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Windows Server 2012

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sixth version of Windows Server, released in 2012

Operating system
Windows Server 2012
Version of theWindows NT operating system
Screenshot of Windows Server 2012, showing the Server Manager application which is automatically opened when an administrator logs on, taskbar, and the blue color of Aero Lite
DeveloperMicrosoft
OS familyWindows Server
Working stateCurrent
Source model
Released to
manufacturing		August 1, 2012; 12 years ago (2012-08-01)[1]
General
availability		September 4, 2012; 12 years ago (2012-09-04)
Latest release6.2.9200 with March 2025 monthly update rollup / March 11, 2025; 2 days ago (2025-03-11)
Marketing targetBusiness
Update methodWindows Update,Windows Server Update Services,SCCM
Platformsx86-64
Kernel typeHybrid (Windows NT kernel)
Default
user interface		Windows shell (GUI)
LicenseCommercialproprietary software
Preceded byWindows Server 2008 R2 (2009)
Succeeded byWindows Server 2012 R2 (2013)
Official websiteWindows Server 2012 (archived atWayback Machine))
Support status
  • Mainstream support ended on October 9, 2018[2]
  • Extended support ended on October 10, 2023[2]
  • Paid support via the Extended Security Updates program until October 13, 2026, only forvolume licensed editions.
Part ofa series of articles on
Windows 8
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Windows Server 2012, codenamed "Windows Server 8", is the ninth major version of theWindows NToperating system produced byMicrosoft to be released under theWindows Server brand name. It is theserver version of Windows based onWindows 8 and succeeds theWindows 7-basedWindows Server 2008 R2, released nearly three years earlier. Two pre-release versions, adeveloper preview and abeta version, were released during development. The software wasofficially launched on September 4, 2012, which was the month before the release ofWindows 8.[3] It was succeeded byWindows Server 2012 R2 . Mainstream support ended on October 9, 2018, and extended support ended on October 10, 2023. It is eligible for the paid Extended Security Updates (ESU) program, which offers continued security updates until October 13, 2026.

It removed support forItanium and processors withoutPAE,SSE2 andNX.[4] Four editions were released. Various features were added or improved over Windows Server 2008 R2 (with many placing an emphasis oncloud computing), such as an updated version ofHyper-V, anIP address management role, a new version ofWindows Task Manager, andReFS, a newfile system. Windows Server 2012 received generally good reviews in spite of having included the same controversialMetro-based user interface seen in Windows 8, which includes the Charms Bar for quick access to settings in the desktop environment.

It is the final version of Windows Server that supports processors without CMPXCHG16b, PrefetchW, LAHF and SAHF.

As of April 2017, 35% of servers were running Windows Server 2012, surpassing usage share ofWindows Server 2008.[5]

History

[edit]

Windows Server 2012, codenamed "Windows Server 8",[6] is the fifth release ofWindows Server family of operating systems developed concurrently withWindows 8.[7][8]

Microsoft introduced Windows Server 2012 and itsdeveloper preview in theBUILD 2011 conference on September 9, 2011.[9] However, unlike Windows 8, the developer preview of Windows Server 2012 was only made available toMSDN subscribers.[10] It included agraphical user interface (GUI) based onMetro design language and a new Server Manager, a graphical application used for server management.[11] On February 16, 2012, Microsoft released an update for developer preview build that extended its expiry date from April 8, 2012 to January 15, 2013.[12]

Before Windows Server 2012 was finalized, two testbuilds were made public. A publicbeta version of Windows Server 2012 was released along with theWindows 8 Consumer Preview on February 29, 2012.[7] On April 17, 2012, Microsoft revealed "Windows Server 2012" as the final name for the operating system.[6] Therelease candidate of Windows Server 2012 was released on May 31, 2012, along with the Windows 8 Release Preview.[8]

The product wasreleased to manufacturing on August 1, 2012 (along withWindows 8) and becamegenerally available on September 4, that year.[3] However, not alleditions of Windows Server 2012 were released at the same time. Windows Server 2012 Essentials was released to manufacturing on October 9, 2012[13] and was made generally available on November 1, 2012.[14] As of September 23, 2012, all students subscribed toDreamSpark program can download Windows Server 2012 Standard or Datacenter free of charge.[15]

Windows Server 2012 is based onWindows 8 and is the second version of Windows Server which runs only on64-bit CPUs.[16] Coupled with fundamental changes in the structure of the client backups and the shared folders, there is no clear method for migrating from the previous version to Windows Server 2012.

Features

[edit]
See also:Features new to Windows 8
Windows Server 2012Start screen, with tools used in a server pinned on the Start screen by default

Installation options

[edit]

Unlike its predecessor, Windows Server 2012 users can switch between "Server Core" and "Server with aGUI" installation options without a full re-installation. Server Core – an option with a command-line interface only – is now the recommended configuration. There is also a third installation option that allows some GUI elements such asMMC and Server Manager to run, but without the normal desktop,shell or default programs likeFile Explorer.[11]

User interface

[edit]

Server Manager has been redesigned with an emphasis on easing management of multiple servers.[17] The operating system, likeWindows 8, uses the Metro-baseduser interface unless installed in Server Core mode.[18] TheWindows Store is available by installing the desktop experience feature from the server manager, but is not installed by default.[19]Windows PowerShell in this version has over 2300 commandlets, compared to around 200 in Windows Server 2008 R2.[20]

Task Manager

[edit]
Main article:Windows Task Manager

Windows Server 2012 includes a new version ofWindows Task Manager together with the old version.[21] In the new version the tabs are hidden by default, showing applications only. In the new Processes tab, the processes are displayed in varying shades of yellow, with darker shades representing heavier resource use.[22] Information found in the older versions are now moved to the new Details tab. The Performance tab shows "CPU", "Memory", "Disk", "Wi-Fi" and "Ethernet" graphs. Unlike theWindows 8 version of Task Manager (which looks similar), the "Disk" activity graph is not enabled by default. The CPU tab no longer displays individual graphs for every logical processor on the system by default, although that remains an option. Additionally, it can display data for eachnon-uniform memory access (NUMA) node. When displaying data for each logical processor for machines with more than 64 logical processors, the CPU tab now displays simple utilization percentages on heat-mapping tiles.[23] The color used for these heat maps is blue, with darker shades again indicating heavier utilization. Hovering the cursor over any logical processor's data now shows the NUMA node of that processor and its ID, if applicable. Additionally, a new Startup tab has been added that lists startup applications,[24] however this tab does not exist in Windows Server 2012.[25] The new task manager recognizes when aWindows Store app has the "Suspended" status.

IP address management (IPAM)

[edit]

Windows Server 2012 has anIP address management role for discovering, monitoring, auditing, and managing theIP address space used on a corporate network. The IPAM is used for the management and monitoring ofDomain Name System (DNS) andDynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) servers. BothIPv4 andIPv6 are fully supported.[26]

Active Directory

[edit]

Windows Server 2012 has a number of changes toActive Directory from the version shipped with Windows Server 2008 R2. The Active Directory Domain Services installation wizard has been replaced by a new section in Server Manager, and a GUI has been added to the Active Directory Recycle Bin.[27] Multiple password policies can be set in the same domain.[28] Active Directory in Windows Server 2012 is now aware of any changes resulting from virtualization, and virtualized domain controllers can be safely cloned. Upgrades of the domain functional level to Windows Server 2012 are simplified; it can be performed entirely in Server Manager. Active Directory Federation Services is no longer required to be downloaded when installed as a role, and claims which can be used by the Active Directory Federation Services have been introduced into the Kerberos token. Windows Powershell commands used by Active Directory Administrative Center can be viewed in a "Powershell History Viewer".[29][30]

Hyper-V

[edit]

Windows Server 2012, along withWindows 8, includes a new version ofHyper-V,[31] as presented at the Microsoft BUILD event.[32] Many new features have been added to Hyper-V, including network virtualization, multi-tenancy, storage resource pools, cross-premises connectivity, and cloud backup. Additionally, many of the former restrictions on resource consumption have been greatly lifted. Each virtual machine in this version of Hyper-V can access up to 64 virtual processors, up to 1 terabyte of memory, and up to 64 terabytes of virtual disk space per virtual hard disk (using a new .vhdx format).[33][34] Up to 1024 virtual machines can be active per host, and up to 8000 can be active per failover cluster.[35]SLAT is a required processor feature for Hyper-V onWindows 8, while for Windows Server 2012 it is only required for the supplementaryRemoteFX role.[36]

ReFS

[edit]
Main article:ReFS

Resilient File System (ReFS),[37] codenamed "Protogon",[38] is a newfile system in Windows Server 2012 initially intended forfile servers that improves onNTFS in some respects. Major new features of ReFS include:[39][40]

Improved reliability for on-disk structures
ReFS usesB+ trees[39] for all on-disk structures including metadata and file data. Metadata and file data are organized into tables similar to arelational database. The file size, number of files in afolder, total volume size and number of folders in a volume are limited by 64-bit numbers; as a result ReFS supports a maximum file size of 16exabytes, a maximum of 18.4 × 1018 folders and a maximum volume size of 1yottabyte (with 64 KBclusters) which allows large scalability with no practical limits on file and folder size (hardware restrictions still apply). Free space is counted by a hierarchical allocator which includes three separate tables for large, medium, and small chunks. File names and file paths are each limited to a 32 KBUnicode text string.
Built-in resilience
ReFS employs anallocation-on-write update strategy for metadata,[39] which allocates new chunks for every update transaction and uses large IO batches. All ReFS metadata has built-in 64-bit checksums which are stored independently. The file data can have an optional checksum in a separate "integritystream", in which case the file update strategy also implements allocation-on-write; this is controlled by a new "integrity" attribute applicable to both files and directories. If nevertheless file data or metadata becomes corrupt, the file can be deleted without taking the whole volume offline. As a result of built-in resiliency, administrators do not need to periodically run error-checking tools such asCHKDSK when using ReFS.
Compatibility with existing APIs and technologies
ReFS does not require new system APIs and most file system filters continue to work with ReFS volumes.[39] ReFS supports many existing Windows and NTFS features such asBitLocker encryption,Access Control Lists,USN Journal, change notifications,[41]symbolic links,junction points,mount points,reparse points,volume snapshots,file IDs, andoplock. ReFS seamlessly[39] integrates withStorage Spaces, astorage virtualization layer that allows data mirroring and striping, as well as sharing storage pools between machines.[42] ReFS resiliency features enhance the mirroring feature provided by Storage Spaces and can detect whether any mirrored copies of files become corrupt using backgrounddata scrubbing process, which periodically reads all mirror copies and verifies their checksums then replaces bad copies with good ones.

Some NTFS features are not supported in ReFS, includingobject IDs,short names,file compression,file level encryption (EFS),user data transactions,hard links,extended attributes, anddisk quotas.[38][39]Sparse files are supported.[43][44] Support fornamed streams is not implemented in Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012, though it was later added in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2.[45] ReFS does not itself offerdata deduplication.[39] Dynamic disks with mirrored or striped volumes are replaced with mirrored or striped storage pools provided by Storage Spaces. In Windows Server 2012, automated error-correction with integrity streams is only supported on mirrored spaces; automatic recovery on parity spaces was added in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2.[45] Booting from ReFS is not supported either.

IIS 8.0

[edit]

Windows Server 2012 includes version 8.0 ofInternet Information Services (IIS). The new version contains new features such asSNI, CPU usage caps for particular websites,[46] centralized management ofSSL certificates,WebSocket support and improved support for NUMA, but few other substantial changes were made.[47]

Remote Desktop Protocol 8.0

[edit]

Remote Desktop Protocol has new functions such as Adaptive Graphics (progressive rendering and related techniques), automatic selection of TCP or UDP as transport protocol,multi touch support, DirectX 11 support for vGPU,USB redirection supported independently of vGPU support, etc.[48] A "connection quality" button is displayed in the RDP client connection bar for RDP 8.0 connections; clicking on it provides further information about connection, including whether UDP is in use or not.[49]

Scalability

[edit]

Windows Server 2012 supports the following maximum hardware specifications.[34][50] Windows Server 2012 improves over its predecessor Windows Server 2008 R2:

SpecificationWindows Server 2012Windows Server 2008 R2
Physical processors[a]6464
Logical processors
whenHyper-V is disabled		640256
Logical processors
when Hyper-V is enabled		320[b]64
Memory4TB2 TB
Failover cluster nodes (in any single cluster)6416

System requirements

[edit]
Minimum system requirements for Windows Server 2012[52]
Processor1.4 GHz,x64
Memory512 MB
Freedisk space32 GB (more if there is at least 16 GB of RAM)

Windows Server 2012 runs only onx86-64 processors. Unlike older versions, Windows Server 2012 does not supportItanium.[4]

Upgrades from Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2 are supported, although upgrades from prior releases are not.[52]

Editions

[edit]

Windows Server 2012 has four editions: Foundation, Essentials, Standard and Datacenter.[53][54][55][56][50]

SpecificationsFoundation[57]EssentialsStandardDatacenter
DistributionOEM onlyRetail, volume licensing, OEMVolume licensing and OEM
Licensing modelPer serverPerCPU pair[c] +CAL[d]
Processor chip limit[50]1264[e]
Memory limit32 GB64 GB4 TB
User limit1525UnlimitedUnlimited
File sharing limits1 standalone DFS root1 standalone DFS rootUnlimitedUnlimited
Network Policy and Access Services limits50 RRAS connections and 10 IAS connections250 RRAS connections, 50 IAS connections, and 2 IAS Server GroupsUnlimitedUnlimited
Remote Desktop Services limits50 Remote Desktop Services connectionsGateway onlyUnlimitedUnlimited
Virtualization rights—Either in 1 VM or 1 physical server, but not both at once2 VMs[c]Unlimited
Active Directory Lightweight Directory ServicesYesYesYesYes
Active Directory Federation ServicesYes[58]YesYesYes
Active Directory Rights Management ServicesYesYesYesYes
Application server roleYesPartialYesYes
DHCP roleYesYesYesYes
DNS server roleYesYesYesYes
Fax server roleYesYesYesYes
Print and document servicesYesYesYesYes
Server ManagerYesYesYesYes
UDDI servicesYesYesYesYes
Web services (Internet Information Services)YesYesYesYes
Windows Deployment ServicesYesYesYesYes
Windows PowershellYesYesYesYes
Active Directory Domain ServicesMust be root of forest and domainYesYesYes
Active Directory Certificate ServicesCertificate Authorities onlyCertificate Authorities onlyYesYes
Hyper-VNoR2 onwardsYesYes
Server Core modeNoNoYesYes
Windows Server Update ServicesNoNoYesYes

Reception

[edit]

Reviews of Windows Server 2012 have been generally positive.[59][60][61] Simon Bisson ofZDNet described it as "ready for the datacenter, today,"[59] while Tim Anderson ofThe Register said that "The move towards greater modularity, stronger automation and improved virtualisation makes perfect sense in a world of public and private clouds" but remarked that "That said, the capability of Windows to deliver obscure and time-consuming errors is unchanged" and concluded that "Nevertheless, this is a strong upgrade overall."[60]

InfoWorld noted that Server 2012's use of Windows 8's panned "Metro" user interface was countered by Microsoft's increasing emphasis on the Server Core mode, which had been "fleshed out with new depth and ease-of-use features" and increased use of the "practically mandatory" PowerShell.[62] However, Michael Otey of Windows IT Pro expressed dislike with the new Metro interface and the lack of ability to use the older desktop interface alone, saying that most users of Windows Server manage their servers using the graphical user interface rather than PowerShell.[63]

Paul Ferrill wrote that "Windows Server 2012 Essentials provides all the pieces necessary to provide centralized file storage, client backups, and remote access,"[64] but Tim Anderson contended that "Many businesses that are usingSBS2011 and earlier will want to stick with what they have", citing the absence ofExchange, the lack of ability to synchronize withActive Directory Federation Services and the 25-user limit,[65] while Paul Thurott wrote "you should choose Foundation only if you have at least some in-company IT staff and/or are comfortable outsourcing management to a Microsoft partner or solution provider" and "Essentials is, in my mind, ideal for any modern startup of just a few people."[66]

Windows Server 2012 R2

[edit]
Main article:Windows Server 2012 R2

A second release,Windows Server 2012 R2, which is derived from theWindows 8.1 codebase, wasreleased to manufacturing on August 27, 2013[67] and became generally available on October 18, 2013, byMicrosoft.[68] An updated version, formally designated Windows Server 2012 R2 Update, was released in April 2014.[69][70]

Support lifecycle

[edit]

Microsoft originally planned to end mainstream support for Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2 on January 9, 2018, with extended support ending on January 10, 2023. In order to provide customers the standard transition lifecycle timeline, Microsoft extended Windows Server 2012 and 2012 R2 support in March 2017 by 9 months. Windows Server 2012 reached the end of mainstream support on October 9, 2018 and entered the extended support phase, which ended on October 10, 2023.[71][72][73]

Microsoft announced in July 2021 that they will distribute paid Extended Security Updates for volume licensed editions of Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2 for up to 3 years after the end of extended support.[74] For Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2, these updates will last until October 13, 2026. This will mark the final end of all security updates for the Windows NT 6.2 product line after 14 years, 2 months and 12 days and will also mark the final end of all security updates for the Windows NT 6.3 product line after 13 years, 1 month and 16 days.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Applies to Windows Server 2008 R2 and 2012 Datacenter and Windows Server 2012 Standard only. Other editions support less.
  2. ^Each virtualized partition, including the host itself, can use up to 64 processors.[51]
  3. ^abEach license of Windows Server 2012 Standard or Datacenter allowsup to two processor chips. Each license of Windows Server 2012 Standard allows up to two virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Standard on that physical server. If more virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Standard are needed, each additional license of Windows Server 2012 allows up to two more virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Standard, even though the physical server itself may have sufficient licenses for its processor chip count. Because Windows Server 2012 Datacenter has no limit on the number of virtual instances per licensed server, only enough licenses for the physical server are needed for any number of virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Datacenter. If the number of processor chips or virtual instances is an odd number, the number of licenses required is the same as thenext even number. For example, a single-processor-chip server would still require 1 license, thesame as if the server were two-processor-chip and a five-processor-chip server would require 3 licenses, thesame as if the server were six-processor-chip, and if 15 virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Standard are needed on one server, 8 licenses of Windows Server 2012, which can cover up to 16 virtual instances, are needed (assuming, in this example, that the processor chip count does not exceed 16).
  4. ^For the Standard and Datacenter editions, each user or device accessing the software must have aclient access license (CAL) assigned (either per-user or per-device), so there may be no more simultaneous users than the number of client-access licenses, except up to 2 simultaneous users purely to administer the server software, or for running virtualization or web workloads. Remote Desktop Services requires an additional CAL separate from the aforementioned CAL.
  5. ^If the number of physical processors in a particular server is under 64, the limit is determined by the quantity of licenses assigned to that server. In that case, the number of physical processors cannot exceed twice the number of licenses assigned to the server.

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[edit]
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