During the 7th-century period under the Angles of Mercia, the town was known as Weogorna which evolved from the Old English "Weogorna ceaster," meaning "the Roman town of the Weogoran people". The "cester" part of the name, derived from 'ceaster', indicates that the place was built on the site of a Roman military settlement or town; the word ‘castle’ is derived from the same source.
A trade route past Worcester dating fromNeolithic times became the RomanIcknield Street included aford crossing theRiver Severn, which was tidal below Worcester, and around 400 BC linkedCeltic builtBritish hillforts.[4] Evidence exists thatIron Age defensive ditches may have been constructed in the first century AD, while there are no signs of Roman military use or of municipal buildings to indicate an administrative role.[5][6] By the 3rd century AD, Roman Worcester was larger than the later medieval city but shrank to a defended position on the river's southern end.[7]
By the 7th century, following centuries of warfare with theVikings, Worcester had become a centre for the Anglo-Saxon army.[citation needed] In 680, Worcester was chosen by theHwicce as their fort over the largerGloucester fort.
During the early medieval period, Worcester's position as the only river crossing between the bridges atGloucester andBridgnorth led to its growth as a market town on the main road from London to mid-Wales running through toKidderminster,Bridgnorth, andShrewsbury.[12] Worcester continued to be a centre of religious life. Several monasteries were established which provided a hospital and education, includingWorcester School.[13] Parts of the city were destroyed by fire during a civil war betweenKing Stephen andEmpress Matilda, daughter ofHenry I in 1139, 1150 and 1151. A later fire in 1189 destroyed much of the city for the fourth time that century.[12] In 1189 the city received aroyal charter and in 1227 a further charter allowed the creation of guild of merchants.[12]
The late 12th century saw persecution and expulsion of the smallJewish community of Worcester.[14] The bishop of Worcester wrote an anti-Judaic treatise around 1190,[15] and in 1219 strict rules were imposed on Jews within the diocese.[16][17] In 1263 the Jews were attacked by baronial forces and most were killed.[12] In 1275 the remaining Jews were expelled toHereford.[12]
Tudor buildings in Friar Street
By late medieval times the population had reached 1,025 families, excluding the cathedral quarter, so that it probably stood under 10,000,[18] and the suburbs extended beyond the city walls.[12] Manufacture of cloth and allied trades developed into an important local industry.[12] Worcester elected itsMember of Parliament and the city council was organised into two chambers whose committees agreed the city's finances, rules and ordinances.[12]
Worcester, 1610 map
TheDissolution of the monasteries byHenry VIII between 1536 and 1541, forced the city to found schools to replace monastic education.[19] The city was designated acounty corporate in 1621, giving it autonomy from local government and permitting governance by a mayor and co-opted councillors.[12]
TheEnglish Civil Wars broke out in 1642, lasting until 1651 and were marked with several major events in and around Worcester including theBattle of Powick Bridge of September 1642.[20] TheBattle of Worcester, the final conflict of the wars, was fought from the Royalist Headquarters at theCommandery but ended with a victory for theOliver Cromwell forces of 30,000 men.[21]
After therestoration of the monarchy in 1660, and during the 18th century Worcester experienced significant economic growth, and in 1748Daniel Defoe could note that 'the inhabitants are generally esteemed rich, being full of business, occasioned chiefly by the clothing-trade'.[22] TheRoyal Worcester Porcelain Company was established in 1751.[23] However, significant poverty existed, and in 1794 a largeworkhouse was built at Tallow Hill.[23]Worcester's Georgian architecture, has been described as 'one of the most impressive Georgian streetscapes in the Midlands'.[24] Many public buildings were built or rebuilt in this period, including the Grade I listedWorcester Guildhall,[24] the city bridge, and theRoyal Infirmary (since 2010 the city campus of theUniversity of Worcester).[25]
By the late 18th century Worcester's cloth industry had developed into a major centre for glove-making industry, employing around 30,000 people in the area at its peak employed by over 150 firms making half the gloves in Britain and with large worldwide exports.[27] The industry had declined by the mid 20th century due to low import duty on foreign competitors and cheaper products. Surviving manufacturers concentrated on high-end fashionable goods with one company still making gloves for the Royal Family as of 2011.[28]Riots took place in 1831 reflecting discontent with the city administration and the lack of democratic representation.[12] Citizens petitioned the House of Lords for permission to builda County Hall. Local government reform took place in 1835 creating elections for councillors.[12] The Shire Hall, which was designed by Charles Day and Henry Rowe in theGreek Revival style, was completed in 1835.[29][30]
TheBritish Medical Association (BMA) was founded in 1832 in the board room of the old Worcester Royal Infirmary building in Castle Street.[32]
TheKays was one of the most successful mail-order business in the UK and was founded in Worcester in 1889. It and operated from a large warehouse and many premises in the city where it remained as a major employer until 2007. The warehouse was demolished in 2008 and replaced by housing.[33] In 1882 in the huge former railway factory alongside Shrub Hill station, the city hosted the Worcestershire Exhibition with sections for fine arts, historical manuscripts and industrial items, receiving over 222,000 visitors.[34]
By the mid-20th century, only a few Worcester glove firms survived, as gloves became less fashionable and free trade enabled cheaper imports from theFar East. Nevertheless, at least three glove manufacturers survived into the late 20th century:Dent Allcroft, Fownes and Milore. In the 1940s, some Jewish refugees from Europe settled in Worcester. Emil Rich, a refugee from Germany, founded one of Worcester's last remaining glovemakers, Milore Glove Factory.[36] QueenElizabeth II's coronation gloves were designed by Emil Rich and manufactured in the Worcester factory.[37][38]
Worcester was a centre for recruitment of soldiers to fight inWorld War I, into theWorcestershire Regiment, based atNorton Barracks. The regiment took part in early battles in the war, most notably at theBattle of Gheluvelt in 1914, which is commemorated by a park near the city centre.[39]
Rapid growth in leading engineering and machine-tool manufacturing firms took place in the inter-war years and all became major employers in the city. DuringWorld War II, the city was chosen to be the seat of an evacuated government in case of massGerman invasion. TheWar Cabinet, along withWinston Churchill and some 16,000 state workers, would have moved toHindlip Hall (now part of the complex forming the Headquarters ofWest Mercia Police), 3 mi (4.8 km) north of Worcester. The Perdiswell Aerodrome on the north-east edge of the city was the first municipal aerodrome in the world. It was the base for the formerRAF stationRAF Worcester and was an important pilot training and aircraft testing site duringWorld War II .[40][41]
In the 1950s and 1960s large areas of the medieval centre of Worcester were demolished and rebuilt. This was condemned by many such asNikolaus Pevsner who described it as a "totally incomprehensible... act of self-mutilation".[42] A significant area of medieval Worcester remains, with well-preserved examples examples of half-timbered Tudor houses in the shopping streets of City Walls Road, Friar Street and New Street.
Worcester City Council is based atWorcester Guildhall on the High Street in the city centre. Worcestershire County Council also has its headquarters in Worcester, being based atCounty Hall in Spetchley Road, on the eastern outskirts of the city. Worcester was anancient borough which had heldcity status fromtime immemorial. When elected county councils were established in 1889, the city was considered large enough to run its own county-level services and so it became acounty borough, independent from the surrounding Worcestershire County Council.[44]
The city was reformed to become anon-metropolitan district in 1974 under theLocal Government Act 1972. The city's territory was enlarged to gaining the parishes ofWarndon andSt Peter the Great County, and it was transferred to the short-lived combined county ofHereford and Worcester,[45] which was re-established as separate counties again in 1998, since which time the Worcestershire County Council has been the upper-tier authority for Worcester.[46] The seat of Worcester's oneconstituency has been held byTom Collins of the Labour Party since the July 2024 general election.[47]
The city of Worcester is unusual among English cities in having anarms of alliance as the main part of its coat of arms. The shield on thedexter side is the "ancient" arms:Quarterlysable andgules, a castle triple-toweredargent. First recorded in 1569 but probably older, there is little doubt that it refers to theWorcester Castle, now vanished. The shield on thesinister side is the "modern" arms:Argent, a fess between threepears sable. Despite its name, the modern arms goes back to 1634. It is said to represent a visit of QueenElizabeth I to the city in 1575, when according to folklore, she saw a tree withblack pears on Foregate and was so impressed with it that she allowed Worcester to have pears on its coat of arms. The city has used several mottos: one isFloreat semper fidelis civitas, Latin for "Let the faithful city ever flourish", while the one currently used isCivitas in bello et pace fidelis (A city faithful in peace and war). Both refer to Worcester's support for Royalists in theEnglish Civil War.[48]
The district is bounded by the districts ofMalvern Hills to the west, andWychavon to the east. The population of the local government district in 2021 was 103,837.[1] The built up area extends slightly beyond the city boundaries in places and had a population in 2021 of 105,465.[49]
Worcester enjoys a temperate climate with generally warm summers and mild winters. However, it can experience more extreme weather and flooding is often a problem.[50] In 1670, theRiver Severn burst its banks in the worst flood ever seen by the city. The closest flood height to theFlood of 1670 was when torrential rains caused the Severn to flood in July 2007, which is recorded in theDiglis Basin.[51] This recurred in 2014.[52]
During the winters of 2009–2010 and 2010–2011, the city underwent long periods of sub-freezing temperatures and heavy snowfalls. In December 2010 the temperature dropped to −19.5 °C (−3.1 °F) in nearby Pershore.[53] The Severn and the River Teme partly froze over in Worcester during this cold period. By contrast, Worcester recorded a temperature 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) on 2 August 1990.[54] Between 1990 and 2003, weather data for the area was collected at Barbourne, Worcester. Since the closure of this weather station, the nearest is located at Pershore.[55]
Climate data forPershore,[a] (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1957–present)
Worcester is in a regionalgreen belt that extends into the surrounding counties. It is set to reduceurban sprawl between the cities and towns in the nearby West Midlands conurbations centred roundBirmingham andCoventry, to discourage further convergence, protect the identity of outlying communities, encouragebrownfield reuse, and preserve nearbycountryside. This is done by restricting inappropriate development within the designated areas and imposing strict conditions on permitted building.[58]
Within the city boundary, there is a small area of green belt north of the Worcester and Birmingham canal and of the Perdiswell and Northwick suburbs. This is part of a larger isolated tract south of the main green belt that extends into the adjacent Wychavon district, minimising urban sprawl between Fernhill Heath and Droitwich Spa, and keeping them separate. The green belt was first drawn up underWorcestershire County Council in 1975; the size within the borough in 2017 amounted to some 240 ha (2.4 km2; 0.93 sq mi).[59]
Worcester is the seat of aChurch of England bishop, whose official signature is the personal Christian name followed byWigorn. (abbreviating the LatinWigorniensis, meaningof Worcester).[62] This is also used occasionally to abbreviate the name of the county. The previousArchdeacon of Worcester,Robert Jones, inducted in November 2014, had been Rector of St Barnabas with Christ Church in Worcester for eight years.[63] He retired on 30 November 2023[64]
One of Worcester's famous products,Lea & PerrinsWorcestershire sauce, is made and bottled at a Midland Road factory, its home since 16 October 1897. Lea and Perrins originally partnered a chemist's shop on the site of the Debenhams's store in Crowngate Shopping Centre. Worcester has what is claimed to be theoldest newspaper in the world still in publication:Berrow's Worcester Journal. It traces its descent from a news-sheet started in 1690.[65]
The foundry heritage of the city is represented by Morganite Crucible at Norton which produces graphitic shaped products and cements for use in the modern industry.[66] The city is home to the European manufacturing plant ofYamazaki Mazak Corporation, a globalJapanesemachine tool builder established here in 1980.[67] Worcester Heating Systems was started in the city in 1962 byCecil Duckworth. The company was bought by Bosch and renamedWorcester Bosch in 1996.[68][69]
The city is a major retail centre, with several covered shopping centres to accommodate the major chains and many independent shops and restaurants, particularly in Friar Street and New Street. Worcester's main shopping centre is the High Street, with several major retail chains. The High Street was controversially part-modernised in 2005, and further modernised in 2015; with current redevelopment of Cathedral Plaza and Lychgate Shopping Centre. Much of the protest came at the felling of old trees, the duration of the work (caused by weather and an archaeological find) and removal of flagstones outside the city's 18th-century Guildhall.[70] The other main thoroughfares are the Shambles and Broad Street. The Cross and its immediate surrounding area are the city's financial centre for most of Worcester's main bank branches.
CrownGate Shopping Centre, Cathedral Plaza and Reindeer Court are the three main covered shopping centres in the city centre and immediately east of the city centre is the unenclosed shopping area of Shrub Hill Retail Park in the St Martin's Quarter. Theinner suburb shopping centres, the Elgar and Blackpole retail parks are located in the Blackpole district and include many nation-wide retail chains.
The most famous landmark in Worcester is the AnglicanWorcester Cathedral. Officially the Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary, it was known as Worcester Priory before theEnglish Reformation. Construction began in 1084. Its crypt dates from the 11th century. It includes the only circular chapter house in the country. It houses the tombs ofKing John andPrince Arthur. Near the cathedral is the spire of St Andrew's Church, which is all that remains after church was demolished in 1949 due to being unsafe. Known asGlover's Needle from the city's association with the glove-making industry, it has the steepest church spire in the UK.[71][72]The Parish Church of St Helen, on the north side of the High Street, is mainly medieval, with a west tower rebuilt in 1813. The east end, re-fenestration and porch were completed byFrederick Preedy in 1857–1863. There was further restoration, byAston Webb in 1879–1880. It is a Grade II*listed building.[73]
The high-water marks from the flood of 1670 and more recent flood levels are shown on a brass plate on a wall adjacent to the path along the river that leads to the cathedral.
Museums include Worcester City Art Gallery and Museum, Greyfriars' House, the Infirmary Museum, Tudor House Museum, George Marshall Medical Museum, RAF Defford Museum, Museum of Royal Worcester, Mercian Regiment Museum, the Commandery, and Worcestershire Yeomanry Museum. The Battle of Worcester site is just south of the city. Limited parts of Worcester'scity wall remain.
The Hive, on the north side of theRiver Severn at the former cattle market site, is Worcester's joint public and university library and archive centre, heralded as "the first of its kind in Europe", and a prominent feature on the skyline. With seven towers and a golden rooftop, it has gained recognition, winning two internationalawards for building design and sustainability.[74][75]
The city's three main open spaces:Gheluvelt Park in the in the Barbourne inner-city suburb of the city, andFort Royal Park in the south-east of the city a short walk from the Commandery on the site of the last battle of theEnglish Civil War in 1651.[76] The large Gheluvelt Park commemorates the part played byWorcestershire Regiment's 2nd Battalion in theBattle of Gheluvelt in theFirst World War;[77] andCripplegate Park, located on the right bank after the bridge, adjacent to the Worcester County Cricket ground, which has a wide variety of leisure facilities serving the western suburbs.[78] An additional large area known asPitchcroft close to the city centre on the east bank of theRiver Severn next to the railway viaduct, is an open 100 acres (40 hectares) public space except on days when it is used forhorse racing.
A statue of the composerEdward Elgar, commissioned from Kenneth Potts and unveiled in 1981, stands at the end of Worcester High Street facing the cathedral, a few metres from the original location of his father's music shop which was demolished in the 1960s.[79] Elgar's birthplace was the nearby village ofBroadheath. Plaques installed in the city include a dedication to the medieval Jewish community at Copenhagen Street.[80]
The city has two large wooded areas: Perry Wood 12 hectares (30 acres) and Nunnery Wood 21 hectares (52 acres). Perry Wood is often said to be whereOliver Cromwell met and made a pact with the Devil.[81] Nunnery Wood is integral to the adjacentWorcester Woods Country Park, which is adjacent to theCounty Hall on the east side of the city.
The[82]M5 Motorway runs north–south immediately to the east of the city. It is accessed by junction 6 (Worcester North) and junction 7 (Worcester South). It connects Worcester to most parts of the country, including London, which is only 118 mi (190 km) using theA44 scenic route via theCotswolds andM40. A faster journey to London but with an increased distance of 134 mi (216 km) goes via theM5,M42 andM40 motorways.
Carrington Bridge on the A4440 is the secondroad bridge across the Severn. Opened on 20 April 1985 after decades of pressure for a second bridge to relieve traffic over the narrow city centre bridge, it links the A38 from Worcester towards Gloucester with the A449 toMalvern. It is one of Worcestershire's busiest roads. The single-carriageway bridge was doubled with work being completed on 5 August 2022, making the Southern Link Road dual between junction 7 of the M5 and Powick Roundabout. As of 2025 it remains the only river crossing in the 10 mi (16 km) between Worcester andUpton-upon-Severn.[83][84]
Map of railways around Worcester, showing location of stations
Worcester is served by three stations.Worcester Foregate Street is in the middle of the city centre,Worcester Shrub Hill is located just over 0.5 miles (0.80 km) to the east, andWorcestershire Parkway which opened in 2020 is located 4.5 miles (7.2 km) the south-east of the city centre. Together, they serveall stations in the county and have frequent trains to Birmingham and the North, Oxford and London (Paddington),Malvern andHereford, and Cardiff, Bristol, and theWest Country.[85]
The main operator in and around the city isFirst Midland Red. A few smaller operators provide services in Worcester, including Astons, DRM and LMS Travel.Diamond Bus operates a service fromKidderminster to communities along the A449. The terminus and interchange for many bus services is Crowngate bus station in the city centre.
Worcester Crowngate bus station
The city had two park and ride sites: off the A38 in Perdiswell and atSixways Stadium next to the M5.Worcestershire County Council voted to close both in 2014 as part of a package of cutbacks.[86] The service at Sixways Stadium has since been reinstated, with LMS Travel operating the W3 route toWorcestershire Royal Hospital, but avoiding the city centre bus station.[87]
Worcester's nearest airport isBirmingham International 35 miles (56 km) away, which is accessible by motorway (40 minutes) and rail from viaBirmingham New Street station where trains leave every few minutes (202 trains per day) taking 10 - 12 minutes direct to the airport on the Birmingham - London line.Gloucestershire Airport inStaverton at about 24 miles (39 km) away at 29 minutes by motorway is the busiest general aviation airport in the UK for business and private charter, flying clubs, and private and commercial pilot training.[88]
Worcester is on routes 45 and 46 of the National Cycle Network.[89] There are various routes around the city.Diglis Bridge, a pedestrian andCycle bridge across the Severn, opened in 2010 to St Peter's withLower Wick.[90]Beryl bikes were introduced in 2024 to hire across Worcester, providing 175e-bikes and 50 pedal bikes, from a network of 53 bays.[91]
TheRiver Severn is navigable through Worcester, and here it links to theWorcester and Birmingham Canal, which connects Worcester with Birmingham and the rest of the national canal network. Historically used for the transport of goods, the canal network is now mostly used for leisure boating.
TheWorcestershire Royal Hospital is the principalNHS hospital serving the city and county of Worcester. It opened in 2002, replacing the Worcester Royal Infirmary. The former Worcester Eye Hospital was based in the Grade II listed Thornloe House, Barbourne Road, from 1940 to 1995.[92] St Oswald's Hospital on the Tything was founded as alsmhouses and is now a care home.[93]
Every three years Worcester becomes home to theThree Choirs Festival, which dates from the 18th century and is credited with being the oldest music festival in the British Isles. The location rotates between the cathedral cities ofGloucester,Hereford and Worcester. Famous for championing English music, especially that ofElgar,Vaughan Williams andGustav Holst, Worcester hosted the festival in July 2017, but had to postpone its 2020 festival until 2021.[98][99] The Worcester Festival (established in 2003 by Chris Jaeger MBE) occurs in August and consists of music, theatre,cinema and workshop events, along with a beer festival.[100] For one weekend a year the city plays host to theWorcester Music Festival – a weekend of original music performed predominantly by local bands and musicians. All performances are free and take place around the city centre in bars, clubs, community buildings, churches and the central library.
Founded in 2012, the Worcester Film Festival, places Worcestershire on the film-making map and encourages local people to get involved in making film. The first festival took place atthe Hive and included screenings, workshops and talks.[101]
The Victorian-themed Christmas Fayre is a busy event in late November/early December, with over 200 stalls lining the streets, and over 100,000 visitors.[102] TheCAMRA Worcester Beer, Cider and Perry Festival takes place for three days each August on Pitchcroft Race Course.[103] It is the largest beer festival in the West Midlands and in the UK top ten with attendances of around 14,000.[104] The Worcester Vegan Market began in 2021 and takes place in late spring and autumn. The Vegan Market fills High Street and Cathedral Square with vegan vendors, vegan food sellers, and vegan food trucks.[105][106]
Worcester has two multi-screen cinemas; the Vue Cinema complex is located in Friar Street and the Odeon in Foregate Street – both were 3D-equipped by March 2010.
The former Northwick Cinema
After being closed for decades, the Scala building on Angle Place that opened as a cinema in 1922 is due to become a new cultural venue that will create spaces for "live performance, film, workshops, courses and classes" and festivals. The council has signed a contract with a Malvern-based contractor who has announced that work on the Angel Place site will begin in early 2025.[112] Work began in 2025 and the venue is expected to open in late 2026.[113]
The northern suburb ofNorthwick has theArt Deco Northwick Cinema. Built in 1938, it contains one of only two remaining interiors in Britain designed by John Alexander. The original perspective drawings are held byRIBA. It was abingo hall from 1966 to 1982, then empty until 1991, a music venue until 1996, and empty again until autumn 2006, when it became an antiques and lifestyle centre, owned by Grey's Interiors, which was previously located in the Tything.[114]
The depression that hit the Worcester glove industry in the 1820s and 1830s is the background to a three-volume novel,Mildred Arkell, by the Victorian novelistEllen Wood (then Mrs Henry Wood).[115]
"It was early in November of 1139 that the tide of civil war, lately so sluggish and inactive, rose suddenly to wash over the city of Worcester, wash away half of its livestock, property and women and send all those of its inhabitants who could get away in time scurrying for their lives northwards away from the marauders." (These are mentioned as arriving fromGloucester, leaving a long-lasting legacy of bitterness between the two cities.)
Hannah Snell (1723–1792), famous for impersonating a man and enlisting in theRoyal Marines, was born and brought up in Worcester.
Elizabeth Blower (c. 1757/63 – post-1816), novelist, poet and actress, was born and raised in Worcester.
Ann Hatton (1764–1838), writer of the Kemble family, was born in Worcester.
James White (1775–1820), founder of first advertising agency in 1800 in London, was born in Worcester.
John Mathew Gutch (1776–1861), journalist, lived with his second wife at Barbourne, a suburb north of Worcester, from 1823 until his death.
Jabez Allies (1787–1856), a Worcestershire folklorist and antiquarian lived at Lower Wick, now part of Worcester.
Sir Charles Hastings (1794–1866), British Medical Association founder, attended Worcester Royal Grammar School and lived in Worcester for most of his life spending his final years inMalvern.
Vesta Tilley (1864–1952), music hall performer who adopted this stage name aged 11, was born in Worcester. She became a noted male impersonator.
SirEdward Elgar (1857–1934), composer, was born in Lower Broadheath, just outside Worcester, and he lived in the city from the age of two. His first major work was commissioned for the Three Choirs Festival there. He spent the later years of his life inMalvern. The tune from hisTrio known asLand of Hope and Glory with words written for it byArthur Benson, Master ofMagdalene College, Cambridge, is a patriotic song for England played at international events as England, unlike the other constituent countries of the UK, does not have a legally recognized national anthem.
Geoffrey Studdert Kennedy (1883–1929, "Woodbine Willy"), poet and author, was Vicar of St Paul's Church. As an army chaplain in the First World War he would hand out Woodbine cigarettes to men in the trenches.
Ernest Payne (1884–1961) was born in Worcester and rode for St Johns Cycling Club, winning a gold medal in team pursuit at the1908 Summer Olympics in London.
Sheila Scott (1922–1988), aviator, was born in Worcester.
Louise Johnson (1940–2012), biochemist and protein crystallographer, was born in Worcester.[117]
Timothy Garden, Baron Garden (1944–2007), Air Marshal and Liberal Democrat politician, was born and educated in Worcester.
Isabelle Jane Foulkes (1970–2001), Anglo-Welsh artist, textile designer and disability campaigner
Donncha O'Callaghan (born 1979), Irish Rugby Union player. Joined Worcester Warriors in 2015 from Munster Rugby Irish and British and Irish Lions International.
Kit Harington (born 1986), actor, lived in Worcester and attended the Chantry School and Worcester Sixth Form College. He plays the character Jon Snow inGame of Thrones.
Kai Alexander (born 1997), British actor, born in Worcester.
Matt Richards (born 2002), British Swimmer, born and raised in Worcester. Double Olympic champion.
^"Travelling to Worcestershire".Visit Worcestershire. Herefordshire and Worcestershire Chamber of Commerce. 2017.Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved13 July 2025.
MacDonald, Alec (1969) [1943],Worcestershire in English History (Reprint ed.), London: SR Publishers,ISBN978-0854095759
Willis-Bund, J W; Page, William, eds. (1971a). "Hospitals: Worcester".A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 2. London: British History Online. pp. 175–179. Retrieved20 May 2018.
Reekes, Andrew (15 November 2019),Worcester Moments, Alcester, Worcestershire: West Midlands History Limited (published 2019),ISBN9781905036769,OL31795289M
Willis-Bund, J W; Page, William, eds. (1924). "The city of Worcester: Introduction and borough".A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 4. London: British History Online. pp. 376–390. Retrieved20 May 2018.
Pevsner, Nikolaus; Brookes, Alan (2007), "Worcester",Worcestershire, The Buildings of England (Revised ed.), London: Yale University Press, pp. 669–778,ISBN9780300112986,OL10319229M
Baker, Nigel; Holt, Richard (1996). "The City of Worcester in the Tenth Century". In Brooks, Nicholas; Cubitt, Catherine (eds.).St. Oswald of Worcester: Life and Influence. London, UK: Leicester University Press.ISBN9780567340313.
de Blois, Peter (1194)."Against the Perfidy of the Jews".Medieval Sourcebook. University of Fordham.A treatise addressed to John Bishop of Worcester, probably John of Coutances who held that See, 1194-8.
Hillaby, Joe (1990). "The Worcester Jewry 1158-1290".Transactions of the Worcester Archaeological Society.12:73–122.
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