Winslow Homer | |
|---|---|
 Homer in 1880 | |
| Born | (1836-02-24)February 24, 1836 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | (1910-09-29)September 29, 1910 (aged 74) |
| Education | Lithographyapprenticeship, 1855–56 National Academy of Design (painting), 1863 Paris (informal), 1867 |
| Known for | Drawing Wood engraving Oil painting Watercolor painting |
| Notable work | Harper's Weekly Magazine Ballou's Pictorial Magazine Snap the Whip The Veteran in a New Field Breezing Up (A Fair Wind) |
| Movement | Realism,American Realism |
Winslow Homer (February 24, 1836 – September 29, 1910) was an Americanlandscape painter andillustrator, best known for his marine subjects. He is considered one of the foremost painters of 19th-century America and a preeminent figure in American art in general.
Largely self-taught, Homer began his career working as a commercialillustrator.[1] He subsequently took upoil painting and produced major studio works characterized by the weight and density he exploited from the medium. He also worked extensively inwatercolor, creating a fluid and prolific oeuvre, primarily chronicling his working vacations.[2][3]
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Homer was born inBoston, Massachusetts, on February 24, 1836, the second of three sons of Charles Savage Homer andHenrietta Maria Benson Homer, both from long lines ofNew Englanders. His mother was a gifted amateur watercolorist and Homer's first teacher. She and her son had a close relationship throughout their lives. Homer took on many of her traits, including her quiet, strong-willed, terse, sociable nature, her dry sense of humor, and her artistic talent.[4] Homer had a happy childhood, growing up mostly in then-ruralCambridge, Massachusetts. He was an average student, but his art talent was evident in his early years.
Homer's father was a volatile, restless businessman who was always looking to "make a killing". When Homer was 13 years old, Charles gave up the hardware store business to seek a fortune in theCalifornia gold rush. When that failed, Charles left his family and went to Europe to raise capital for other get-rich-quick schemes that did not pay off.[5]
After Homer's high school graduation, his father saw a newspaper advertisement and arranged for an apprenticeship. Homer'sapprenticeship at the age of 19 toJ. H. Bufford, a Boston commerciallithographer, was a formative but "treadmill experience".[6] He worked repetitively on sheet music covers and other commercial work for two years. By 1857, his freelance career was underway after he turned down an offer to join the staff ofHarper's Weekly. "From the time I took my nose off that lithographic stone," Homer later stated, "I have had no master, and never shall have any."[7] Homer opened his own studio in Boston.[8]
Homer's career as anillustrator lasted nearly twenty years. He contributed illustrations of Boston life and rural New England life to magazines such asBallou's Pictorial andHarper's Weekly[9] at a time when the market for illustrations was growing rapidly and fads and fashions were changing quickly. His early works, mostly commercial wood engravings of urban and country social scenes, are characterized by clean outlines, simplified forms, dramatic contrast of light and dark, and lively figure groupings—qualities that remained important throughout his career.[10] His quick success was mostly due to this strong understanding of graphic design and also to the adaptability of his designs to wood engraving.
Before moving toNew York City in 1859, Homer lived inBelmont, Massachusetts, with his family. His uncle's Belmont mansion, the 1853Homer House, was the inspiration for a number of his early illustrations and paintings, including several of his 1860s croquet pictures. The Homer House, owned by the Belmont Woman's Club, is open for public tours.
Winslow's brother Charles S. Homer Jr., a Harvard-educated chemist, was hired by Lawson Valentine to work for the paint company Valentine & Co, later known asValspar.[11]Lawson Valentine became important to Winslow Homer as an early and significant collector of his work, later providing him with a studio at their farm in New York.[12]
In 1859, he opened a studio in theTenth Street Studio Building inNew York City, the artistic and publishing capital of the United States. Until 1863, he attended classes at theNational Academy of Design, and studied briefly withFrederick Rondel, who taught him the basics of painting.[14] In only about a year of self-training, Homer was producing excellent oil work. His mother tried to raise family funds to send him to Europe for further study but insteadHarper's sent Homer to the front lines of theAmerican Civil War (1861–1865), where he sketched battle scenes and camp life, the quiet moments as well as the chaotic ones.[15] His initial sketches were of the camp, commanders, and army of the famous Union officer, Major GeneralGeorge B. McClellan, at the banks of thePotomac River in October 1861.
Although the drawings did not get much attention at the time, they mark Homer's expanding skills from illustrator to painter. As with his urban scenes, Homer illustrated women during wartime, and showed the effects of the war on the home front. The war work was dangerous and exhausting. Back at his studio, Homer would regain his strength and re-focus his artistic vision. He set to work on a series of war-related paintings based on his sketches, among themSharpshooter on Picket Duty (1862),Home, Sweet Home (1863), andPrisoners from the Front (1866).[16] He exhibited paintings of these subjects every year at the National Academy of Design from 1863 to 1866.[9]Home, Sweet Home was shown at the National Academy to particular critical acclaim; it was quickly sold and the artist was consequently elected an Associate Academician, then a full Academician in 1865.[14] During this time, he also continued to sell his illustrations to periodicals such asOur Young Folks andFrank Leslie's Chimney Corner.[9]
After theAmerican Civil War, Homer turned his attention primarily to scenes of childhood and young women, reflectingnostalgia for simpler times, both his own and the nation’s as a whole.
Homer was also interested in postwar subject matter that conveyed the silent tension between two communities seeking to understand their future. His oil paintingA Visit from the Old Mistress (1876) shows an encounter between a group of four freed slaves and their former mistress. The formal equivalence between the standing figures suggests the balance that the nation hoped to find in the difficult years of Reconstruction. Homer composed this painting from sketches he had made while traveling through Virginia.[17]
Near the beginning of his painting career, the 27-year-old Homer demonstrated a maturity of feeling, depth of perception, and mastery of technique which was immediately recognized. His realism was objective, true to nature, and emotionally controlled. One critic wrote, "Winslow Homer is one of those few young artists who make a decided impression of their power with their very first contributions to the Academy ... He at this moment wields a better pencil, models better, colors better, than many whom, were it not improper, we could mention as regular contributors to the Academy." And ofHome, Sweet Home specifically, "There is no clap-trap about it. The delicacy and strength of emotion which reign throughout this little picture are not surpassed in the whole exhibition." "It is a work of real feeling, soldiers in camp listening to the evening band, and thinking of the wives and darlings far away. There is no strained effect in it, no sentimentality, but a hearty, homely actuality, broadly, freely, and simply worked out."[16]
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Before exhibiting at the National Academy of Design, Homer finally traveled toParis, France, in 1867 where he remained for a year. His most praised early painting,Prisoners from the Front, was on exhibit at theExposition Universelle in Paris at the same time.[16] He did not study formally but he practiced landscape painting while continuing to work forHarper's, depicting scenes of Parisian life.
Homer painted approximately one dozen small paintings during the stay. Although he arrived in France at a time of new fashions in art, Homer's main subject for his paintings was peasant life, showing more of an alignment with the established FrenchBarbizon school and the artistMillet than with newer artistsManet andCourbet. Though his interest in depicting natural light parallels that of the earlyimpressionists, there is no evidence of direct influence as he was already aplein-air painter in America and had already evolved a personal style which was much closer to Manet thanMonet. Homer was very private about his personal life and his methods (even denying his first biographer any personal information or commentary), but his stance was clearly one of independence of style and a devotion to American subjects. As his fellow artist Eugene Benson wrote, Homer believed that artists "should never look at pictures" but should "stutter in a language of their own."[20]
Throughout the 1870s, Homer continued painting mostly rural or idyllic scenes of farm life, children playing, and young adults courting, includingCountry School (1871) andThe Morning Bell (1872). In 1875, Homer quit working as a commercial illustrator and vowed to survive on his paintings and watercolors alone. Despite his excellent critical reputation, his finances continued to remain precarious.[21] His popular 1872 paintingSnap the Whip was exhibited at the 1876Centennial Exposition inPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, as was one of his finest and most famous paintings,Breezing Up (1876). Of his work at this time,Henry James wrote:
We frankly confess that we detest his subjects ... he has chosen the least pictorial range of scenery and civilization; he has resolutely treated them as if theywere pictorial ... and, to reward his audacity, he has incontestably succeeded.[22]
Many disagreed with James.Breezing Up, Homer's iconic painting of a father and three boys out for a spirited sail, received wide praise. TheNew York Tribune wrote, "There is no picture in this exhibition, nor can we remember when there has been a picture in any exhibition, that can be named alongside this." Visits toPetersburg, Virginia, around 1876 resulted in paintings of ruralAfrican American life. The same straightforward sensibility which allowed Homer to distill art from these potentially sentimental subjects also yielded the most unaffected views of African American life at the time, as illustrated inDressing for the Carnival (1877)[23] andA Visit from the Old Mistress (1876).[24]
In 1877, Homer exhibited for the first time at theBoston Art Club with the oil painting,An Afternoon Sun, (owned by the Artist). In 1878 Homer spent a particularly productive year as the guest of industrialist Lawson Valentine at his property in theAdirondack Mountains, Houghton Farm.[12] From 1877 through 1909, Homer exhibited often at theBoston Art Club. Works on paper, both drawings and watercolors, were frequently exhibited by Homer beginning in 1882. A most unusual sculpture by the Artist,Hunter with Dog – Northwoods, was exhibited in 1902. By that year, Homer had switched his primary Gallery from the Boston-based Doll and Richards to the New York City based Knoedler & Co.
Homer became a member of The Tile Club, a group of artists and writers who met frequently to exchange ideas and organize outings for painting, as well as foster the creation of decorative tiles. For a short time, he designed tiles for fireplaces.[25]
Homer's nickname in The Tile Club was "The Obtuse Bard". Other well knownTilers were paintersWilliam Merritt Chase,Arthur Quartley, and the sculptorAugustus Saint Gaudens.
Homer started painting withwatercolors on a regular basis in 1873 during a summer stay inGloucester, Massachusetts. From the beginning, his technique was natural, fluid and confident, demonstrating his innate talent for a difficult medium. His impact would be revolutionary. Here, again, the critics were puzzled at first, "A child with an ink bottle could not have done worse."[26] Another critic said that Homer "made a sudden and desperate plunge into water color painting". But his watercolors proved popular and enduring, and sold more readily, improving his financial condition considerably. They varied from highly detailed (Blackboard – 1877) to broadly impressionistic (Schooner at Sunset – 1880). Some watercolors were made as preparatory sketches for oil paintings (as for "Breezing Up") and some as finished works in themselves. Thereafter, he seldom traveled without paper, brushes and water based paints.[27]
As a result of disappointments with women or from some other emotional turmoil, Homer became reclusive in the late 1870s, no longer enjoying urban social life and living instead in Gloucester. For a while, he even lived in secludedEastern Point Lighthouse (with the keeper's family). In re-establishing his love of the sea, Homer found a rich source of themes while closely observing the fishermen, the sea, and the marine weather. After 1880, he rarely featured genteel women at leisure, focusing instead on working women.[28]
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Homer spent two years (1881–1882) in the coastal village ofCullercoats, Northumberland. Many of the paintings at Cullercoats took as their subjects working men and women and their daily heroism, imbued with a solidity and sobriety which was new to Homer's art, presaging the direction of his future work.[9] He wrote, "The women are the working bees. Stout hardy creatures."[29] His works from this period are almost exclusively watercolors.[30] His palette became constrained and sober; his paintings larger, more ambitious, and more deliberately conceived and executed. His subjects more universal and less nationalistic, more heroic by virtue of his unsentimental rendering. Although he moved away from the spontaneity and bright innocence of the American paintings of the 1860s and 1870s, Homer found a new style and vision which carried his talent into new realms.[31]
Back in the U.S. in November 1882, Homer showed his English watercolors in New York. Critics noticed the change in style at once, "He is a very different Homer from the one we knew in days gone by", now his pictures "touch a far higher plane ... They are works of High Art."[32] Homer's women were no longer "dolls who flaunt their millinery" but "sturdy, fearless, fit wives and mothers of men" who are fully capable of enduring the forces and vagaries of nature alongside their men.[33]
In 1883, Homer moved toProuts Neck, Maine (inScarborough), and lived at his family's estate in the remodeled carriage house seventy-five feet from the ocean.[34] During the rest of the mid-1880s, Homer painted his monumental sea scenes. InUndertow (1886), depicting the dramatic rescue of two female bathers by two male lifeguards, Homer's figures "have the weight and authority of classical figures".[35] InEight Bells (1886), two sailors carefully take their bearings on deck, calmly appraising their position and by extension, their relationship with the sea; they are confident in their seamanship but respectful of the forces before them. Other notable paintings among these dramatic struggle-with-nature images areBanks Fisherman,The Gulf Stream,Rum Cay,Mending the Nets, andSearchlight on Harbor Entrance, Santiago de Cuba.[36] Some of these he repeated as etchings.[37]
At fifty years of age, Homer had become a "YankeeRobinson Crusoe, cloistered on his art island" and "a hermit with a brush". These paintings established Homer, as theNew York Evening Post wrote, "in a place by himself as the most original and one of the strongest of American painters."[34] But despite his critical recognition, Homer's work never achieved the popularity of traditionalSalon pictures or of the flattering portraits byJohn Singer Sargent. Many of the sea pictures took years to sell andUndertow only earned him $400.[38]
In these years, Homer received emotional sustenance primarily from his mother, brother Charles, and sister-in-law Martha ("Mattie"). After his mother's death, Homer became a "parent" for his aging but domineering father and Mattie became his closest female intimate.[39] In the winters of 1884–5, Homer ventured to warmer locations inFlorida,Cuba, and theBahamas and did a series of watercolors as part of a commission forCentury Magazine. He replaced the turbulent green storm-tossed sea of Prouts Neck with the sparkling blue skies of the Caribbean and the hardy New Englanders with Black natives, further expanding his watercolor technique, subject matter, and palette.[40] During this trip he paintedChildren Under a Palm Tree forEdith Blake, the wife ofHenry Arthur Blake, the then-governor of The Bahamas. His tropical stays inspired and refreshed him in much the same way asPaul Gauguin's trips toTahiti.[41]
Children Under a Palm Tree was re-discovered on an episode ofAntiques Roadshow in 2008, and was formally attributed to Homer on BBC's television seriesFake or Fortune? byPhilip Mould andFiona Bruce. Ownership of the painting remains an on-going controversy.
A Garden in Nassau (1885) is one of the best examples of these watercolors. Once again, his freshness and originality were praised by critics but proved too advanced for the traditional art buyers and he "looked in vain for profits". Homer lived frugally, however, and fortunately his affluent brother Charles provided financial help when needed.[42]
Homer frequently visitedKey West, Florida, between 1888 and 1903. Some of his best-known works,A Norther, Key West, The Gulf Stream, Taking on Wet Provisions, andPalms in the Storm, are said to have been produced there.[43]
Homer found inspiration in summer trips to the North Woods Club, near the hamlet ofMinerva, New York, in theAdirondack Mountains.[12] It was on these fishing vacations that he experimented with the watercolor medium, producing works of the utmost vigor and subtlety, hymns to solitude, nature, and to outdoor life. Homer does not shrink from the savagery of blood sports nor the struggle for survival. The color effects are boldly and facilely applied. In terms of quality and invention, Homer's achievements as a watercolorist are unparalleled: "Homer had used his singular vision and manner of painting to create a body of work that has not been matched."[44]
In 1893, Homer painted one of his most famous "Darwinian" works,The Fox Hunt, which depicts a flock of starving crows descending on a fox slowed by deep snow. This was Homer's largest painting, and it was immediately purchased by thePennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, his first painting in a major American museum collection.[45] InHuntsman and Dogs (1891), a lone, impassive hunter, with his yelping dogs at his side, heads home after a hunt with deer skins slung over his right shoulder. Another late work,The Gulf Stream (1899), shows a black sailor adrift in a damaged boat, surrounded by sharks as a waterspout approaches.[46]
By 1900, Homer finally reached financial stability, as his paintings fetched good prices from museums and he began to receive rents from real estate properties. He also became free of the responsibilities of caring for his father, who had died two years earlier.[47] Homer continued producing excellent watercolors, mostly on trips to Canada and the Caribbean. Other late works include sporting scenes such asRight and Left, as well as seascapes absent of human figures, mostly of waves crashing against rocks in varying light. His late seascapes are especially valued for their dramatic and forceful expression of nature's powers, and for their beauty and intensity.[48]
In his last decade, he at times followed the advice he had given a student artist in 1907: "Leave rocks for your old age—they're easy."[49]
Homer died in 1910 at the age of 74 in his Prouts Neck studio and was interred in theMount Auburn Cemetery inCambridge, Massachusetts. His painting,Shooting the Rapids, Saguenay River, remains unfinished.
HisProuts Neck studio, aNational Historic Landmark, is now owned by thePortland Museum of Art, which offers tours.[50]
![Sunlight on the Coast, 1890 (Toledo Museum of Art, Ohio)[51]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aWinslow_Homer_-_Sunlight_on_the_Coast_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)
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Homer never taught in a school or privately, as didThomas Eakins, but his works strongly influenced succeeding generations of American painters for their direct and energetic interpretation of man's stoic relationship to an often neutral and sometimes harsh wilderness.[52]Robert Henri called Homer's work an "integrity of nature".[53]
American illustrator and teacherHoward Pyle revered Homer and encouraged his students to study him. His student and fellow illustrator,N. C. Wyeth (and through himAndrew Wyeth andJamie Wyeth), shared the influence and appreciation, even following Homer to Maine for inspiration.[54] The elder Wyeth's respect for his antecedent was "intense and absolute" and can be observed in his early workMowing (1907).[55] Perhaps Homer's austere individualism is best captured in his admonition to artists: "Look at nature, work independently, and solve your own problems."
In 1962, the U.S. Post Office released acommemorative stamp honoring Winslow Homer. Homer's famous oil paintingBreezing Up, now hanging in the National Gallery in Washington DC, was chosen as the image for the design of this issue.[56][full citation needed] On August 12, 2010, The Postal Service issued a 44-cent commemorative stamp featuring Homer'sBoys in a Pasture at the APS Stamp Show in Richmond, Virginia.
This stamp was the ninth to be issued in a series entitled "American Treasures". The original painting is part of the Hayden Collection at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. It depicts two boys from Belmont, Massachusetts—John Carney and Patrick Keenan—who posed for the artist for 75 cents per day.[57]
His work was part of thepainting event in theart competition at the1932 Summer Olympics.[58] Unlike many artists who were well known for working in only oneart medium, Winslow Homer was prominent in a variety of art media, as in the following examples:
Pastoral landscapes and lifestyle (seepastoralism) is agenre of literature, art and music that depicts shepherdsherding livestock around open areas ofland according toseasons and the changing availability of water and pasturage. Apastoral is a work of this genre.
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Winslow Homer's paintings often depicted marine landscapes. Later, when Winslow Homer spent the years between 1881 and 1882 in the village of Cullercoats, Tyne and Wear, his paintings depicting shores and coastal landscapes changed. Many of the paintings from the English coast have as subjects working men and women from the area.
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![A Game of Croquet, 1866[59]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aHomer_Croquet_1.jpg)
![The Croquet Match, c. 1869[60]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aHomer_Croquet_2.jpg)
![Croquet Players, 1865[61]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aHomer_Croquet_3.jpg)
Winslow Homer's works are in the following collections:
