| Windows shell | |
|---|---|
| Developer | Microsoft |
| Operating system | Microsoft Windows |
| Type | Graphical user interface |
| License | Proprietarycommercial software |
| Website | learn |
TheWindows shell is thegraphical user interface for theMicrosoft Windows operating system. Its readily identifiable elements consist of the desktop, the taskbar, theStart menu, the task switcher and theAutoPlay feature. On some versions of Windows, it also includes Flip 3D and the charms. InWindows 10, the Windows Shell Experience Host interface drives visuals like the Start Menu, Action Center, Taskbar, and Task View/Timeline. However, the Windows shell also implements a shellnamespace that enables computer programs running on Windows to access the computer's resources via the hierarchy of shell objects. "Desktop" is the top object of the hierarchy; below it there are a number of files and folders stored on the disk, as well as a number of special folders whose contents are either virtual or dynamically created.Recycle Bin,Libraries,Control Panel,This PC andNetwork are examples of such shell objects.
The Windows shell, as it is known today, is an evolution of what began withWindows 95, released in 1995. It is intimately identified withFile Explorer, a Windows component that can browse the whole shell namespace.
Windows Desktop is a full-screenwindow rendered behind all other windows. It hosts the user'swallpaper and an array ofcomputer icons representing:
Windows Vista and Windows 7 (and the corresponding versions of Windows Server) allowedWindows Desktop Gadgets to appear on the desktop.
Windows taskbar is atoolbar-like element that, by default, appears as a horizontal bar at the bottom of the desktop. It may be relocated to the top, left or right edges of the screen. Starting withWindows 98, its size can be changed. The taskbar can be configured to stay on top of all applications or to collapse and hide when it is not used. Depending on the version of operating system installed, the following elements may appear on the taskbar respectively from left to right:
Task switcher is a feature present inWindows 3.0 and all subsequent versions of Windows. It allows a user to cycle through existing application windows by holding down theAlt key and tapping theTab ↹ key. Starting with Windows 95, as long as theAlt key is pressed, a list of active windows is displayed, allowing the user to cycle through the list by tapping theTab ↹ key. An alternative to this form of switching is using the mouse to click on a visible portion of an inactive window. However,Alt+Tab ↹ may be used to switch out of a full screen window. This is particularly useful in video games that lock, restrict or alter mouse interactions for the purpose of the game. Starting with Windows Vista, Windows Desktop is included in the list and can be activated this way.
Windows 7 introduced Aero Flip (renamed Windows Flip in Windows 8). When the user holds down theAlt key, Aero Flip causes only the contents of the selected window to be displayed. The remaining windows are replaced with transparent glass-like sheets that give an impression where the inactive window is located.[3]
Windows 8 introducedMetro-style apps, which did not appear whenAlt+Tab ↹ was pressed. (They have to be switched with their own dedicated task switcher, activated through the⊞ Win+Tab ↹ combination.) Windows 8.1 extendedAlt+Tab ↹ to manage the Metro-style apps as well.
Windows 10 and 11 have a unified task switcher calledTask View, which manages not only application windows but virtual desktops as well.[4]
Flip 3D is a supplemental task switcher. It was introduced with Windows Vista and removed in Windows 8. It is invoked by holding down the⊞ Win key and tapping theTab ↹ key. As long as the⊞ Win key remains pressed, Windows displays all application windows, including the Desktop, in anisometric view, diagonally across the screen from the top left corner to the bottom right corner. The active window at the time of pressing the⊞ Win key is placed in front of the others. This view is maintained while⊞ Win key is held down.Tab ↹ and⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ cycle through the open windows, so that the user can preview them. When the⊞ Win key is released, the Flip 3D view is dismissed and the selected window comes to the front and into focus.[5]
Windows 8 added a bar containing a set of five shortcuts known as the "charms", invoked by moving themouse cursor into the top or bottom right-hand corners of the screen, or by swiping from the right edge of a compatible touchpad or touch screen.[6][7][8] This feature was retained in 8.1.
Windows 10 removed the charms and moved the commands associated with them into thesystem menu of each application.[9] For users with touch screens, swiping from the right of the touch screen now showsAction Center.[10]
Starting with Windows 95, all versions of Windows feature a form ofStart menu, usually by this very same name. Depending on the version of Windows, the menu features the following:
AutoPlay is a feature introduced in Windows XP that examines newly inserted removable media for content and displays a dialog containing options related to the type and content of that media. The possible choices are provided by installed software: it is thus not to be confused with the relatedAutoRun feature, configured by a file on the media itself, although AutoRun is selectable as an AutoPlay option when both are enabled.[verification needed]
File Explorer is a Windows component that can browse the shell namespace. In other words, it can browse disks, files and folders as a file manager would, but can also access Control Panel, dial-up network objects, and other elements introduced above. In addition, theexplorer.exe executable, which is responsible for launching File Explorer, is also responsible for launching the taskbar, the Start menu and part of the desktop. However, the task switcher, the charms, or AutoPlay operate even when all instances of theexplorer.exe process are closed, and other computer programs can still access the shell namespace without it. Initially called Windows Explorer, its name was changed to File Explorer beginning with Windows 8, although the program name remainsexplorer.exe.
The first public demonstration of Windows, in 1983, had a simplistic shell called the Session Control Layer, which served as a constantly visible menu at the bottom of the screen. Clicking on Run would display a list of programs that one could launch, and clicking on Session Control would display a list of programs already running so one could switch between them.[11]
Windows 1.0, shipped in November 1985, introduced MS-DOS Executive, a simple file manager that differentiated between files and folders by bold type. It lacked support for icons, although this made the program somewhat faster than the file manager that came withWindows 3.0. Programs could be launched by double-clicking on them. Files could be filtered for executable type, or by a user-selected wildcard, and the display mode could be toggled between full and compact descriptions. The file date column was notY2K compliant.
Windows 2.0 made no significant change to MS-DOS Executive.
Windows 3.0, introduced in May 1990, shipped with a new shell called Program Manager. Based on Microsoft's work withOS/2 Desktop Manager, Program Manager sorted program shortcuts into groups. Unlike Desktop Manager, these groups were housed in a single window, in order to show off Microsoft's newMultiple Document Interface.
Program Manager inWindows 3.1 introduced wrappable icon titles, along with the new Startup group, which Program Manager would check on launch and start any programs contained within.[12] Program Manager was also ported toWindows NT 3.1, and was retained throughWindows NT 3.51.
Windows 95 introduced a new shell. The desktop became an interactive area that could contain files (includingfile shortcuts), folders, andspecial folders such asMy Computer,Network Neighborhood andRecycle Bin.Windows Explorer, which replacedFile Manager, opened both ordinary and special folders. Thetaskbar was introduced, which maintained buttons representing open windows, a digital clock, a notifications area for background processes and their notifications, and the Start button, which invoked theStart menu. The Start menu contains links to settings, recently used files and, like its predecessor Program Manager, shortcuts and program groups.
Program Manager is also included in Windows 95 for backward compatibility, in case the user disliked the new interface.[13] This is included with all versions of Windows up to and including Windows XP Service Pack 1. In SP2 and SP3, PROGMAN.EXE is just an icon library, and it was completely removed from Windows Vista in 2006.[citation needed]
The new shell was also ported to Windows NT, initially released as the NewShell update for Windows NT 3.51 and then fully integrated intoWindows NT 4.0.
In early 1996,Netscape announced that the next release of its browser, codenamed "Constellation", would completely integrate with Windows and add a new shell, codenamed "HomePort", which would present the same files and shortcuts no matter which machine a user logged into.[14][15][16] Microsoft started working on a similar Internet Explorer release, codenamed "Nashville".Internet Explorer 4.0 was redesigned and resulted in two products: the standalone Internet Explorer 4 andWindows Desktop Update, which updated the shell with features such asActive Desktop,Active Channels, Web folders, desktop toolbars such as the Quick Launch bars, ability to minimize windows by clicking their button on the taskbar, HTML-based folder customization, single click launching, image thumbnails, folder infotips, web view in folders,Back andForward navigation buttons, larger toolbar buttons with text labels, favorites, file attributes in Details view, and an address bar in Windows Explorer, among other features. It also introduced theMy Documents shell folder.
Future Windows releases, like Windows 95C (OSR 2.5) andWindows 98, included Internet Explorer 4 and the features of the Windows Desktop Update already built in. Improvements were made inWindows 2000 andWindows ME, such as personalized menus, ability to drag and sort menu items, sort by name function in menus, cascading Start menu special folders, customizable toolbars for Explorer, auto-complete in Windows Explorer address bar and Run box, displaying comments in file shortcuts as tooltips, advanced file type association features, extensible columns in Details view (IColumnProvider interface), icon overlays, places bar in common dialogs, high-color notification area icons and a search pane in Explorer.
Windows XP introduced a new Start Menu, with shortcuts to shell locations on the right and a list of most frequently used applications on the left. It also grouped taskbar buttons from the same program if the taskbar got too crowded, and hid notification icons if they had not been used for a while. For the first time, Windows XP hid most of the shell folders from the desktop by default, leaving only the Recycle Bin (although the user could get them back if they desired). Windows XP also introducednumerous other shell enhancements.
In the early days of theLonghorn project, an experimental sidebar, with plugins similar to taskbar plugins and a notifications history was built into the shell. However,when Longhorn was reset the integrated sidebar was discarded in favor of a separate executable file,sidebar.exe, which provided Web-enabled gadgets, thus replacing Active Desktop.
Windows Vista introduced a searchable Start menu and live taskbar previews to the Windows shell. It also introduced a redesignedAlt+Tab ↹ switcher which included live previews, andFlip 3D, an application switcher that would rotate through application windows in a fashion similar to aRolodex when the user pressed the⊞ Win+Tab ↹ key combination.Windows 7 added 'pinned' shortcuts and 'jump lists' to the taskbar, and automatically grouped program windows into one icon (although this could be disabled).
Windows Server 2008 introduced the possibility to have a Windows installation without the shell, which results in fewerprocesses loaded and running.[17][18]
Windows 8 removed Flip 3D in order to repurpose⊞ Win+Tab ↹ for displaying an application switcher sidebar containing live previews of active Windows Store apps for users without touchscreens.
Windows 10 added the possibility to have more than one virtual desktop, known asTask View, to group active program windows to their own virtual desktop. It is possible to navigate through these desktops usingCtrl+⊞ Win+→ andCtrl+⊞ Win+←, or by clicking on the Task View icon in the taskbar. PressingCtrl+⊞ Win+D creates a new virtual desktop.⊞ Win+Tab ↹ was repurposed to invoke an overview of all active windows and virtual desktops. Windows 10 also addedCortana to the Start menu, to provide interaction with the shell through vocal commands. Newer versions of Windows 10 include recentMicrosoft Edge tabs in theAlt+Tab ↹ menu, which can be disabled to only show open programs, as is the behavior in prior versions of the operating system.
Windows supports the ability to replace the Windows shell with another program.[19] A number of third party shells exist that can be used in place of the standard Windows shell.
