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 Painting byAnna Ancher.Interior with the Painter's Daughter Helga Sewing, 1890 | |
| General statistics | |
|---|---|
| Women in parliament | 39.1% (2013) |
| Women over 25 withsecondary education | 95.5% (2012) |
| Women in labour force | 70.4% (employment rateOECD definition, 2015)[1] |
| Gender Inequality Index[2] | |
| Value | 0.013 (2021) |
| Rank | 1st out of 191 |
| Global Gender Gap Index[3] | |
| Value | 0.764 (2022) |
| Rank | 32nd out of 146 |
The modern-day character and the historical status ofwomen inDenmark has been influenced by their own involvement in women's movements and political participation in thehistory of Denmark. Their mark can be seen in the fields ofpolitics,women's suffrage, andliterature, among others.
The legal, civilian, and cultural status of women in prehistoric society during theStone Age,Bronze Age, andIron Age in Scandinavia are somewhat obscure, butViking Age sources indicate that women wererelatively free, compared to men, contemporary societies, and the later Middle Ages.[4]
With the gradual introduction of Catholicism in Scandinavia in the earlyMiddle Ages, women's rights were increasingly regulated and restricted. During the Middle Ages, the legal rights of women in Denmark were regulated by the county laws, theMedieval Scandinavian law (landskabslovene) from the 13th century, and therefore varied somewhat between different counties. However, a married woman was generally under the guardianship of her spouse.[5] Sons and daughters both had right to inheritance, though sisters inherited half of the portion of a brother.[5][better source needed]
The cities were regulated by the city laws. With the exception of widows, who inherited the right to the trade of her late spouse, women were not allowed membership in theguilds, which monopolized most professions in the cities. However, in practice, it was very common for women, whether married or not, to be granted dispensation to manage a minor business for the sake of her own support and become akøbekone (businesswoman), a custom which continued until women were given the same rights as men within commerce in 1857.[5]
TheCivil Code of 1683, orChristian 5.s Danske Lov (also enacted in the Danish province ofNorway as theCivil Code of 1687 orChristian Vs Norske Lov),[6] defined all unmarried females, regardless of age, as minors under the guardianship of their closest male relative, and a married woman under the guardianship of her spouse, while only widows were oflegal majority.[7] This code was in effect until the 19th century: in 1857, unmarried women were given legal majority, while married women were given the same right in 1899.[5]
Girls were included as pupils in the first attempt of a public elementary school system in 1739, though this attempt was not fully realized until 1814.[5] From the foundation of theJ. Cl. Todes Døtreskole in the 1780s, schools for secondary education for females were established in the capital of Copenhagen, though female teachers were only allowed to teach girls or very small boys.[5] One of the first schools for females of any note was theDøtreskolen af 1791, and in the 1840s, schools for girls spread outside the capital and a net of secondary education girl schools was established in Denmark. The first college for women, the teachers seminaryDen højere Dannelsesanstalt for Damer, was opened in 1846.[8] In 1875, women were given access to university education.[5] In the reformed law of access in 1921, women were formally given access to all professions and positions in society with the exception of some military and clerical positions and the position of judge (given in 1936).[5]
There have been two major periods of women's movement in Denmark. The first one was from 1870 to 1920. The second was from 1970 to 1985.
The first women's movement was led by theDansk Kvindesamfund ('Danish Women's Society').Line Luplau was one of the most notable women in this era.Tagea Brandt was also part of this movement, and in her honor was establishedTagea Brandt Rejselegat or Travel Scholarship for women. The Dansk Kvindesamfund's efforts as a leading group of women for women led to the existence of the revised Danish constitution of 1915, giving women the right to vote and the provision of equal opportunity laws during the 1920s, which influenced the present-day legislative measures to grant women access to education, work, marital rights and other obligations.[9]
Following theInternational Congress of Women held inThe Hague in 1915,Danske Kvinders Fredskæde or the Danish Women's Peace Chain was established in Denmark. It called for women to provide more active support for peace once theFirst World War was over.[10][11]
The second wave of women's movement was organized with theRødstrømpebevægelsen (the Red Stocking movement). The effort led to "institutionalizedfeminism" (managed directly by the Danish government) and to the "mainstreaming of equal opportunities" between Danish men and women.[9]
Women in Denmark gained the right to vote on 5 June 1915.[12]
TheDanish Women's Society (DK) debated, and informally supported, women's suffrage from 1884, but it did not support it publicly until in 1887, when it supported the suggestion of the parliamentarianFredrik Bajer to grant women municipal suffrage.[8] In 1886, in response to the perceived overcautious attitude of DK in the question of women suffrage,Matilde Bajer founded theKvindelig Fremskridtsforening (or KF, 1886–1904) to deal exclusively with the right to suffrage, both in municipal and national elections, and in 1887, the Danish women publicly demanded the right for women's suffrage for the first time through the KF. However, as the KF was very much involved with worker's rights and pacifist activity, the question of women's suffrage was in fact not given full attention, which led to the establishment of the strictly women's suffrage movementKvindevalgretsforeningen (1889–1897).[8] In 1890, the KF and the Kvindevalgretsforeningen united with five women's trade worker's unions to found theDe samlede Kvindeforeninger, and through this form, an active women's suffrage campaign was arranged through agitation and demonstration. However, after having been met by compact resistance, the Danish suffrage movement almost discontinued with the dissolution of the De samlede Kvindeforeninger in 1893.[8]
In 1898, anumbrella organization, theDanske Kvindeforeningers Valgretsforbund or DKV was founded and became a part of theInternational Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA).[8] In 1907, theLandsforbundet for Kvinders Valgret (LKV) was founded byElna Munch,Johanne Rambusch andMarie Hjelmer in reply to what they considered to be the much too careful attitude of theDanish Women's Society. The LKV originated from a local suffrage association in Copenhagen, and like its rival LKV, it successfully organized other such local associations nationally.[8]
Women won the right to vote in municipal elections on April 20, 1908. However it was not until June 5, 1915, that they were allowed to vote inRigsdag elections.[13]
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In 1918, a total of twelve Danish women were elected to theDanish parliament. Four of those women were elected to the Lower House (known as theFolketinget), while eight Danish women were elected to the Upper House (known as theLandstinget).In 1924,Nina Bang became the first female minister of Denmark, making Denmark the second country in the world to have a female minister.[14]Jytte Andersen served as Minister of Employment from 1993 to 1998. Anderson was later appointed in 1998 as Senior Minister for Construction and Housing. In 1999, Andersen was appointed as the first Danish Minister on Gender Equality in 1999.[14]
A second female minister in Denmark was elected twenty years later (counting from 1924). Subsequently, the percentage of female members in governments of Denmark, has generally increased, and in 2000 it was at its highest with 45%.[14]
The first female mayor in Denmark wasEva Madsen who became mayor ofStege in 1950,[15] and the first female head of state (statsminister) wasHelle Thorning-Schmidt, who became prime minister in 2011.Mette Frederiksen is Denmark's current prime minister since the election in June 2019.
The Danish culture is largely irreligious, in particular when it comes to religious dogmas, and this is also reflected in the everyday social life, including family culture. As in many other Western countries, the connection between childbirth and marriage has thus been significantly weakened since the latter half of the 20th century. As of 2016, 54% of births were to unmarried women.[17]During the 1960s and 70s, Denmark was one of the first European countries to change itssocial norms towards accepting unmarriedcohabitation and childbearing, at a time when this was still seen as unacceptable in many other parts of the continent.
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Thematernal mortality rate in Denmark is 12 deaths per 100,000 live births (as of 2010[update]).[18] Although this is low by international standards, it is higher than in many other Western countries, and it has increased in recent years.[19]
Abortion laws were liberalized in 1973, allowing the procedure to be done on-demand during the first 12 weeks, and in specific circumstances at later stages of the pregnancy.[20]
Denmark'sHIV/AIDS rate is 0.2% of adults (aged 15–49) as of 2009[update].[21]
Thetotal fertility rate (TFR) in Denmark is 1.73 children born per woman (2014 estimates), which, although below thereplacement rate, is one of the highest in Europe.[22]
Denmark provides forsex education in schools.[23] Theage of consent in Denmark is 15.[citation needed]
Denmark has a reputation of being "open" with regards tosexuality, perhaps due to historical factors, such as being the first country to abolish censorship and legalize pornography in 1967. However, today the Danish pornography industry is minimal compared to many other countries, with large-scale production of pornography having moved to other countries.[19]
The issues ofviolence against women anddomestic violence are controversial;[24][25] according to a 2014 study published by theEuropean Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Denmark had the highest prevalence rate of physical and sexual violence against women in Europe.[26][27] Denmark has also received harsh criticism for inadequate laws in regard tosexual violence in a 2008 report produced byAmnesty International,[28] which described Danish laws as "inconsistent with international human rights standards".[29] This led to Denmark reforming its sexual offenses legislation in 2013.[30][31][32] Denmark has also ratified theConvention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence.[33]A 2010Eurobarometer poll on violence against women found thatvictim blaming attitudes used to be common in Denmark: 71% of Danes agreed with the assertion that the "provocative behaviour of women" was a cause of violence against women, well above the 52% European average.[34] According to the 2016 report, 13% of respondents agree that sexual intercourse without consent can be justified in certain situations.[35] A 2019 poll found that the vast majority of Danes are aware of the seriousness of domestic abuse, with more than 86% of respondents rating multiple forms of violence against women as "very serious".[36]
The GREVIO Evaluation Report of theConvention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, to which Denmark is a party, expressed concern about the lenient punishments given to perpetrators of violence against women, stating that (page 68, paragraph 38): "Moreover, GREVIO encourages the Danish authorities to ensure understanding among the Danish judiciary that lenient sentences in domestic violence cases and other forms of violence against women do not serve the principle of ensuring justice for victims and ending impunity of perpetrators (paragraph 182)."[37]
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Among notable female Danes wasMatilde Bajer, who – together with her husbandFredrik Bajer – founded theDanish Women's Society in 1871, one of the oldestwomen's rights organizations in the world. Another notable Danish woman wasLise Nørgaard (b. 1917), a Danish author and journalist during the 1930s and the 1940s. She authored the autobiographical books such as theKun en pige ('Just a Girl', 1992) andDe sendte en dame ('They Sent a Lady', 1993).[9] Another notable Danish woman wasLine Luplau, who achieved national fame in 1887 when she supported the cause to grant women to vote during local elections.[12]
In literature, one of the most notable female literary writers in Denmark wasKaren Blixen (1885–1962). She was also known by the pseudonyms Isak Dinesen and Tania Blixen. Blixen was the author of theSeven Gothic Tales (1934), a collection of short stories, which she wrote at the age of 49.[38]
This lists firsts for women in Denmark in different areas in chronological order. See also:Timeline of women in Denmark
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