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Winti is anAfro-Surinamese traditional religion that originated inSuriname. It is asyncretization of the different African religious beliefs and practices brought in mainly by enslavedAkan,Fon andKongo people during the Dutch slave trade. The religion has no written sources, nor a central authority. The term is also used for all supernatural beings or spirits (Wintis) created byAnana, the creator of the universe. Winti bear similarities to otherAfrican diaspora religions likeHaitian Vodou andCandomblé.
Winti is based on three principles: the belief in the supreme creator calledAnana Kedyaman Kedyanpon; the belief in a pantheon of spirits calledWinti; and theveneration of the ancestors. There is also a belief inAmpuku (also known asApuku) which areanthropomorphic forest spirits. An Ampuku can possess people (both men and women) and can also pass itself off as another spirit.[1] Ampuku can also be water spirits, and are known in such cases asWatra Ampuku.[2]
C. Wooding described Winti in 1972 as: "...an Afro American religion, within which the belief in personified supernatural beings occupies a central position. These personified supernatural beings can take possession of a human person, switch off their consciousness, as it were, and thereby reveal things concerning the past, present and future as well as cause and/or heal illnesses of a supernatural nature."[3]
H.J.M. Stephen described Winti as: "...primarily a religion, which means that respect for the divine, worship and prayer are central. In addition, it has a strong magical aspect, which often has been emphasized too one-sidedly and unfairly. Magic involves the influence of earthly events by supernatural means."
Duringslavery, members of various West African tribes were brought toSuriname. They came from kingdoms that had certain religious aspects in common, like the belief in a supreme creator God, who lives far away from the people, leaving the world to less-powerful gods or spirits, and the belief in an immortal human soul and the related ancestor worship.
After the abolition of slavery in 1863, a ten-year period of economic slavery followed known as "De Periode van Staatstoezicht" (The Period of State Supervision). It ended in 1873 and was followed by a very long period of mental and cultural slavery. The former slaves and their descendants were forced to convert to Christianity, and for nearly 100 years (1874–1971), practicing Winti was forbidden by law. They were also forced to speakDutch; education in their own language,Sranan Tongo, was forbidden; and children were not allowed to speak Sranan Tongo in schools.
After the turn of the millennium, Winti gained momentum. In 2006, the Surinamese government incorporated the Winti interest foundation Tata Kwasi ku Tata Tinsensi into the database of religious organisations. In 2011 the first two Winti marriage officials were appointed. Winti priests were appointed informally already, but still without legal status. In 2014 Dorenia Babel became the first person officially recognized as Winti priest, appointed by the government in order to develop winti in the public realm. In 2019 psychiatrist Glenn Helberg made a public call to the Suriname-based Christian denominations to consider Winti as an equal religion.
It is believed that a human being has three spiritual aspects, theDyodyo,Kra, andYorka. Through these aspects human beings are integrated into the supernatural world. TheDyodyo are the supernatural parents who protect their children and may be higher or lower spirits. They received the pure soul, theKra, fromAnana and give that to a child. TheKra andDyodyo determine your reason and mentality, while the biological parents provide blood and the physical body.Yorka, the other spiritual part, absorbs the life experiences. After the death of the physical body, theKra goes back to theDyodyo and theYorka goes to the realm of the dead.
There are four pantheons or groups.
Certain groups ofmaroons also distinguish a fifth pantheon, the realm of the death.
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