| Women of Trachis | |
|---|---|
 Hercules on his funeral pyre byHans Sebald Beham | |
| Written by | Sophocles |
| Chorus | Women of Trachis |
| Characters | Deianeira Nurse Hyllus Messenger Lichas Heracles Old man |
| Mute | Iole |
| Place premiered | Athens |
| Original language | Ancient Greek |
| Genre | Atheniantragedy |
| Setting | AtTrachis, before the house ofHeracles |
Women of Trachis orThe Trachiniae (Ancient Greek:Τραχίνιαι,Trachiniai) c. 450–425 BC, is anAtheniantragedy bySophocles.
Women of Trachis is generally considered to be less developed than Sophocles' other works, and its dating has been a subject of disagreement among critics and scholars.
The story begins withDeianeira, the wife ofHeracles, relating the story of her early life and her plight adjusting to married life.[1] She discusses how Heracles was not her first suitor, and her first suitor was actually the river godAheloos. Deianeira tells how with Zeus' intervention, Heracles defeated Aheloos and took her as a wife. She is now distraught over her husband's neglect of her family. Often involved in some adventure, he rarely visits them. It has been fifteen months since she has last heard from Heracles, and Deianeira does not know where he is. She sends their sonHyllus to find him, as she is concerned over prophecies about Heracles and the land he is currently in claiming that it could result in the death of Heracles. After Hyllus sets off, a messenger arrives with word that Heracles, victorious in his recent battle, is making offerings on CapeCenaeum and coming home soon toTrachis. The messenger also states that his delay home was due to everyone wanting to hear of his victories.
Lichas, a herald of Heracles, brings in a procession of captives. He tells Deianeira a false story of why Heracles had laid siege to the city ofOechalia (inEuboea). He claimedEurytus, the city's king, was responsible for Heracles being enslaved, and therefore Heracles vowed revenge against him and his people. As a response to this capture, Heracles enslaved the women of Eurytus. Among the captured girls isIole, daughter of Eurytus. Deianeira soon learns from a messenger that the truth is Heracles laid siege to the city just to obtain Iole, after the king denied allowing Heracles to take Iole as a secret lover. He then attacked the city so that he could have Iole anyway. Deianeira is distraught and questions Lichas, who soon tells the truth to her.
Unable to cope with the thought of her husband falling for this younger woman, she decides to use a love charm on him, a magic potion that will win him back. When she was younger, she had been carried across the riverEvenus by thecentaur,Nessus. Halfway through he tried to assault her, but Heracles heard her cries and came to her rescue, quickly shooting him with an arrow. As he died, he told her his blood, now mixed with the poison of theLernaean Hydra, in which Heracles' arrow had been dipped, would keep Heracles from loving any other woman more than her, if she follows his instructions. Deianeira dyes a robe with the blood and has Lichas carry it to Heracles with strict instructions that no one else is to wear it, and that it is to be kept in the dark until he puts it on.
After the gift is sent, she begins to have a bad feeling about it. She throws some of the left-over material into sunlight and it reacts like boiling acid. Nessus had lied about the love charm, it was actually apoison. Hyllus soon arrives to inform her that Heracles lies dying due to her gift. He was in such pain and fury that he killed Lichas, the deliverer of the gift: "he made the white brain to ooze from the hair, as the skull was dashed to splinters, and blood scattered therewith" (as translated bySir Richard C. Jebb).
Deianeira feels enormous shame for what she has done, amplified by her son's harsh words, and kills herself. Hyllus discovers soon after that it wasn't actually her intention to kill her husband. The dying Heracles is carried to his home in horrible pain and furious over what he believes was a murder attempt by his wife. Hyllus explains the truth, and Heracles realizes that the prophecies about his death have come to pass: He was to be killed by someone who was already dead, and it turned out to be Nessus.
In the end, he is in so much pain that he is begging for someone to finish him off. In this weakened state, he says he is like a woman. He makes Hyllus promise him two things, which Hyllus promises to obey (under protest), that Hyllus is to marry Iole and Hyllus is to take Heracles to the highest peak of Zeus' peak and to burn him alive on a pillar. He also makes Hyllus promise that he will not cry while this takes place. The play concludes with Heracles being carried off where he will be killed as an act of mercy, to end his suffering.
The date of the first performance ofWomen of Trachis is unknown, and scholars have speculated a wide range of dates for its initial performance. Scholars such as T.F. Hoey believe the play was written relatively early in Sophocles' career, around 450 BC.[2] Often cited as evidence for an early date is the fact that the dramatic form ofWomen of Trachis is not as developed as those of Sophocles' other surviving works, advancing the belief that the play comes from a younger and less skilled Sophocles.[2] Additionally, the plot of the play is similar to a story related byBacchylides in Bacchylides XVI, but in some respects significantly different from earlier known versions of Bacchylides' story.[2] From this, Hoey and others have argued that Sophocles' interpretation was more likely to have influenced Bacchylides than vice versa.[2] Serving as further evidence is the relationship between the character of Deianeira and that ofClytemnestra inAeschylus'Oresteia, first produced in 458.[2] In earlier known versions of this story, Deianeira has several masculine qualities, similar to those of Clytemnestra – who, in theOresteia, purposely kills her husbandAgamemnon. InWomen of Trachis, however, Deianeira's character is softer and more feminine, and she is only inadvertently responsible for her husband's death.[2] According to some scholars, Deianeira's character inWomen of Trachis is intended as a commentary on Aeschylus' treatment of Clytemnestra; if so,Women of Trachis was probably produced reasonably soon after theOresteia, although it is also possible that such commentary was triggered by a later revival of Aeschylus' trilogy.[2] Hoey also sees echoes of Aeschylus'Prometheus Bound, particularly in the relevance ofWomen of Trachis to debates that were occurring during the 450s on the "relationship between knowledge and responsibility."[2]
Other scholars, such asCedric H. Whitman, argue for a production date during the 430s, close to but probably beforeOedipus Rex.[3] Evidence for a date nearOedipus Rex include a thematic similarity between the two plays.[3] Whitman believes the two plays represent "another large step in themetaphysics of evil, to which Sophocles devoted his life."[3]Thomas B. L. Webster also estimates a date in the 430s, close to 431, for a variety of reasons.[4] One reason Webster gives for this dating is that there are a number of similarities betweenWomen of Trachis and plays byEuripides that were known to be written between 438 and 417, and so may help narrow the range of dates, although it is unknown which poet borrowed from the other.[4] A stronger reason Webster gives for this dating is that he believes that the structure ofWoman of Trachis is similar to that of Sophocles' lost playTereus, which Webster dates to this time period based largely on circumstantial evidence fromThucydides.[4] Finally, Webster believes that the language and structure ofWomen of Trachis are consistent with such a date.[4]
Other scholars, including Michael Vickers, argue for a date around 424 or 425, later than the generally accepted date range for the first performance ofOedipus Rex.[5] Arguments in favor of such a date include the fact that events of the play seem to reflect events that occurred during thePeloponnesian War around that time.[5] The Spartans believed they were descended from Heracles, and in 427 or 426,Sparta founded a colony in Trachis calledHeraclea.[5] The colony alarmed Athens, who feared the colony could be used to attackEuboea, and inWomen of Trachis Heracles is said to be either waging war or planning to do so against Euboea.[5] Vickers believes that the link to current events and to Sparta accounts for why Heracles is portrayed so coldly in the play.[5] Vickers also argues that Sophocles chose the name "Lichas" for Heracles' messenger as a result of the link to current events, as Lichas was the name of a prominentSpartiate envoy during the war.[5]
The full text ofTrachiniae at Wikisource (multiple English translations) GreekWikisource has original text related to this article:Τραχίνιαι
Trachiniai public domain audiobook atLibriVox