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Women's International League for Peace and Freedom

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Civil society organization
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
Formation1915
Founders
TypeNon-Governmental Organization
HeadquartersGeneva
Websitewww.wilpf.org

TheWomen's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) is anon-profitnon-governmental organization working "to bring together women of different political views and philosophical and religious backgrounds determined to study and make known the causes ofwar and work for apermanent peace" and to unite women worldwide who opposeoppression andexploitation. WILPF has national sections in 37 countries.

The WILPF is headquartered inGeneva and maintains aUnited Nations office inNew York City.[1]

Organizational history

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"Peace issues discussed with president, Washington, D.C. Sept. 30, 1936. Delegation from the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom leaving the White House today after discussing peace issues with President Roosevelt. The women plan to campaign during the month of October. In the group, left to right: (front) MissDorothy Detzer, recently returned from the world Peace Congress in Brussels; Mrs.Hannah Clothier Hull, President of the League; Dr.Gertrude C. Bussey, of Goucher College;Mrs. Ernest Gruening. Back row, left to right: Mrs.Frank Aydelotte, of Swarthmore, Pa., and Mrs.Mildred S. Olmstead, who just made an expensive trip through the West and Middle West speaking on the need for peace"

WILPF developed out ofthe International Women's Congress againstWorld War I that took place inThe Hague, Netherlands, in 1915 and the formation of the International Women's Committee of Permanent Peace;[2] the name WILPF was not chosen until 1919.[3][4]

The first WILPF president,Jane Addams, had previously founded theWoman's Peace Party in the United States, in January 1915, this group later became the US section of WILPF.[5] Along with Jane Addams,Marian Cripps andMargaret E. Dungan were also founding members. The British campaignerMaude Royden remained vice president of the international WILPF,[6] and other British members includedKathleen Courtney,Isabella Ford,Margaret Hills,Catherine Marshall,Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence,Ethel Snowdon, andHelen Swanwick.[7]

As of 1920 the US section of WILPF was headquartered in New York City.[8]Marian Cripps, Baroness Parmoor, who later served as president of its British branch.[9][10]Richard J. Evans described the founders of WILPF as "a tiny band of courageous and principled women on the far-left fringes ofbourgeois-liberal feminism".[11]

Furthermore, the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom is opposed to wars and international conflicts. The major movements of the league have been: open letter to UN secretary general to formally end the Korean War, a statement on weapons and an international day for the totalelimination of nuclear weapons,gender-based violence and womenhuman rights defenders.

Woman's Peace Party (US)

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Main article:Woman's Peace Party

A forerunner to the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, the Woman's Peace Party (WPP) was formed in January 1915 inWashington, D.C., at a meeting called byJane Addams andCarrie Chapman Catt. The approximately 3,000 women attendees approved a platform calling for the extension of suffrage to women and for a conference ofneutral countries to offer continuousmediation as a way of ending war.

WPP sent representatives, among them the journalist and novelist Mary Heaton Vorse, to a subsequent International Women's Congress for Peace and Freedom, held in The Hague from April 28–30, 1915.[12]

International Congress of Women, The Hague, 1915

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The1915 International Congress of Women was organized by theGermanfeministAnita Augspurg, Germany's first femalejurist, andLida Gustava Heymann (1868–1943) at the invitation of theDutchpacifist, feminist andsuffragistAletta Jacobs to protest thewar then raging inEurope, and to suggest ways to prevent war in the future. The Congress opened on April 28,[13] wound up on May 1,[2] and was attended by 1,136 participants from both neutral andbelligerentnations.[14] It adopted much of the platform of WPP and established anInternational Committee of Women for Permanent Peace (ICWPP) withJane Addams as president. WPP soon became the US Section of ICWPP.

Second International Women's Congress for Peace and Freedom, Zürich, 1919

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Jane Addams met with PresidentWoodrow Wilson and is said to have worked out some common ground onpeace. However, at their second international congress, held inZürich in 1919, ICWPP denounced the final terms of thepeace treaty ending World War I as a scheme ofrevenge of the victors over the vanquished that would sow the seeds of anotherworld war. They decided to make their committee permanent and renamed it theWomen's International League for Peace and Freedom.[5] WILPF moved its headquarters toGeneva to be near the proposed site of theLeague of Nations, although WILPF did not endorse empowering that organization to conduct foodblockades or to use military pressure to enforce its resolutions. The League called for internationaldisarmament and an end toeconomic imperialism.[5] The US branch of WILPF grew in recognition and membership during the post-WWI era, despite some attacks on the organisation as "unpatriotic" during theFirst Red Scare.[5] The WILPF supported treaties such as theWashington Naval Treaty and theKellogg-Briand Pact, regarding them as stepping stones to a peaceful world order.[5]

Later work

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During the 1930s,Vera Brittain was the WILPF's Vice-President.[15] Prior to the outbreak of World War Two, the League also supported measures to provide relief for Europe'sJewish community.[5] Two WILPF leaders have received theNobel Peace Prize for their peace efforts and international outlook and work with WILPF: Jane Addams, in 1931 andEmily Greene Balch in 1946.[16] During the 1960s and 1970s, WILPF was involved in theAnti-war movement and worked to free political prisoners, such asMrs. Ngo Ba Thanh, a Vietnamese activist and the leader of theVietnamese Women's Movement for the Right to Live.[17]: 109–110, 126 [18]: 90 

Although WIPLF membership is restricted to women, several male peace activists have contributed to WIPLF meetings and publications, includingBart de Ligt[19] andJ. D. Bernal.[20]

As long term supporters of thePermanent Court of Arbitration,Inter Parliamentary Union,League of Nations,International Labour Organization,International Peace Bureau andUnited Nations, they remain a flagship organisation in thePeace Movement.

WILPF and the United Nations

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WILPF has hadConsultative Status (category B) with theUN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) since 1948 and has Special Consultative Relations with theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and theUnited Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), as well as special relations with theInternational Labour Organization (ILO),Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and other organizations and agencies. WILPF has advocates and lobbies for thedemocratization of the UN, theSecurity Council,United Nations Disarmament Commission and all other UN organizations and agencies; monitors Security Council andGeneral Assembly activities in order to promote reforms; opposes theprivatisation and corporatisation of the UN, especially the global compact with corporations; and advocates for the abolition of the Security Councilveto.

WILPF today

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A Women's International League for Peace and Freedom banner at acounter-recruitment event in 2005

Mission and vision

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Work areas

  • Building the movement
  • Redefining security
  • Leveraging feminist perspectives on peace
  • Promoting socio-economic justice[21]

Broad areas of concern are:

PeaceWomen

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The Women in Peace and Security Programme (WIPSEN or "PeaceWomen") was founded in 2000. It monitors the UN's work in field of women, peace and security, taken part in advocacy and outreach.[23][24] WIPSEN-Africa was founded in 2006 by Liberian activistLeymah Gbowee, Nigerian activistThelma Ekiyor, and Ecoma Bassey Alaga, and is based in Ghana.[25][26][27]

Notable members

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Congresses and Congress Resolutions

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WILPF's international records are held at theUniversity of Colorado Boulder. They contain the reports of the congresses.[33][failed verification]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Staff writer (2024)."Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF)". UIA Global Civil Society Database.uia.org. Brussels, Belgium:Union of International Associations. Yearbook of International Organizations Online. Retrieved24 December 2024.
  2. ^abPaull, John (2018)The Women Who Tried to Stop the Great War: The International Congress of Women at The Hague 1915, In A. H. Campbell (Ed.), Global Leadership Initiatives for Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding (pp. 249-266). (Ch.12) Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
  3. ^Bussey, Gertrude; Tims, Margaret (1980).Pioneers for Peace. Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 1915-1965. Oxford: Alden Press.
  4. ^Women, peace and transnational activism, a century on History and Policy (2015)
  5. ^abcdefFaith, Thomas I. (2014). "Women's International League for Peace and Freedom". In Wayne, Tiffany K; Banner, Lois W (eds.).Women's Rights in the United States: a comprehensive encyclopedia of issues, events, and people. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 272–3.ISBN 978-1-61069-214-4.
  6. ^Grenier, Janet E. (2004).'Courtney, Dame Kathleen D'Olier (1878–1974)'Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  7. ^Holton, Sandra Stanley (2003-12-18).Feminism and Democracy: Women's Suffrage and Reform Politics in Britain, 1900-1918. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-52121-5.
  8. ^Harriet Hyman Alonso (1993)."Former Suffragists for Peace during the Interwar Years, 1919-1935".Peace As a Women's Issue: A History of the U.S. Movement for World Peace and Women's Rights. Syracuse University Press. pp. 85–124.ISBN 978-0-8156-0269-9.
  9. ^Oldfield, Sybil (2004).Ellis, Marian Emily.Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/56644. Retrieved6 January 2013.
  10. ^"Sir John Lavery Portrait of The Lady Parmooor Oil on canvas, 76 x 64cm (30 x 25") Signed". Retrieved6 January 2013.
  11. ^Evans, Richard J. (1987).Comrades and Sisters: Feminism, Socialism and Pacifism in Europe, 1870–1945. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 130.
  12. ^Garrison, Dee (1989).Mary Heaton Vorse : the life of an American insurgent. Internet Archive. Philadelphia : Temple University Press. pp. 15–16.ISBN 978-0-87722-601-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  13. ^Charlotte, Bill."These Dangerous Women".Voices of War and Peace.
  14. ^van der Veen, Sietske (22 June 2017)."Hirschmann, Susanna Theodora Cornelia (1871-1957)".Huygens ING (in Dutch). The Hague, The Netherlands: Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands. Archived fromthe original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved30 August 2017.
  15. ^Deane, Patrick (1998).History in our hands: a critical anthology of writings on literature, culture, and politics from the 1930s. London: Leicester University Press. pp. 63–4.ISBN 978-0-7185-0143-3.
  16. ^Ford, Liz (27 April 2015)."Centenary Stand: Female Activists Head for The Hague to Set a New Peace Agenda".The Guardian. Retrieved8 December 2015.
  17. ^Frazier, Jessica M. (2017).Women's Antiwar Diplomacy during the Vietnam War Era. Chapel Hill, North Carolina:University of North Carolina Press.ISBN 978-1-4696-3178-3.
  18. ^Nguyen, An Thuy (March 2019)."The Vietnam Women's Movement for the Right to Live: A Non-Communist Opposition Movement to the American War in Vietnam".Critical Asian Studies.51 (1). Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire:Taylor & Francis:75–102.doi:10.1080/14672715.2018.1542522.ISSN 1467-2715.OCLC 7965329217.EBSCOhost 134057139. Retrieved21 October 2023.(subscription required)
  19. ^de Ligt, Bart (July 1929). "The Intellectual Class and Modern Warfare".Reconciliation. (Speech originally given at WIPLF conference inFrankfurt-am-Main).
  20. ^Swann, Brenda; Aprahamian, Francis (1999).J.D. Bernal: a life in science and politics. London: Verso. p. 234.ISBN 1-85984-854-0.
  21. ^admin."Our Vision".WILPF. Retrieved2020-01-19.
  22. ^admin."Our Global Programmes".WILPF. Retrieved2020-01-19.
  23. ^"About Us".PeaceWomen. 2014-11-28. Retrieved2020-01-19.
  24. ^"PeaceWomen is growing!".WILPF UK. 2019-03-07. Retrieved2020-01-19.
  25. ^"Founders".WIPSEN-Africa.org. Retrieved2020-01-19.
  26. ^Gbowee, Leymah; Mithers, Carol (2011).Mighty be our powers: how sisterhood, prayer, and sex changed a nation at war: a memoir. Sydney, N.S.W.:HarperCollins Publishers. p. 202.ISBN 978-0-7322-9408-3.OCLC 755039363.
  27. ^"Nobel Laureate Has Close Links to CJP – Peacebuilder Online".emu.edu. Retrieved2020-04-18.
  28. ^Elbagir, Nima (2012-11-30)."'Give African women a voice,' say activists".CNN. Retrieved2024-11-06.
  29. ^"Women's International League for Peace and Freedom [WILPF] Records, Accessions from 2000-2013, Swarthmore College Peace Collection".www.swarthmore.edu. Retrieved2017-09-19.
  30. ^"Mrs. Lucy Lewis, Pacifist, Dies".The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1941-01-15. p. 18. Retrieved2023-01-18 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ^"Mathes, Lena Boyce Mays (1861-1951) · Jane Addams Digital Edition".digital.janeaddams.ramapo.edu.Ramapo College. Retrieved18 February 2024.
  32. ^"Women's International League for Peace and Freedom [WILPF] Records, Accessions from 2000-2013, Swarthmore College Peace Collection".www.swarthmore.edu. Retrieved2017-09-19.
  33. ^"WILPF Collection (DG043)". Swarthmore College Peace Collection. Retrieved22 June 2015.
  34. ^ab"WILPF RESOLUTIONS - 30th congress"(PDF). Retrieved2023-09-28.
  35. ^WILPF 33rd International Congress,Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 2022,Wikidata Q120174513, archived fromthe original on 1 July 2023

Further reading

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  • Alonso, Harriet Hyman.Peace as a Women's Issue: A History of the U.S. Movement for World Peace and Women's Rights Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1993.
  • Alonso, Harriet Hyman. "Nobel Peace Laureates, Jane Addams and Emily Greene Balch: Two Women of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom."Journal of Women's History 7.2 (1995): 6-26.excerpt
  • Balmer, Brian. "'Science was digging its own grave': the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and the campaign against chemical and biological warfare."The Nonproliferation Review 27.4-6 (2020): 323-341.online
  • Beers, Laura. "Bridging the Ideological Divide: Liberal and Socialist Collaboration in the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 1919–1945."Journal of Women's History 33.2 (2021): 111-135.excerpt
  • Blackwell, Joyce.No peace without freedom: race and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 1915-1975 (SIU Press, 2004)online
  • Boutilier, Beverly. "Educating for peace and co-operation: the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom in Canada, 1919-1929" (PhD. Diss. Carleton University, 1988) ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1988. ML46296.
  • Bussey, Gertrude, and Margaret Tims.Pioneers for Peace: Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 1915-1965. Oxford: Alden Press, 1980..
  • Cochran, Molly. "Activism and International Thought: The Women's International League of Peace and Freedom and the Problem of Statelessness in the Interwar Period."Global Studies Quarterly 3.1 (2023): ksad011.online
  • Confortini, Catia Cecilia. "Doing Feminist Peace: Feminist Critical Methodology, Decolonization and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), 1945–75."International Feminist Journal of Politics 13.3 (2011): 349-370.online; also seeonline book eview
  • Foster, Carrie A.The Women and the Warriors: The U.S. Section of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 1915-1946. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995.
  • Foster, Catherine.Women for All Seasons: The Story of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1989.online
  • Hensley, Melissa Anne. "Feminine Virtue and Feminist Fervor: The Impact of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom in the 1930s."Affilia 21.2 (2006): 146-157.online
  • Kreider, Angela.  "To love all that pleases: Autobiography, dialectic, and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 1919–1939" (PhD thesis, Emory University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  2004. 3142158).
  • Kuhlman, Erika. "The 'Women's International League for Peace and Freedom' and Reconciliation after the Great War." inThe Women’s Movement in Wartime: International Perspectives, 1914–19 (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007) pp. 227-243.online
  • Materson, Lisa G. "Sisterhood, Ideology, and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom: Formulating Policy on the Arab-Israeli Conflict During the 1960s and 1970s."UCLA Historical Journal 14 (1994).online
  • Meerse, Katherine C. "Peace Activism and Social Justice: The Minnesota Branch of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 1939–1940."Peace & Change 23.4 (1998): 500-513. doi.org/10.1111/0149-0508.00101
  • Meyer, Mary K. "The Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom: Organizing Women for Peace in the War System." inGender Politics in Global Governance (1999): 107-21.online
  • Rupp, Leila J.:"Transnational Women's Movements,"European History Online, Mainz:Institute of European History, 2011.
  • Saunders, Malcolm. "The early years of the Australian section of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom: 1915/1949."Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 82.2 (1996): 180-191.online
  • Schott, Linda Kay.Reconstructing Women’s Thoughts: The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Before World War II (Stanford University Press, 1997).online
  • Sharer, Wendy B. "The persuasive work of organizational names: The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and the struggle for collective identification."Rhetoric Review 20.3-4 (2001): 234-250. doi.org/10.1080/07350198.2001.9683384
  • Vellacott, Jo. "A place for pacifism and transnationalism in feminist theory: the early work of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom."Women History Review 2.1 (1993): 23-56.online
  • Wiltsher, Anne (1985).Most dangerous women: feminist peace campaigners of the Great War (1. publ. ed.). London: Pandora Press.ISBN 0863580106.
  • Woehrle, Lynne M., Patrick G. Coy, and Gregory M. Maney. "The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and the Challenges of Intersectionality Praxis."Peace & Change 41.3 (2016): 273-301. doi.org/10.1111/pech.12159

Primary sources

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  • Women's International League for Peace, and Freedom.International Congress of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. No. 5 (1926)online.

External links

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