Although the majority of pirates in history have been men,[1] there are around a hundred known examples of female pirates,[2][a] about forty of whom were active in theGolden Age of Piracy.[4] Some women have been pirate captains and some have commanded entire pirate fleets. Among the most powerful pirate women were figures such asZheng Yi Sao (1775–1844) andHuang Bamei (1906–1982), both of whom led tens of thousands of pirates.[5][6]
In addition to the few that were pirates themselves, women have also historically been more heavily involved in piracy through secondary roles, interacting with pirates through beingsmugglers, lenders of money, purchasers of stolen goods, tavern keepers andprostitutes, and through having been family members of both pirates and victims.[1][7] Some women also married pirates and turned their homes or establishments into piratical safe havens.[8] Through women in these secondary roles, pirates were strongly supported by the agency of women.[9] Some influential women, including monarchs such asElizabeth I of England (r. 1558–1603), have also acted as powerfulpatrons of pirates.[1] Although they have received little academic attention, women still occupy these important secondary roles incontemporary piracy.Piracy off the coast of Somalia is for instance supported to a large extent by on-shore women who participate in transportation, housing and recruitment.[10]
Seafaring in general has historically been a highly masculine-gendered activity.[11] Women who became pirates at times disguised themselves as men in order to do so since they were otherwise rarely allowed on pirate ships. On many ships in the Golden Age of Piracy, women were prohibited by theship's contract (required to be signed by all crew members) due to being seen as bad luck and due to fears that the male crew members would fight over the women. Many famous female pirates, such asAnne Bonny (disappeared after 28 November 1720) andMary Read (died April 1721), accordingly dressed and acted as men.[12] Since the gender of many pirate women was only exposed after they were caught, it is possible that there were more women in piracy than is otherwise indicated by surviving sources.[13]
In addition to historical female pirates, women in piracy have also frequently appeared inlegends andfolklore. The earliest legendary female pirate is perhapsAtalanta ofGreek mythology, who according to legend joined theArgonauts in the years before theTrojan War.[14]Scandinavian folklore andmythology, though the tales themselves are unverified, includes numerous female warriors (shield-maidens) who command ships and fleets.[15] Female pirates have had varying roles in modern fiction, often reflecting cultural norms and traditions. Beginning in the 20th century, fictional pirate women have sometimes been romanticized as symbols of female liberty.[16]
| Name | Lifespan | Active | Culture | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dido a.k.a. Elissa | ~800 BC | Phoenician | The legendary founder ofCarthage.[17] Sometimes considered a pirate since her legend involves her leading a sea expedition,[17][18] raids,[17] and the kidnapping of a large group of women.[18] | |
| Tchiao Kuo-fu-ja[2] a.k.a. Ch’iao K’uo Fü Jên | ~600 BC | Chinese | Legendary Chinese pirate who appears in a legend wherein she and her crew liberate a captive young woman named P’ao.[19] | |
| QueenArtemisia I of Caria | 480 BC | Greek | Queen of the city-state ofHalicarnassus. The earliest historical female pirate, Artemisia captained a fighting ship[20] and led the most famous pirate fleet in theMediterranean.[21] She participated in thesecond Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BC), fighting alongsideXerxes I of theAchaemenid Empire.[20] | |
| QueenTeuta of theArdiaei | 231–228 BC | Illyrian | Queen regent of theArdiaei tribe, active in theAdriatic Sea. Sanctioned a number of pirate attacks against theRoman Republic and fought against the Romans in theFirst Illyrian War (229–228 BC).[22][23] |
| Name | Lifespan | Active | Culture | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Princess Sela | c. 420[24] | Norwegian | Appears in theGesta Danorum.[25][b] Sister of the Norwegian king Koller, with whom she quarreled, and led her own raids both in sea and land. Killed by the Jutish king-turned-pirateAurvandill after she attempted to avenge her brother.[24] | |
| Alf andAlfhild a.k.a. Alvid; Altilda; Atwilda; Alvilda | c. 550[30] | Geatish | Appears in theGesta Danorum.[b] Her story is akin to a fairy tale and she consequently appears to be a mythical figure.[30][31] Daughter of the Geatish kingSynardus. Turned to piracy to escape an enforced marriage and led an all-female pirate crew. Eventually tracked down and defeated by her intended spouse, whereafter she married him on account of his prowess in battle.[30] | |
| Groe | c. 550[30] | Geatish | Appears in theGesta Danorum.[b] One of the women accompanying Afhild.[32] | |
| Stikla | 8th century? | Norwegian | Appears in theGesta Danorum.[25][b]Shield-maiden and pirate[31] who alongside her sister Rusila fought against the Norwegian ruler Olov for control of his kingdom.[25][33] Defeated and killed by Olov's forces who were aided by the Danish kingHarald Wartooth.[33] | |
| Rusila | 8th century? | Norwegian | Appears in theGesta Danorum.[b] Sister of Stikla, fought with her against Olov and Harald.[25][33] | |
| Veborg | c. 770[15] | Danish | Briefly mentioned in theGesta Danorum.[b] Longship captain who was killed in battle.[25] Participated in the legendaryBattle of Brávellir.[34] | |
| Hetha | c. 770[15] | Danish | Briefly mentioned in theGesta Danorum.[b] Longship captain who became the ruler ofZealand.[25] Participated in the legendaryBattle of Brávellir.[34] | |
| Wisna | c. 770[15] | Danish | Briefly mentioned in theGesta Danorum.[b] Longship captain who became astandard-bearer and lost her right hand in battle.[25] Participated in the legendaryBattle of Brávellir.[34] | |
| Rusla, "Red Daughter" | 8th/9th century? | Norwegian | Appears in theGesta Danorum.[b] Sometimes conflated with Rusila but appears to be a distinct figure.[25] Sister of the Norwegian ruler Tesondus, who had been deposed by the Danish kingOmundus. Angered at the Danish conquest and her brother being content with it, she fought against both but was ultimately defeated.[25] | |
| Lagertha | 9th century | Norwegian | Appears in theGesta Danorum.[b] Viking shield-maiden who accompanied and later married the legendary hero and kingRagnar Lodbrok.[25] |
| Name | Lifespan | Active | Culture | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians | c. 870–918 | 911 | Anglo-Saxon | Ruler ofMercia. Became a military leader after her husband's death in battle against theDanes in 911. Took command of the fleets to rid the seas of the Viking raiders. Sometimes referred to as a pirate.[4] |
| Joanna of Flanders, "the Flame" a.k.a. Joanna of Montfort | c. 1295–1374 | 1341–1347 | French / Breton | Duchess of Brittany by marriage toJohn of Montfort. Famous and admired in Brittany for her skills as a warrior and military leader. Fought alongside her troops against the French in theWar of the Breton Succession (1341–1365), at points commanding great fleets in naval battles. Sometimes referred to as a pirate.[35] |
| Jeanne de Clisson, "Lioness of Brittany" a.k.a. Jeanne de Belleville | 1300–1359 | 1343–1350s | French / Breton | French/Breton noblewoman. Turned to piracy to avenge her husbandOlivier IV de Clisson. who was executed as a traitor during theWar of the Breton Succession. Purchased three ships, which she commanded, and attacked French ships off the coast ofNormandy. Ended her pirate career after she remarried to the English knightWalter Bentley in the 1350s.[36] |
| Elise Eskilsdotter | d. 1483 | 1455–1470s | Norwegian | Norwegian noblewoman who turned to piracy to avenge her husbandOlav Nilsson. Attacked ships in the seas nearBergen.[4] |
| Grace O'Malley a.k.a. Gráinne Ní Mháille, Granuaile | c. 1530–1603 | 16th century | Irish | Daughter of a local chieftain inConnacht. Her family ran both a legitimate shipping business and a piracy business. Inherited her father's lands (Umhaill), becoming a powerful Irish ruler. With her three ships and two hundred men, O'Malley plundered ships both from England and from other parts of Ireland. She became so prolific that QueenElizabeth I put a bounty on her head and considered sending the royal fleet against her. Captured by the English in 1577 but released in a hostage exchange and continued to engage in piracy. Entered into English service as aprivateer in 1593.[37] |
| Sayyida al Hurra | 1485–1561 | 1515–1542 | Moroccan | Ruler of the western coasts of Morocco for over thirty years and a powerfulBarbary corsair, operating out ofTétouan. Allied with the Ottoman corsairOruç Reis, who operated out ofAlgiers. Raided Christian ships from Spain, regaining wealth her family had lost during the expulsions of Muslims from Spain. Much of the wealth was used to revive Tétouan. Earned the titleal-Hurra (the free woman) and later marriedAhmed el Outassi, Sultan of Morocco. Wishing to retain her political influence, she forced Outassi to travel to Tétouan for the wedding, the only time in Moroccan history a royal wedding was not held in the capital.[38] |
| Mary Wolverston, Lady Killigrew a.k.a. Elizabeth Killigrew; Old Lady Killigrew | fl. 1525–1587 | 16th century | English | Daughter of the pirate Philip Wolverston, who educated her in piracy in her youth.[39] Married into the Cornish Killigrew family, owners ofArwenack. Among other businesses, the Killigrews ran a criminal enterprise of seizing ships, hiding stolen goods, and bribing officials to look the other way.[40][41] Wolverston was actively involved in the family's piracy. In 1582, she led crews on her own pirate attacks against a Spanish[39][40][42] and then a German ship.[40] Wolverston was thereafter imprisoned and sentenced to death by QueenElizabeth I but was ultimately pardoned.[40][42][43] |
| Dorothy Monk, Lady Killigrew | 16th century | English | Daughter-in-law of Mary Wolverston. Also charged with having engaged in piracy.[44][45] | |
| Elizabetha Patrickson | fl. 1634 | 17th century | English | Raided English ships alongside her husband William. Indicted onpiracy,robbery, andmurder charges on 10 March 1634 in an English court. She was tortured into a confession and later hanged.[46] |
| Name | Lifespan | Active | Culture | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charlotte de Berry | 1636–? | 17th century | English | Reportedly kidnapped and forced to go to sea, whereafter she organized a mutiny, took control of the ship and began a pirate career of her own.[47] She is likely fictional since her earliest known mention in a literary work dates to 1836.[48] |
| Jacquotte Delahaye | fl. 1656 | Mid-17th century | Haitian or Spanish | Legendary pirate whose story differs between accounts, sometimes said to have been motivated by revenge and other times said to have wished to earn wealth to support her family. Supposedly rose to command a hundred pirates. Depending on the account said to have either continuously dressed as a man or to have taken a male alias after faking her death. Likely fictional as she first appears only in accounts written significantly later than her purported lifespan.[48] |
| Christina Anna Skytte | 1643–1677 | 1657–1668 | Swedish | Abaroness who is said to in 1657 have joined her brotherGustav Skytte, who secretly owned a pirate ship. Together they assaulted ships in theBaltic Sea. Fled the country to escape the authorities in 1663 but returned and retired from piracy in 1668. Her role in the piracy is somewhat disputed since the relevant court documents (which confirm the piracy of her brother and fiancé) do not explicitly mention her.[49] |
| Neel Cuyper a.k.a. Cornelia; Nellie Cowper; Santa Rubia | c. 1655–1695 | Late 17th century | Dutch | Served on Dutch merchant ships masquerading as a man. Captured by pirates who recruited her on account of her experience. After some time with the pirates, Cuyper was discovered to be a woman, whereafter she was disembarked together with her share of the loot atTortuga. Later founded a resort for pirates atLabadee in Haiti, eventually becoming known as the "Queen of Labadee Bay". Killed during a 1695 raid by English and Spanish forces.[50] |
| Mrs. Beare | fl. 1684–1689 | Late 17th century | English or Jamaican | Full name unknown. Wife of the pirateJohn Phillip Beare, Mrs. Beare, originally from Jamaica. She joined him on pirate voyages, frequently donning men's clothing. She is described as a woman with a promiscuous reputation.[51] |
| Anne Dieu-le-Veut | 1661–1710 | Late 17th century | French | According to legends the wife of the Dutch pirateLaurens de Graaf, whom she is said to have accompanied on pirate raids. Her legend conflicts with known historical information on Laurens de Graaf's life;[48] although documentary evidence confirms her as a real person, she only married de Graaf after he is believed to have left his pirate life behind him.[52] |
| Ingela Gathenhielm | 1692–1729 | 1711–1721 | Swedish | Married the shipowner and privateerLars Gathenhielm, who also operated a pirate business. Ingela was deeply involved in her husband's business and took charge of it after Lars died in 1718.[53] |
| Maria Lindsey | 1740s–1760s | English | Prostitute who married the pirateEric Cobham.[54] Thought to have been insane, she joined Cobham and they assembled a pirate crew together. They conducted pirate attacks together inNew England andNewfoundland; Cobham's memoirs portray Lindsey as ruthless in how she dealt with captives.[55] | |
| Anne Bonny a.k.a. Ann Fulford | d. 1733 | 1720 | English | Primarily known throughCaptain Charles Johnson's 1724 bookA General History of the Pyrates;[56] though much of her story is of uncertain veracity, contemporary records confirm her existence and that she was convicted for piracy.[57] According to limited documentation, Bonny joined the pirateJohn Rackham[56] in 1720.[58] Also part of Rackham's crew was another female pirate,Mary Read. Captured and convicted in late 1720 but escaped execution through claiming to be pregnant. She likely died in Jamaica in 1733.[59] |
| Mary Read | d. 1721 | 1720 | English | Primarily known throughCaptain Charles Johnson's 1724 bookA General History of the Pyrates;[57][60] though much of her story is of uncertain veracity, contemporary records confirm her existence and that she was convicted for piracy.[57] According to Johnson's story, she turned to piracy after a ship she was on was captured by pirates. Joined the crew ofJohn Rackham in 1720,[61] of whichAnne Bonny was also part.[59] Captured and convicted in late 1720 but escaped execution through claiming to be pregnant. Died in prison around April 1721, perhaps related tochildbirth complications.[60] |
| Martha Farley a.k.a. Mary Farley; Mary Harvey; Mary Farlee | fl. 1726 | Early 18th century | English? | Tried for piracy in Virginia alongside three men in 1726; whereas all men were executed, Farley was spared by the court.[13] Though Farley does not appear to have taken an active militant role alongside the men, she was present during at least one capture of a ship and is thought to have aided in eavesdropping on the conversations of the prisoners.[62] |
| Mary Critchett a.k.a. Mary Crickett; Mary Crichett | fl. 1729 | Early 18th century | English | Tried for piracy in Virginia alongside a crew of five men in 1729 and executed.[13] Critchett and the others had been felons who escaped and stole a ship in theRappahannock River before making their way into theChesapeake Bay, where they captured another ship.[63] |
| Martha Herring | fl. 1714–1735 | 1714–1715 | English? | Daughter of a captain killed in 1714 a mutiny by her loverSandy Gordon, who turned to piracy. Herring continued to follow Gordon aboard theFlying Scot. Gordon was killed in 1715 and Herring then stayed behind on the island on which the two were married.[64] |
| Flora Burn | fl. 1741 | 18th century | American | She served as one of the 35 sailors aboard the American privateer ship,HMS Revenge, during the year 1741. The ship was operating on the eastern coast of North America. She held a one-and-three-quarter share of the bounty within the crew.[65][66] |
| Name | Lifespan | Active | Culture | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sarah Bishop | c. 1759 -c. 1809 | 1778–1780 | American | Bishop was captured by a Britishprivateer ship during a raiding party in 1778 and became a crew member. Her duties included standing watch, handling the ship's wheel, and performing sexual services. She became the captain's wife, and after two years in captivity, managed to escape by going overboard. Later, she became a hermit inRidgefield, Connecticut.[64][67] |
| Rachel Wall | c. 1760–1789 | 1781–1782/1789 | American | One of the most notorious American pirates and perhaps the earliest female pirate to be born in America itself.[68] Partook in the capture and plunder of several ships in 1781–1782 through luring them with false distress. Sole survivor after her ship came under attack and thereafter ostensibly retired from piracy. Alleged to have continued to rob ships during the night. Imprisoned and then hanged in 1789 after she assaulted a woman and stole herbonnet.[69] |
| Zheng Yi Sao a.k.a. Ching Shih; Cheng I Sao | 1775–1844 | 1801–1810 | Chinese | Wife of the pirateZheng Yi.[5] Participated in his piracy from the time of their marriage in 1801 onwards.[70] After her husband's death in 1807, she took command of his powerfulRed Flag Fleet and dominated theSouth China Sea both militarily and politically. Enforced variouspirate codes, including making the rape of female captives punishable by death.[71] At the height of her power in 1805 she commanded 400junks and between 40,000 and 60,000 pirates.[72] After facing significant opposition from government authorities as well as major powers such as theEast India Company and thePortuguese Empire she surrendered in 1810 and was allowed to retire in peace.[73] |
| Jossabee | fl. 1804 | Early 19th century | Algerian | Mentioned by the French author H. Mesnik in his bookLes femmes pirates (1804), wherein he claimed to have lived with her for a time.[74] |
| Margaret Jordan a.k.a. Margaret Croke | fl. 1809 | Early 19th century | Irish | Wife of the pirateEdward Jordan. Tried for piracy and murder following a violent dispute with investors over theschoonerThe Three Sisters. Found innocent and released by the court so that she could care for her children.[75] Despite this it is almost certain that she assisted her husband in his piracy, and thus was a pirate herself.[76] |
| Lucia Allen a.k.a. Lucie; Lucille; Señora del Norte | fl. 1821 | Early 19th century | American | Friend and perhaps mistress of the pirate captainPierre Lafitte. Recorded to have accompanied Lafitte on a pirate voyage and raid in the summer of 1821. May have died in childbirth in November that year.[77] |
| Johanna Hård a.k.a. Johanna Jungberg | 1789–1851 | 1823 | Swedish | In popular remembrance considered the last Swedish pirate. Lived onVrångö Island and was the widow of a bookkeeper.[78] Lived by smuggling and running aspeakeasy. Accused of piracy in 1823, Hård was found not guilty and the veracity of the accusation remains unknown.[79] |
| Ng Akew a.k.a. Aku | fl. 1849 | 19th century | Chinese | Part of the crew of an American gunpowder and opium-trader shipRuparell,[80] having been purchased as a slave by its captainJames Bridges Endicott.[81] Known for a series of events in 1849 when she personally smuggledopium[81] and acted as the representative of a pirate fleet to negotiate with Captain Lockyer of the British navy shipHMSMedea.[80] |
| Eliza Welsh | 1806–after 1871 | Middle 19th century | Spanish | Lived with a Captain Graham aboard HMSDevonshire who became a pirate. Welsh accompanied him and partook in his piracies. Captured by the British navy, whereafter Graham was hanged in London and Welsh was placed in a prison camp inTasmania, where she spent twenty years.[82] |
| Sadie Farrell, "Sadie the Goat" | fl. 1869[83] | 1850s–1869s | Irish American[84] | River pirate who led theCharlton Street Gang in the rivers surroundingNew York City, raiding ships, villages and small towns and flying aJolly Roger flag.[85] She earned her nickname before becoming a pirate; it derived from her strategy toheadbutt people in the stomach, whereafter one of her male companions would rob the now grounded victim.[86][87] |
| Name | Lifespan | Active | Culture | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lo Hon-cho a.k.a. Lo Honcho | 1921–1922 | Chinese | Took charge of a pirate fleet after her husband’s death in 1921,[88] probably in her mid-20s. Earned a ruthless reputation through her attacks in the region surroundingBeihai. Commanded 64junks at the height of her power. Captured by the Chinese military in October 1922.[89] | |
| Lai Choi San a.k.a. Lai Sho Sz’en | fl. 1931–1939 | 1920s–1930s | Chinese | Active in theSouth China Sea and theEast China Sea, commanded 12junks. Her historicity, or at least the historicity of her exploits, are disputed since she is mainly known from the reportI Sailed with Pirates (1931) byAleko Lilius, a journalist of dubious repute. She appears to have been a real figure since she is also mentioned in a later report by a war journalist during theSino-Japanese War.[90] |
| Tan Chin Chiao, "Golden Grace" a.k.a. T'ang Ch'ên Ch'iao | fl. 1935 | Early 20th century | Chinese | Also called the "Queen of the Pirates". Commanded several pirate ships, arrested inDaya Bay in 1935.[30] Recorded as having proclaimed herself the "mortal enemy of the West".[6] |
| P’en Ch’ih Ch’iko | fl. 1936 | Early 20th century | Chinese | Commanded over a hundred pirates in 1936.[6] |
| Ki Ming a.k.a. King Mi; Ching Mi | Early 20th century | Chinese | Attacked and tried to seize theRMSEmpress of Canada inManila, aided by a gang of her crewmembers hidden among thesteerage passengers.[91] | |
| Huang Bamei, "Two Guns" a.k.a. Huang P’ei-mei; Huang P'emei | 1906–1982 | 1931–1951 | Chinese | Active along the coasts of the Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces in the 1930s. Her gang, among other local criminal gangs, was recruited by theNational Revolutionary Army of theRepublic of China at the outbreak of theSecond Sino-Japanese War in 1937, although she was of dubious allegiance.[92] Huang's fleet grew considerably during the war; at her height she commanded 50,000 pirates and 70 ships.[6][93] After the war she returned to piracy, raiding aroundLake Tai. Recruited by the military again in 1949 to fight in theChinese Civil War. Largely retired from maritime activities in 1951.[92] |
| Sister Ping | 1949–2014 | 1970s–1990s | Chinese | Operated out ofGuangzhou as an owner and financer of pirate ships in theSouth China Sea. Also known for smuggling Chinese immigrants into the United States and Europe. Was convicted in the United States and sentenced to 35 years in prison.[5] |
| Linda | 20th century | Filipino | Full name unknown. Pirate responsible for several raids along the Philippine coasts,[54][94] encountered by the French sailor Frances Guillain.[94] | |
| Susan Frani | 1990s | Filipino | Member of the pirate crew of Emilio Changco, with whom she had an intimate relationship. Perhaps the sole female member of the crew.[95][96] The Changco crew operated in the 1980s and 1990s and hijacked numerous ships in Philippine waters.[97] |
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Historical fictional depictions of pirate women have often reflected stereotypes of their times concerning not only women but also women in power.[98] Depictions of female pirates inA General History of the Pyrates (1724) for instance showcase a degree of unease.[98] Illustrations in a Dutch 1725 edition of the book depict female pirates as unpleasant and bare-chested, trampling on figures representing justice and commerce.[98] Pirate fiction grew increasingly popular in the mid-18th century and among the many tales written were novels starring female pirates.[99] Several such narratives with women pirates and warriors were often highly formulaic, with the women going to sea or war in order to either win or regain the affection of a man.[100] Some tales saw female pirates exceeding their male counterparts in courage, skill and virtue.[99] Some works, such asFanny Campbell, the Female Pirate Captain (1844), included great adventures but also ended with the central woman finding a man and settling down, perhaps an attempt to not conflict too much with traditional notions of femininity.[101]
In the 20th century, fictional pirate women sometimes became symbols offeminism and female liberty; whereas male pirates were often used to tell stories of escape fromwage slavery, female pirates illustrated escape from gender subordination.[16] Such romanticization of pirates, whether male or female, is not grounded in history since pirates were typically violent criminals, thieves and murderers.[102] An early work in this tradition isF. Tennyson Jesse'sMoonraker (1927), wherein the pirate captain Lovel is revealed to be a woman with strong ideals on female liberty.[16] Still, there also continued to be stories wherein women were seduced by pirates, such as the 1944 filmFrenchman's Creek, and films wherein female pirates seduced men, such asAnne of the Indies (1951).[16] Anne Providence, the main character ofAnne of the Indies, was the first famous female pirate in film.[103]
The female pirate is sometimes cast as a feminist, or even ananarchist, icon.[16]Ulrike Ottinger's 1978 filmMadame X: An Absolute Ruler [de] is about several women from different career backgrounds joining the pirate crew of "Madame X" above the Chinese shipOrlando[104] and was inspired by the Chinese pirate women of the early 20th century.[105] Among the various messages of the film were a critique of patriarchal and hierarchical power structures.[104]Disney'sPirates of the Caribbean film series includes several female pirates,[106] most notablyElizabeth Swann. Although Swann is included in some stereotypical scenes and begins as theGovernor's daughter and adamsel in distress, she is turned into a courageous pirate and heroine over the course of the film series.[107] Swann andAnamaria are depicted inPirates of the Caribbean as cross-dressing, recalling real historical pirate women who did the same.[103] The fourth film introducedAngelica, a former love interest ofJack Sparrow and the daughter ofEdward Teach / Blackbeard, who grows up at a Spanish convent until she learned the art of the con from Sparrow, and corrupted her as she grows up to be an accomplished sailor and a dangerous pirate.[108][109][110]
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