be approved by the two-chamber City Council.
Seeking to replace the 1848 charter, Worcester voters in November 1947 approved a change toPlan E municipal government. In effect from January 1949 until November 1985, this charter (as outlined in chapter 43 of the Massachusetts General Laws) established City Council/City Manager government. This type of governance, with modifications, has survived to the present day.
Initially, Plan E government in Worcester was organized as a 9-member council (all at-large), a ceremonial mayor elected from the council by the councilors, and a council-appointed city manager. The manager oversees the daily administration of the city, makes all appointments to city offices, and can be removed at any time by a majority vote of the council. The mayor chairs the city council and the school committee, and does not have the power to veto any vote.[105]
From 1949 through 1959, elections were by thesingle transferable vote. Voters repealed that system in November 1960. Despitenon-partisan elections, two groups alternated in control of council: the local Democratic Party and aslate known as the Citizens' Plan E Association (CEA). CEA members included the Republican Party leadership and other groups not affiliated with the regular Democratic Party.[106]
Downtown Worcester, withCity Hall (built 1898) at right
In 1983, Worcester voters again decided to change the city charter. This "Home Rule" charter (named for the method of adoption of the charter) is similar to Plan E, the major changes being to the structure of the council and the election of the mayor. The 9-member Council became 11, 6 at-large and 1 from each city district. The mayor is chosen by popular election, but must also run and win as an at-large councilor.
Massachusetts Vietnam Veterans' Memorial, erected in 2002
Worcester's history ofsocial progressivism includes a number oftemperance andabolitionist movements. It was a leader in thewomen's suffrage movement: The first national convention advocating women's rights was held in Worcester on October 23–24, 1850.[107]
The area was already home toLucy Stone,Eli Thayer, andSamuel May Jr. They were joined in their political activities by networks of related Quaker families such as the Earles and the Chases, whose organizing efforts were crucial to the anti-slavery cause in central Massachusetts and throughout New England.
AnarchistEmma Goldman and two others opened an ice cream shop in 1892. "It was spring and not yet warm," Goldman later wrote, "but the coffee I brewed, our sandwiches, and dainty dishes were beginning to be appreciated. Within a short time, we were able to invest in a soda-water fountain and some lovely colored dishes."[108]
On October 19, 1924, the largest gathering of theKu Klux Klan (KKK) ever held in New England took place at the Agricultural Fairgrounds in Worcester. Klansmen in sheets and hoods, new Knights awaiting a mass induction ceremony, and supporters swelled the crowd to 15,000. The KKK had hired more than 400 "husky guards", but when the rally ended around midnight, a riot broke out. Klansmen's cars were stoned and burned, and their windows smashed. KKK members were pulled from their cars and beaten. Klansmen called for police protection, but the situation raged out of control for most of the night. After the violence, membership fell off, and no further public Klan meetings were held in Worcester.[109]
Twenty-one private andparochial schools are also found throughout Worcester, including the city's oldest educational institution,Worcester Academy, founded in 1834, andBancroft School, founded in 1900.
Worcester is currently home to eight colleges and universities.
Assumption University is the fourth oldestRoman Catholic college in New England and was founded in 1904. At 175 acres (0.71 km2), it has the largest campus in Worcester.
Fenwick Hall,College of the Holy CrossClark University was founded in 1887 as the first all-graduate school in the country; it now also educates undergraduates and is noted for its strengths in psychology and geography. Its first president wasG. Stanley Hall, the founder of organized psychology as a science and profession, father of the child study movement, and founder of theAmerican Psychological Association. Well-known professors includeAlbert A. Michelson, who won the first American Nobel Prize in 1902 for his measurement of light.Robert H. Goddard, a pioneering rocket scientist of the space age also studied and taught here, and, in his only visit to the United States,Sigmund Freud delivered his five famous "Clark Lectures" at the university. Clark offers one of only two programs leading to a Ph.D. in Holocaust and Genocide Studies, the other is offered byGratz College.
TheMassachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Worcester Campus houses the institution's Doctor of Optometry program, accelerated Doctor of Pharmacy, Post-Baccalaureate Bachelor's in Nursing; Master's in Nursing – Family Nurse Practitioner, Master's program New England School of Acupuncture, as well as the Master's program in Physician Assistant Studies for post-baccalaureate students.
Quinsigamond Community College was founded in 1963 and provides associate degree and professional certificate options to its 13,000 students per year. In addition to its main campus, students train and study at multiple program sites throughout Worcester as well as one inMarlborough and one inSouthbridge.[113]Boynton Hall, 1868, designed by Worcester architect Stephen Earle,Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) is aprivateresearch university, focusing on the instruction and research of technical arts and applied sciences.[114] Founded in 1865, WPI was one of the United States' first engineering and technology universities and now has 14 academic departments with over 50 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in science, engineering, technology, management, the social sciences, and the humanities and arts.Robert Goddard, the father of modern rocketry, graduated from WPI in 1908 with a Bachelor of Science inphysics.
Worcester State University (WSU) is a public liberal arts and sciences university located on the city's west side. Founded in 1874 as the StateNormal School at Worcester, it was the fifth of nine public teacher training colleges in the commonwealth. Today WSU offers 34 undergraduate majors and 30 graduate programs and includes a student body of 6400.Warner Memorial Theater, opened 1932, designed byDrew Eberson,Worcester Academy
Many of these institutions participate in theColleges of Worcester Consortium. This independent, non-profit collegiate association includes academic institutions in Worcester and other communities in Worcester County, such asAnna Maria College in neighboringPaxton. It facilitates cooperation among the colleges and universities. One example of this being its inter-college shuttle bus and student cross registration. Worcester is also the home ofDynamy, a "residential internship program" in the United States. The organization was founded in 1969.[115] The city is also home to many trade schools such as the Peterson School,Porter and Chester Institute, the Fieldstone School, and the Rob Roy Academy, among others. Additionally, theWorcester Technical High School offers adult education classes.[116]
Becker College was a private college with campuses in Worcester and neighboringLeicester that closed at the end of the 2020–21 academic year.[117] The college was formed in 1977 out of the merger of Leicester Junior College (Founded 1784 as Leicester Academy) and Becker Junior College (1887). Clark University started an equivalent program, Becker School of Design & Technology, hiring the majority of the faculty from the original program at Becker College and offering transfers to Becker students.[118]
Worcester Junior College started as a private junior college in 1905 as a branch of Worcester Youth Men's Christian Association Institute, then its only offering was in auto mechanics. From 1926 to 1942 the college was affiliated with Northeastern University. In 1972 it was merged with the new Central New England College of Technology [CNEC].[citation needed]
TheOread Institute was an early women's college that closed its doors in 1934. Founded in 1849 byEli Thayer it counted among its graduates the founders ofSpelman College.
The commonwealth'sUniMás station,WUTF-TV, channel 27, is licensed to Worcester, but operates fromNeedham. The region's version ofSpectrum News 1, which over the years has expanded from a community access channel to a regional cable news channel, is based in the community.
Radio stations based in Worcester includeWCHC,WCUW,WSRS,WTAG,WWFX,WICN,WORC-FM andWXLO. WCCA-TV shows on channel 194 and provides Community Cable-Access Television as well as a live stream of the channel on the station's website.[120]
Worcester is also served by several smaller Massachusetts state highways.Route 9 links the city to its eastern and western suburbs,Shrewsbury andLeicester.Route 9 runs almost the entire length of the state, connecting Boston and Worcester withPittsfield, near theNew York state border.Route 12 was the primary route north to Leominster and Fitchburg until the completion ofI-190.Route 12 also connected Worcester toWebster beforeI-395 was completed. It still serves as an alternative local route.Route 146, the Worcester-Providence Turnpike, connects the city with the similar city ofProvidence, Rhode Island.Route 20 touches the southernmost tip of Worcester near theMassachusetts Turnpike.Route 20 is a coast-to-coast route connecting theAtlantic to thePacific Ocean, and is the longest road in the United States.[121]
Worcester is the headquarters of theProvidence and Worcester, aClass II railroad operating throughout much of southern New England. The city is a significant intermodal shipping hub for CSX'sBoston Subdivision. Worcester is also the western terminus of theFramingham/Worcestercommuter rail line run by theMassachusetts Bay Transportation Authority.Union Station serves as the hub for commuter railway traffic. Built in 1911, the station has been restored to its original grace and splendor, reopening to full operation in 2000. It also serves as anAmtrak stop on theLake Shore Limited from Boston toChicago. In October 2008, the MBTA added 5 new trains to the Framingham/Worcester line as part of a plan to add 20 or more trains from Worcester to Boston and also to buy the track fromCSX Transportation.[122]
Worcester Regional Airport (KORH), owned and operated byMassport since 2010, lies at the top of Tatnuck Hill, Worcester's highest point. The airport has two runways, whose lengths are 7,000 ft (2,100 m) and 5,000 ft (1,500 m), and a $15.7 million terminal.[124] The airport was serviced by numerous airlines from the 1950s through the 1990s. After that, the airport encountered years of spotty commercial service, but it has since been given new life with the arrival ofjetBlue,Delta Air Lines, andAmerican Airlines.
In 1830, state legislation funded the creation of theWorcester State Insane Asylum Hospital (1833) and became one of the first new public asylums in the United States.[125] Prior the Worcester State Insane Asylum hospital, all other treatment centers were funded by private philanthropists which neglected treatment for the poor.[125]
Worcester is home to theUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School. The medical school is in the top quartile of medical schools nationally in research funding from the NIH and is home to highly respected scientists including a Nobel laureate, a Lasker Award recipient and multiple members of the National Academy of Sciences and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. The school is closely affiliated withUMass Memorial Health Care, the clinical partner of the medical school, which has expanded its locations all over Central Massachusetts. St. Vincent Hospital at Worcester Medical Center in the downtown area rounds out Worcester's primary care facilities. Reliant Medical Group, formerly Fallon Clinic, is the largest private multi-specialty group in central Massachusetts with over 30 different specialties. It is affiliated with St. Vincent's Hospital in downtown Worcester. Reliant Medical Group was the creator of Fallon Community Health Plan, a now independent HMO based in Worcester, and one of the largesthealth maintenance organizations (HMOs) in the state.
Worcester has a municipally owned water supply. Its water filtration plant is located in Holden near two of the reservoirs.[126] Sewage disposal services are provided by the Upper Blackstone Water Pollution Abatement District, which services Worcester as well as some surrounding communities.[127]
For public safety needs, the City of Worcester is protected by both theWorcester Fire Department and the Worcester Police Department.
UMass Memorial Medical Center provides emergency medical services (EMS) under contract with the city. Originally operated by Worcester City Hospital and later by the University of Massachusetts Medical School,[128] "Worcester EMS" operates exclusively at the advanced life support (ALS) level, with two paramedics staffing each ambulance.[129] UMass Memorial EMS maintains two community EMS stations and operates a fleet of 18 ambulances (including spares), as well as a special-operations trailer, several other support vehicles, and a bike team; the agency responds to an average of 100 emergencies each day.[130] UMass Memorial EMS operates the EMS Communications Center, which is a secondary PSAP and provides emergency medical dispatch (EMD) services to Worcester and other communities.[131]
^Worcester Society of Antiquity (1903).Exercises Held at the Dedication of a Memorial to Major Jonas Rice, the First Permanent Settler of Worcester, Massachusetts, Wednesday, October 7, 1903. Charles Hamilton Press, Worcester. 72pp.
^Crane, Ellery B. (1907).Historic Homes and Institutions and Genealogical and Personal Memoirs of Worcester County, Massachusetts. Lewis Publishing Company. p. 38.
^"Gateway Park at WPI". Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2013.Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. RetrievedDecember 30, 2013.
^Kotsopoulos, Nick (March 17, 2010)."Hanover buys into CitySquare".Worcester Telegram & Gazette.Archived from the original on November 13, 2020. RetrievedDecember 30, 2013.
^abGaultney, Bruce (2009).Worcester Memories, pg. 113 (1970s, '80s & '90s).
^Fabos, A., Pilgrim, M., Said-Ali, M., Krahe, J., Ostiller, Z. 2015. Understanding refugees in Worcester, MA. Mosakowski Institute for Public Enterprise.
^"Personnel—EMTP Chief of EMS". UMassMemorial Emergency Medical Services.Archived from the original on November 13, 2020. RetrievedMarch 25, 2018.…one of the first EMTs to staff the Worcester City Hospital ambulance service when it began providing care to the community in 1977.
^"Emergency Response". UMassMemorial Emergency Medical Services.Archived from the original on November 13, 2020. RetrievedMarch 25, 2018.…one of the few remaining EMS services in Massachusetts that maintain a two-paramedic crew configuration on our advanced life support ambulances.
^"FAQ's". UMassMemorial Emergency Medical Services.Archived from the original on November 13, 2020. RetrievedMarch 25, 2018.
^"9-1-1 Call Taking". UMassMemorial Emergency Medical Services.Archived from the original on November 13, 2020. RetrievedMarch 25, 2018.
Core cities are metropolitan core cities of at least a million people. The other areas are urban areas of cities that have an urban area of 150,000+ or of a metropolitan area of at least 250,000+. Satellite cities are in italics.
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