The city is named after the nearbyLake Winnipeg; the name "Winnipeg" comes from theWestern Cree words for "muddy water" –winipīhk. The region was a trading centre forIndigenous peoples long before thearrival of Europeans; it is the traditional territory of theAnishinaabe (Ojibway), Ininew (Cree),Oji-Cree,Dene, andDakota, and is the birthplace of theMétis Nation.[11] French traders built the first fort,Fort Rouge, on the site in 1738. A settlement was later founded by theSelkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812, the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873. Being far inland,the city's climate is extremely seasonal (continental) even by Canadian standards, with average January highs of around −11 °C (12 °F) and average July highs of 26 °C (79 °F).
Winnipeg is named after nearbyLake Winnipeg, 65 km (40 mi) north of the city. English explorerHenry Kelsey may have been the first European to see the lake in 1690. He adopted theCree andOjibwe namewin-nipi (also transcribedwin-nipiy orouenpig) meaning "murky water" or "muddy water"[12][13][14] (modernCree:wīnipēk,ᐑᓂᐯᐠ). French-Canadian fur traderLa Vérendrye referred to the lake asLac Gouinipique orOuinipigon when he built the first forts in the area in the 1730s.[15] Local newspaperThe Nor'-Wester included the name on its masthead on 24 February 1866, and the city was incorporated by that name by theManitoba Legislature in 1873.[14]
Winnipeg lies at theconfluence of theAssiniboine and theRed River of the North, a location now known as "the Forks". This point was at the crossroads ofcanoe routes travelled byFirst Nations before European contact.[16] Evidence provided by archaeology,petroglyphs,rock art, and oral history indicates that native peoples used the area in prehistoric times for camping, harvesting, hunting, tool making, fishing, trading and, farther north, for agriculture.[17]
Estimates of the date of first settlement in the area range from 11,500 years ago for a site southwest of the present city to 6,000 years ago at the Forks.[18][19] In 1805, Canadian colonists observed First Nations peoples engaged in farming activity along the Red River. The practice quickly expanded, driven by the demand by traders for provisions.[20] The rivers provided an extensive transportation network linking northern First Peoples with those to the south along theMissouri andMississippi rivers. TheOjibwe made some of the first maps onbirch bark, which helpedfur traders navigate the waterways of the area.[21]
An 1821 painting of winter fishing on the ice of theAssiniboine andRed rivers.Fort Gibraltar was erected in 1809.
Lord Selkirk was involved with the first permanent settlement (known as theRed River Colony), the purchase of land from the Hudson's Bay Company, and a survey of river lots in the early 19th century.[25] TheNorth West Company builtFort Gibraltar in 1809, and the Hudson's Bay Company builtFort Douglas in 1812, both in the area of present-day Winnipeg.[26] The two companies competed fiercely over trade.[27] The Métis and Lord Selkirk's settlers fought at theBattle of Seven Oaks in 1816. In 1821, the Hudson's Bay and North West Companies merged, ending their long rivalry.[28] Fort Gibraltar was renamedFort Garry in 1822 and became the leading post in the region for the Hudson's Bay Company.[29] A flood destroyed the fort in 1826 and it was not rebuilt until 1835.[29] A rebuilt section of the fort, consisting of the front gate and a section of the wall, is near the modern-day corner of Main Street and Broadway in downtown Winnipeg.[30]
In 1869–70, present-day Winnipeg was the site of theRed River Rebellion, a conflict between the local provisional government of Métis, led byLouis Riel, and newcomers from eastern Canada. GeneralGarnet Wolseley was sent to suppress the uprising. TheManitoba Act of 1870 made Manitoba thefifth province of the three-year-oldCanadian Confederation.[31][32][33]Treaty 1, which encompassed the city and much of the surrounding area, was signed on 3 August 1871 by representatives of the Crown and local Indigenous groups, comprising the Brokenhead Ojibway, Sagkeeng, Long Plain, Peguis, Roseau River Anishinabe, Sandy Bay and Swan Lake communities.[34] On 8 November 1873, Winnipeg was incorporated as a city, with the Selkirk settlement as its nucleus.[35] Métis legislator and interpreterJames McKay named the city.[36] Winnipeg's mandate was to govern and provide municipal services to citizens attracted to trade expansion betweenUpper Fort Garry /Lower Fort Garry andSaint Paul, Minnesota.[37]
Winnipeg developed rapidly after the coming of theCanadian Pacific Railway in 1881.[38] The railway divided the North End, which housed mainly Eastern Europeans, from the richer Anglo-Saxon southern part of the city.[18] It also contributed to a demographic shift beginning shortly after Confederation that saw the francophone population decrease from a majority to a small minority group. This shift resulted in PremierThomas Greenway controversially ending legislative bilingualism andremoving funding for French Catholic Schools in 1890.[39]
By 1911, Winnipeg was Canada's third-largest city.[18] However, the city faced financial difficulty when thePanama Canal opened in 1914.[40] The canal reduced reliance on Canada's rail system for international trade; the increase in shipping traffic helpedVancouver to surpass Winnipeg in both prosperity and population by the end ofWorld War I.[41]
More than 30,000 workers walked off their jobs in May 1919 in what came to be known as theWinnipeg general strike.[42] The strike was a product of postwar recession, labour conditions, the activity of union organizers and a large influx of returning World War I soldiers seeking work.[43] After many arrests, deportations, and incidents of violence, the strike ended on 21 June 1919 when theRiot Act was read. A group ofRoyal Canadian Mounted Police officers charged a group of strikers.[44] Two strikers were killed and at least thirty others were injured on the day that became known asBloody Saturday; the event polarized the population.[44] One of the leaders of the strike,J. S. Woodsworth, went on to found Canada's first major socialist party, theCo-operative Commonwealth Federation, which later became theNew Democratic Party.[45]
In 1942, the Canadian Victory Loan campaignsimulated aNazi occupation of the city to raisewar bonds.
In theBattle of Hong Kong,The Winnipeg Grenadiers were among the first Canadians to engage in combat against Japanese military forces. Battalion members who survived combat were taken prisoner and endured brutal treatment inprisoner of war camps.[49] In 1942, the Victory Loan Campaign staged amock Nazi invasion of Winnipeg to promote awareness of the stakes of the war in Europe.[50][51] When the war ended, pent-up demand generated a boom in housing development, although building activity was checked by the1950 Red River flood.[52] The federal government estimated damage at over $26 million, although the province indicated that it was at least double that.[53] The damage caused by the flood led then-PremierDuff Roblin to advocate for the construction of theRed River Floodway.[54]
Before 1972, Winnipeg was the largest of thirteen cities and towns in a metropolitan area around the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. In 1960, the Metropolitan Corporation of Greater Winnipeg was established to co-ordinate service delivery in the metropolitan region.[37] A consolidated metropolitan "unicity" government incorporating Winnipeg and its surrounding municipalities was established on 27 July 1971, taking effect in 1972.[55] TheCity of Winnipeg Act incorporated the current city.[18] In 2003, the City of Winnipeg Act was repealed and replaced with the City of Winnipeg Charter.[37]
Winnipeg experienced a severe economic downturn in advance of theearly 1980s recession, during which the city incurred closures of prominent businesses, including theWinnipeg Tribune, as well as theSwift's andCanada Packers meat packing plants.[56] In 1981, Winnipeg was one of the first cities in Canada to sign a tripartite agreement with the provincial and federal governments to redevelop its downtown area,[57] and the three levels of government contributed over $271 million to its development.[58] In 1989, the reclamation and redevelopment of theCNRrail yards turned the Forks into Winnipeg's most popular tourist attraction.[16][18] The city was threatened by the1997 Red River flood as well as further floods in2009 and2011.[59]
Docks atthe Forks. The city lies at the bottom of theRed River Valley, a flood plain with a flat topography.
Winnipeg lies at the bottom of theRed River Valley, a flood plain with an extremely flat topography.[60] It is on the eastern edge of theCanadian Prairies inWestern Canada and is known as the "Gateway to the West".[18] Winnipeg is bordered bytallgrass prairie to the west and south and theaspen parkland to the northeast, although most of the native prairie grasses have been removed for agriculture and urbanization.[61] It is relatively close to many largeCanadian Shield lakes and parks, as well asLake Winnipeg (the Earth's 11th largest freshwater lake).[62] Winnipeg has North America's largest extant mature urban elm forest.[63] The city has an area of 464.08 km2 (179.18 sq mi).[3]
Winnipeg has four major rivers: theRed,Assiniboine,La Salle andSeine.[64] The city was subject to severe flooding in the past. The Red River reached its greatest flood height in1826. Another large flood in1950 caused millions of dollars in damage and mass evacuations.[65] This flood promptedDuff Roblin's provincial government to build theRed River Floodway to protect the city.[18] In the1997 flood, flood control dikes were reinforced and raised using sandbags; Winnipeg suffered limited damage compared to the flood's impact on cities without such structures, such asGrand Forks, North Dakota.[66] The generally flat terrain and the poor drainage of the Red River Valley's clay-based soil also results in manymosquitoes during wetter years.[67]
Winters in Winnipeg are cold with little precipitation.
Winnipeg's location in the Canadian Prairies gives it a warm-summerhumid continental climate[68] (Köppen:Dfb),[69] with warm, humid summers, and long, severely cold winters. Summers have a July mean average of 19.7 °C (67.5 °F).[5] Winters are the coldest time of year, with the January mean average around −16.4 °C (2.5 °F) and total winter precipitation (December through February) averaging 55.2 mm (2.17 in).[5] Temperatures occasionally drop below −40 °C (−40 °F).[5]
On average, there are 317.8 days per year with measurable sunshine, with July seeing the most.[70] With 2,353 hours of sunshine per year, Winnipeg is the second-sunniest city in Canada.[71] Total annual precipitation (both rain and snow) is just over 521 mm (20.5 in).[5] Thunderstorms are very common during summer and sometimes severe enough to produce tornadoes.[72] Lowwind chill values are a common occurrence in the local climate. The wind chill has gone down as low as −57.1 °C (−70.8 °F), and on average twelve days of the year reach a wind chill below −40 °C (−40 °F).[5] Deaths have been recorded relating to the extreme cold.[73]
The highest temperature ever recorded in Winnipeg was during the1936 North American heat wave. The temperature reached 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) on 11 July 1936 while the highest minimum temperature, recorded on the following day, 12 July 1936, was 28.3 °C (82.9 °F).[74] Theapparent heat can be even more extreme due to bursts of humidity, and on 25 July 2007 ahumidex reading of 47.3 °C (117.1 °F) was measured.[5]
The frost-free season is comparatively long for a location with such severe winters. The last spring frost is on average around 23 May, while the first fall frost is on 22 September.[5]
There are officially 236 neighbourhoods in Winnipeg.[79]Downtown Winnipeg, the city's financial heart and economic core, is centred on the intersection ofPortage Avenue and Main Street and covers about 2.6 km2 (1 sq mi). More than 72,000 people work downtown, and over 40,000 students attend classes at its universities and colleges.[80]
Downtown Winnipeg'sExchange District is named after the area's original grain exchange, which operated from 1880 to 1913.[80] The 30-block district receivedNational Historic Site of Canada status in 1997; it includes North America's most extensive collection of early 20th-centuryterracotta and cut stone architecture,Stephen Juba Park, and Old Market Square.[80] Other major downtown areas arethe Forks,Central Park, Broadway-Assiniboine andChinatown. Many of Downtown Winnipeg's major buildings are linked with theWinnipeg Walkway.[81]Residential neighbourhoods surround the downtown in all directions; expansion is greatest to the south and west, although several areas remain underdeveloped.[82] The city's largest park,Assiniboine Park, houses theAssiniboine Park Zoo and theLeo Mol Sculpture Garden.[83] Other large city parks includeKildonan Park andSt. Vital Park. The city's major commercial areas arePolo Park, Kildonan Crossing, South St. Vital, Garden City (West Kildonan), Pembina Strip, Kenaston Smart Centre, andOsborne Village[84] The main cultural and nightlife areas are the Exchange District, the Forks, Osborne Village and Corydon Village (both in Fort Rouge), Sargent and Ellice Avenues (West End) and Old St. Boniface.[85]Osborne Village is Winnipeg's most densely populated neighbourhood[86] and one of the most densely populated neighbourhoods in Western Canada.[87]
The drastic population increase between 1971 and 1981 was due in part to Winnipeg's amalgamation in 1972. Source:[88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][6]
In the2021 Census of Population conducted byStatistics Canada, Winnipeg had a population of 749,607 living in 300,431 of its 315,465 total private dwellings, a change of6.3% from its 2016 population of 705,244. With a land area of 461.78 km2 (178.29 sq mi), it had a population density of1,623.3/km2 (4,204.3/sq mi) in 2021.[96] As of the 2021 census, 16.6 percent of residents were 14 years old or younger, 66.4 percent were between 15 and 64 years old, and 17.0 percent were 65 or over. The average age of a Winnipegger was 40.3.[6]
At thecensus metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Winnipeg CMA had a population of834,678 living in330,326 of its347,144 total private dwellings, a change of6.6% from its 2016 population of783,099. With a land area of 5,285.46 km2 (2,040.73 sq mi), it had a population density of157.9/km2 (409.0/sq mi) in 2021.[97]
Winnipeg has a significant and increasingIndigenous population, with both the highest percentage of Indigenous peoples (12.4%) for any major Canadian city, and the highest total number of Indigenous peoples (90,995) for any single non-reserve municipality.[6] The Indigenous population grew by 22% between 2001 and 2006, compared to an increase of 3% for the city as a whole; this population tends to be younger and less wealthy than non-Indigenous residents.[102] Winnipeg also has the highest Métis population in both percentage (6.5%) and numbers (47,915);[6] the growth rate for this population between 2001 and 2006 was 30%.[102]
The 2021 census reported thatimmigrants comprise 201,040 persons or 27.3% of the total population of Winnipeg. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were the Philippines (62,100 persons or 30.9%), India (27,605 persons or 13.7%), and China (8,900 persons or 4.4%).[6] The city receives over 10,000 net international immigrants per year.[103] Winnipeg has the greatest percentage of Filipino residents (11.3%) of any major Canadian city, althoughToronto has more Filipinos by total population.[6] As of 2021, 34% of residents were of avisible minority.[6]
More than a hundred languages are spoken in Winnipeg, of which the most common is English: 65 percent of Winnipeggers speak English as their native language (of Canada's official languages, English and French, 95 percent learned English first), and 2.8 percent have a first language of French.[6] TheSt. Boniface neighbourhood of Winnipeg is home to the largest Francophone community in Western Canada, where 25 percent of local residents can speak French.[104] Other languages spoken as amother tongue in Winnipeg includeTagalog (6.0%),Punjabi (4.1%), andMandarin (1.5%). Several Indigenous languages are also spoken, such asOjibwe (0.2%) andCree (0.1%).[6]
Manitoba Hydro operates out of Manitoba Hydro Place in Winnipeg.
Winnipeg is an economic base and regional centre. It has a diversified economy, with major employment in the health care and social assistance (14%), retail (11%), manufacturing (8%), and public administration (8%) sectors.[105] There were approximately 450,500 jobs in the city as of 2019.[105] Some of Winnipeg's largest employers are government and government-funded institutions, including the Province of Manitoba, the University of Manitoba, the City of Winnipeg,Manitoba Hydro, andManitoba Liquor & Lotteries Corporation. Major private-sector employers include Canad Corporation of Manitoba,Canada Life Assurance Company,StandardAero, andSkipTheDishes.[106]
According to theConference Board of Canada, Winnipeg was projected to experience a real GDP growth of 1.9 percent in 2019. Gross Domestic Product was $43.3 billion in 2018.[107]
The city had an unemployment rate of 5.3% in 2019, compared to a national rate of 5.7%. Household income per capita was $47,824, compared to $49,744 nationally.[108]
TheRoyal Canadian Mint, established in 1976, produces all circulating coinage in Canada.[109] The facility, located in southeastern Winnipeg, also produces coins for many other countries.[110]
In 2012, Winnipeg was ranked byKPMG as the least expensive location to do business in western Canada.[111] Like many prairie cities, Winnipeg has a relatively low cost of living.[112] The average house price in Winnipeg was $301,518 as of 2018.[108] As of May 2014, theConsumer Price Index was 125.8 relative to 2002 prices, reflecting consumer costs at the Canadian average.[113][114]
Winnipeg the Bear, which would become the inspiration for part of the name ofWinnie-the-Pooh, was purchased in Ontario by LieutenantHarry Colebourn ofthe Fort Garry Horse. He named the bear after the regiment's hometown of Winnipeg.[120]A. A. Milne later wrote a series of books featuring the fictional Winnie-the-Pooh. The series' illustrator,Ernest H. Shepard created the only known oil painting of Winnipeg's adopted fictional bear, which is displayed in Assiniboine Park.[121]
The city has developed many distinct dishes and cooking styles, notably in the areas ofconfectionery andhot-smoked fish. Both the First Nations and more recent Eastern Canadian, European, and Asian immigrants have helped shape Winnipeg's dining scene, giving birth to dishes such as the dessertsschmoo torte andwafer pie.[122][123]
TheWinnipeg Art Gallery is Western Canada's oldest public art gallery, founded in 1912. It is the sixth-largest in the country[124] and includes the world's largest public collection of contemporary Inuit art.[18][125] Since the late 1970s Winnipeg has also had an activeartist run centre culture.[126]
TheManitoba Museum, the city's largest museum, depicts the history of the city and province. The full-size replica of the shipNonsuch is the museum's showcase piece.[153] TheManitoba Children's Museum is a nonprofitchildren's museum at the Forks that features twelve permanent galleries.[154][155] TheCanadian Museum for Human Rights is the only Canadiannational museum for human rights and the only national museum west of Ottawa.[156] The federal government contributed $100 million towards the estimated $311 million project.[157] Construction of the museum began on 1 April 2008,[158] and the museum opened to the public 27 September 2014.[159]
Winnipeg has been home to several professionalhockey teams. TheWinnipeg Jets of theNational Hockey League (NHL) have called the city home since 2011.[168] The originalWinnipeg Jets, the city's former NHL team, left forPhoenix, Arizona, after the 1995–96 season due to mounting financial troubles, despite a campaign effort to "Save the Jets."[169] The Jets play atCanada Life Centre, which is ranked the world's 19th-busiest arena among non-sporting touring events, 13th-busiest among facilities in North America, and 3rd-busiest in Canada as of 2009.[170]
Radio broadcasting in Winnipeg began in 1922;[194] by 1923, government-ownedCKY held a monopoly position that lasted until after the Second World War. Winnipeg is home to 33 AM and FM radio stations, two of which areFrench-language stations.[195]CBC Radio One andCBC Radio 2 broadcast local and national programming in the city.[196]NCI is devoted to Indigenous programming.[197]
Television broadcasting in Winnipeg started in 1954. The federal government refused to license any private broadcaster until theCanadian Broadcasting Corporation had created a national network. In May 1954,CBWT went on the air broadcasting four hours daily.[198] There are now five English-language stations and one French-language station based in Winnipeg. Additionally, some American network affiliates are available over-the-air.[199]
Since 1992, the city of Winnipeg has been represented by 15 city councillors and a mayor, both elected every four years.[200] The present mayor,Scott Gillingham, was first elected to office in 2022.[201] The city is a single-tier municipality, governed by amayor-council system.[18] The structure of the municipal government is set by the provincial legislature in the City of Winnipeg Charter Act, which replaced the oldCity of Winnipeg Act in 2003.[202] The mayor is elected by direct popular vote to serve as thechief executive of the city.[203] At Council meetings, the mayor has one of 16 votes. The city governance functions off the "strong-mayor" model, which allows for a "two-tiered system" or voting block between the councillors who are on or not on the Executive Policy Committee.[204] The City Council is aunicameral legislative body, representing geographicalwards throughout the city.[202]In provincial politics, Winnipeg is represented by 32 of the 57 provincialMembers of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) in the43rd Manitoba Legislature. As of 2023, Winnipeg districts are represented by 28 members of theNew Democratic Party (NDP), three by theProgressive Conservative Party, and one by theLiberal Party.[205]
From 2007 to 2011, Winnipeg was the "murder capital" of Canada, with the highest per-capita rate ofhomicides; as of 2022, with a homicide rate of 7.2 per 100,000, it is in second place, behindThunder Bay (13.7 per 100,000).[208][209][210] In 2019, Winnipeg had the 13th-highestviolent crime index in Canada, and the highest robbery rate.[211] Winnipeg was the "violent crime capital" of Canada in 2020 according to the Statistics Canada police-reported violent crime severity index.[212] Despite high overall violent crime rates, crime in Winnipeg is mostly concentrated in the inner city, which makes up only 19% of the population[213] but was the site of 86.4% of the city's shootings, 66.5% of the robberies, 63.3% of the homicides and 59.5% of the sexual assaults in 2012.[214]
From the early 1990s to the mid-2000s, Winnipeg had a significant auto-theft problem, with the rate peaking at 2,165.0 per 100,000 residents in 2006[215] compared to 487 auto-thefts per 100,000 residents for Canada as a whole.[216] To combat auto theft,Manitoba Public Insurance established financial incentives for motor vehicle owners to install ignitionimmobilizers in their vehicles, and now requires owners of high-risk vehicles to install immobilizers.[217] These initiatives resulted in an 80% decrease in auto thefts between 2006 and 2011.[218]
As of 2018, theWinnipeg Police Service had 1,914 police officers, which is one officer per 551 city residents, and cost taxpayers $290,564,015.[219] In November 2013, the national police union reviewed the Winnipeg Police Force and found high average response times for several categories of calls.[220][221] In 2017, the city started to deal with an increasingly largemethamphetamine problem, fuelling violent crime.[222][223]
Winnipeg has had public transit since 1882, starting withhorse-drawn streetcars.[235] They were replaced byelectric trolley cars. The trolley cars ran from 1892 to 1955, supplemented by motorbuses after 1918, and electrictrolleybuses from 1938 to 1970.[235]Winnipeg Transit now runs diesel buses onits routes.[236] In August 2025, Winnipeg Transit announced that a 60-foot zero-emission bus (ZEB) would go into service. Winnipeg became the first Canadian city with 60-foot battery-electric buses in its fleet.[237]
Approximately 8,100 ha (20,000 acres) of land to the north and west of the airport has been designated as aninland port,CentrePort Canada, and is Canada's firstForeign Trade Zone. It is a private sector initiative to develop the infrastructure for Manitoba's trucking, air, rail and sea industries.[244] In 2009, construction began on a $212 million four-lane freeway to connect CentrePort with the Perimeter Highway.[245] Named CentrePort Canada Way, it opened in November 2013.[246]
Several taxi companies serve Winnipeg, the largest being Unicity, Duffy's Taxi and Spring Taxi. Ride-sharing was legalized in March 2018 to where services includingUber now operate in Winnipeg.[247] Cycling is popular in Winnipeg, and there are many bicycle trails and lanes around the city. Winnipeg holds an annualBike-to-Work Day[248] andCyclovia,[249] and bicycle commuters may be seen year-round, even in the winter. Active living infrastructure in Winnipeg includesbike lanes[250] andsharrows.[251]
TheNational Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg is one of only a handful ofbiosafety level 4 microbiology laboratories in the world.[253] The NML houses laboratories of the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, in the National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease collocated in the same facility. Research facilities are also operated through hospitals and private biotechnology companies in the city.[254][255]
Water and sewage services are provided by the city.[256] The city draws its water via anaqueduct fromShoal Lake, treating andfluoridating it at the Deacon Reservoir just outside the city prior to pumping it into the Winnipeg system.[257] The city's system has over 2,500 km (1,600 mi) of underground water mains, which are subject to breakage due to corrosion and pressure from extreme dry, wet, or cold soil conditions.[258]
Winnipeg contracts out several services to private companies, including garbage and recycling collection, street plowing and snow removal. This practice represents a significant budget expenditure. The services have faced numerous complaints from residents about missed service.[261][262][263][264]
For many years, Winnipeg was the home of the Second Battalion ofPrincess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. Initially, the battalion was based at the Fort Osborne Barracks, now the location of the Rady Jewish Community Centre.[272] They eventually moved to the Kapyong Barracks betweenRiver Heights andTuxedo. Since 2004, the battalion has operated out ofCFB Shilo nearBrandon.[273]
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