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 Willys Factory inToledo, Ohio,c. 1915 | |
| Company type | Private |
|---|---|
| Industry | Automotive |
| Founded | 31 May 1908 |
| Founder | John Willys |
| Defunct | 1953; 72 years ago (1953) |
| Fate | Merged intoKaiser Jeep |
| Successor | Kaiser Jeep |
| Headquarters | , U.S. |
| Products | |
| Brands | |
| Subsidiaries | |
Willys (pronounced/ˈwɪlɪs/ "Willis")[a] was abrand name used byWillys–Overland Motors, an Americanautomobile company, founded byJohn North Willys. It was best known for its design and production ofWorld War II–eramilitary jeeps (MBs),Willys M38 andM38A1 military jeeps as well as civilian versions(Jeep CJs), and branding the 'jeep' militaryslang-word into the '(Universal) Jeep' marque.
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In 1908,John Willys bought theOverland Automotive Division of Standard Wheel Company and in 1912 renamed it Willys–Overland Motor Company. From 1912 to 1918, Willys was the second-largest producer of automobiles in the United States afterFord Motor Company.[5]
In 1913, Willys acquired a license to buildCharles Yale Knight'ssleeve-valve engine, which it used in cars bearing theWillys–Knight nameplate. In the mid-1920s, Willys also acquired the F. B. Stearns Company ofCleveland and assumed continued production of theStearns-Knight luxury car, as well.
John Willys acquired theElectric Auto-Lite Company in 1914 and in 1917 formed the Willys Corporation to act as hisholding company. In 1916, it acquired theRussell Motor Car Company ofToronto,Ontario, and theCurtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company inBuffalo, New York, by 1917,New Process Gear, and in 1919 acquired theDuesenberg Motors Company plant inElizabeth, New Jersey. The New Jersey plant was replaced by a new, larger facility inIndianapolis, and was to be the site of production for a newWillys Six at an adjacent site, but thedepression of 1920–21 brought the Willys Corporation to its knees. Thebankers hiredWalter P. Chrysler to sort out the mess and the first model to go was the Willys Six, deemed an engineering disaster. Chrysler had three auto engineers:Owen Skelton,Carl Breer, andFred Zeder (later nicknamedThe Three Musketeers) begin work on a new car, commonly referred to as theChrysler Six.[6][7]
To raise cash needed to pay off debts, many of the Willys Corporation assets were put on the auction block. The Elizabeth plant and the Chrysler Sixprototype were sold toWilliam C. Durant, then in the process of building a new, third empire.[8] The plant built Durant's low-pricedStar, while the Chrysler Six prototype was substantially reworked to become the 1923Flint.[8]
Walter Chrysler and the three engineers who had been working on the Chrysler Six all moved on toMaxwell-Chalmers where they continued their work, ultimately launching the Chrysler Six in January 1924.[9] (In 1925, the Maxwell car company became theChrysler Corporation.)
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In 1926, Willys–Overland introduced a new line of small cars named Willys–Overland Whippet. In theeconomic depression of the 1930s, a number of Willys automotive brands faltered. Stearns-Knight was liquidated in 1929. Whippet production ended in 1931; its models were replaced by the Willys Six and Eight. Production of the Willys-Knight ended in 1933. There was also a pickup truck version of the Whippet, called the Willys-Six C-113 (reflecting its wheelbase in inches). This was not a sales success, with a mere 198 units being built. This vehicle was picked up byInternational Harvester, who installed their own 213-cubic inch engine and offered it in 1933 as the International D-1.
In 1932, Ward M. Canaday, who beginning in 1916 had done advertising for the company before becoming a full-time employee, had taken on the role of chairman. He helped guide the company through its currentreceivership.[10]
At this time, Willys decided to clear the boards and produce two new models – the 4-cylinderWillys 77 and the 6-cylinder Willys 99 – but since the firm was once again on the verge of bankruptcy, only the 77 went into production. It was forced to sell its Canadian subsidiary, itself in weak financial shape, and started a massive reorganization. Only the main assembly plant and some smaller factories remained the property of Willys–Overland. The other assets were sold off to a new holding company that leased some of the properties back to W-O. The parent company was thus able to ride out the storm.
In 1936, the Willys–Overland Motor Company was reorganized as Willys–Overland Motors.
In 1937, Willys redesigned the 4-cylinder model. It gained a semistreamlined body with a slanted windshield, headlamps integrally embedded into the fenders, and a one-piece, rounded hood transversely hinged at the rear.
For 1939, the Model 39 featured Lockheed hydraulic brakes, a two-inch increase in wheelbase to 102 inches and an improved 134 CID four-cylinder engine[11] with power increased from 48 to 61 hp.[12] The Model 39 was marketed as an Overland and as a Willys–Overland rather than as a Willys.[12]
In 1929, the company built a factory that built vehicles located at what is now 6201 Randolph Street,Commerce, California. DuringWorld War II, the factory built aircraft assemblies forLockheed Hudson bombers. When the war ended, the factory resumed automobile production and was one of two locations to build the first CJ2A, as well as the Willys Aero. The factory was closed in 1954. The location is now occupied byPrologis Eaves Distribution Center.[13][full citation needed]
Willys–Overland was one of two bidders when theUnited States Army sought an automaker that could begin rapid production of a lightweight reconnaissance car based on a design byAmerican Bantam.
In 1938,Joseph W. Frazer had joined Willys fromChrysler as chief executive. He saw a need to improve the firm's 4-cylinder engine to handle the abuse to which the vehicle would be subjected. This objective was brilliantly achieved by ex-Studebaker chief engineerDelmar "Barney" Roos, who wanted
an engine that could develop 15 horsepower at 4,400 r.p.m. and run for 150 hours without failure. What he started with was an engine that developed 48 horsepower at 3,400 r.p.m., and could run continuously for only two to four hours ... It took Barney Roos two years to perfect his engine, by a whole complex of revisions that included closer tolerances, tougher alloys, aluminum pistons, and a flywheel reduced in weight from fifty-seven to thirty-one pounds.[14]
American Bantam was the sole manufacturer of serial production jeeps delivered to the US Army in 1940. Ford,American Bantam, and Willys all manufactured jeeps for the US Army in 1941.[15] Production of theWillys MB, commonly called a jeep, began in November 1941.[16] Ford,American Bantam, and Willys together produced 8,598 units in 1940. Willys–Overland ranked 48th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts.[17] In total, 647,870 military Jeeps were manufactured by the end ofWorld War II, 362,841 by Willys, 280,448 by Ford and 2,675 by American Bantam.[18]
The word "Jeep" was first used to describe US Army "midget cars" in a January 1941 newspaper article, mentioning "Bantam" as the manufacturer.[19] In January 1941 American Bantam was the only manufacturer that had actually fulfilled purchase orders to deliver jeeps to the US Army. Some people believe "jeep" is a phonetic pronunciation of the abbreviation GP, but Ford did not start manufacturing jeeps until February 1941,[20] after news of "jeeps" made by "Bantam" had already been widely reported in the newspapers nationwide. The Ford designation "GP" did not stand for "General Purpose",[21] supposedly the "G" signifying government contract vehicle and "P" indicating the 80-inch wheelbase reconnaissance car. Ford may have chosen the letters GP because Bantam vehicles were already being called "jeeps", even in early 1941.
The first documented use of the word "Jeep" was the name of the characterEugene the Jeep in thePopeye comic strip, known for his supernatural abilities (e.g., walking through walls). It was also the name of a small tractor supplied to the U.S. Army byMinneapolis-Moline in 1937.[22] Whatever the source, the name stuck and on February 13, 1943, Willys–Overland filed a trademark application on the use of the term "Jeep" with the U.S. Patent Office.[23] After several denials by the patent office and appeals by Willys–Overland, the trademark "Jeep" was finally awarded to the company on June 13, 1950.[24]
Willys also built 1292 airframes for theJB-2 Loon.[25]
After the war, Willys did not resume production of its passenger-car models, choosing instead to concentrate on Jeeps and Jeep-based vehicles. The first postwar Willys product was theCJ-2A, an MB stripped of obviously military features, particularly theblackout lighting, and with the addition of a tailgate.
Willys initially struggled to find a market for the vehicle, first attempting to sell it primarily as an alternative to the farmtractor. Tractors were in short supply, having been out of production during the war. However, sales of the "Agri-Jeep" never took off, mainly because it was too light to provide adequate draft.
The CJ-2A was among the first civilian vehicles of any kind to be equipped withfour-wheel drive from the factory, and it gained popularity among farmers, ranchers, hunters, and others who needed a lightweight vehicle for use on unimproved roads and trails.
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In 1946, a year after the introduction of the CJ-2A, Willys produced the Willys "Jeep" Utility Wagon based on the same engine and transmission, with clear styling influence from the CJ-2A Jeep. The next year came a "Jeep" Utility Truck with four-wheel drive. In 1948, the wagon was available in four-wheel drive, making it the ancestor of allsport utility vehicles.
Willys planned to re-enter the passenger car market in 1947 with the Willys 6–70 sedan. Its name came from the fact it was powered by a 6-cylinder engine that produced 70 hp. The 6–70 was touted as the 'first stock car' in America that offered independent suspension on all four wheels, but it never entered production.[26]
In 1948, under a contract from the U.S. Army, Willys produced a small one-man four-wheeled utility vehicle called theJungle Burden Carrier which evolved into the M274 Utility1⁄2-ton vehicle.
Willys later produced theM38 Jeep for the U.S. Army, and continued theCJ series of civilian Jeeps. One variation was theJeepster, which came with a 4-cylinder or 6-cylinder engine, but only with two-wheel drive to the rear.
In 1952, Willys re-entered the car market with a new compact car, theWillys Aero. At first available only as a two-door sedan, it was available with either anL-head orF-head six-cylinder engine. Export markets could get the Aero with a four-cylinder engine. A four-door sedan and a two-door hardtop were added for 1953 along with taxi models. The Aero cars were called Lark, Wing, Falcon, Ace, or Eagle depending on year, engine, and trim level, except for a small production run in its final year (1955) with models called Custom and Bermuda. The bodies for the Willys Aero were supplied by theMurray Body Corporation, which also made the bodies for the short-livedHudson Jet. Also in 1952, CJ-3B Jeeps went into production. By 1968, over 155,000 were sold.
In 1953,Kaiser Motors purchased Willys–Overland and changed the company's name to Willys Motor Company.[27] The same year, production of the Kaiser car was moved from Willow Run, Michigan, to the Willys plant at Toledo, Ohio. Although Jeep production was steady, sales of the Willys and Kaiser cars continued to fall.[28]
Willys–Overland established its Brazilian operations in 1953, just before the Kaiser-Frazer takeover.[29] The tooling for the Aero went to Brazil, where it entered production in 1960. In 1956–1957, Brazil's Executive Group for the Automotive Industry (GEIA) had approved Willys–Overland for production of the Aero, the Willys MB Jeep, a truck version of the Jeep called the Rural, and the FrenchRenault Dauphine small car.[30] Also, an abortive plan was made to create a company called Chrysler-Willys do Brasil SA to build the 1956Plymouth Savoy and a Dodge truck there,[30] in the hope of taking advantage of Willys' "Brazilian-made" credentials.[31] Willys went through considerable effort to appear as a Brazilian company, even selling a large portion of their company to Brazilian stockholders to forestall a possible nationalist backlash, and to become eligible for various government incentives.[32]
The little tail-engined Dauphine was a result of Kaiser's Renault connection, and was produced by Willys do Brasil from 1959 until 1968. Willys–Overland was one of the first companies to enter the Brazilian passenger automobile market, and their early entry originally paid off, with sales spiking in 1954 when Willys became the number-one selling car.[33] Being distributed by the family ofGetúlio Vargas' closest advisorOsvaldo Aranha also helped, and Willys–Overland reached a 52% share of Brazilian passenger car production in 1959.[34] Willys held a market share of around 30% in Brazil from 1960 until 1966, its last full year as an independent, mostly Brazilian-owned company.[35]
Willys entered the Brazilian market in the hope of offsetting their shrinking market and losses at home. However, unlike in the case of the Argentinian Kaiser operations, which were essentially developed around hand-me-downs, Willys built a very modern plant from the ground up in Brazil.[33] The original promise was to build cars for export back to the United States, but such a situation never materialized.[36] However, by late 1961, Brazilian-built Willys Jeeps began to be exported toChile.[37] Willys expanded into Brazil's impoverished northeast in the early 1960s, when they built an assembly plant for the Jeep in the state ofPernambuco.[38]
In 1962, Willys started building the FrenchAlpine A108 as the Willys Interlagos. It was produced until 1966 and was the first Brazilian-made sports car.[39] It was also the car in which many Brazilian racers cut their teeth, including greats such asEmerson Fittipaldi. Willys also designed and showed a larger sports car called the "Capeta" (Devil) in 1964, powered by the 2.6-litre six-cylinder Aero engine.[39] In 1965, Willys–Overland do Brasil and Renault began collaborating on a new front-wheel drive car, called "Project M" and meant to replace the aging Dauphine. Developed in parallel with theRenault 12, which it antedated, the car eventually saw light as theFord Corcel.[40] Early Corcels had "Willys" stamping in the glass, and the Corcel line (which continued in production until 1997 as theFord Pampa) always showed its French origins in its characteristic three-bolt wheels. In 1967, Ford took a controlling interest in Kaiser and thereby gained control of Willys–Overland do Brasil.[41]
The Aero-based Itamaraty continued in production until the early 1970s, in latter years wearing "Ford" badges. Dauphine production ended in 1968, but the Willys Rural/Pickup and its derivatives were built as the Ford F-75 until 1983. The only visual difference is that the post-1970 cars have a tailgate with "Ford" rather than "Jeep" stamped in it.[42][self-published source] The military version of the Jeep Pickup was called the F-85.
In America, the company had already changed its name in 1963 toKaiser-Jeep Corporation; the Willys name disappeared thereafter.
Kaiser-Jeep was sold toAmerican Motors Corporation (AMC) in 1970 when Kaiser Industries decided to leave the automobile business. After the sale, AMC used engines it had developed for its other cars in Jeep models to improve performance and standardize production and servicing.
Renault purchased a major stake in AMC in 1979 and took over operation of the company, producing the CJ series until 1986.Chrysler purchased AMC in 1987 after the CJ had already been replaced with theJeep Wrangler (also known as the YJ and laterTJ). The Jeep marque, owned by DaimlerChrysler and laterFiat S.p.A. andStellantis, produces Jeep vehicles at a newToledo Complex.
DaimlerChrysler introduced the Overland name for a trim package on the 2002Jeep Grand Cherokee. The badging is a recreation of the Overland nameplate from the early twentieth century.
In 2014, theWillys trademark was acquired by ItalianCarrozzeria Viotti, declaration of Emanuele Bomboi (head of design of Viotti).[43] Carrozzeria Viotti together with Fabbrica Italiana Maggiora introduced at the Bologna Motor Show 2014 the Willys AW 380 Berlineta, a concept car inspired by the original Willys Interlagos assembled by Willys in Brazil under license of the French Alpine. Viotti and Maggiora plans to produce the vehicle in limited edition and relaunch the Willys marque.
Stellantis reintroduced the Willys name as a trimline for theJeep Gladiator pickup truck in the early 2020s.
The 1933–1936 coupés andpickups were very populargassers.[44] The best-known would be the 1933Willys 77.[45] Only 12,800 were sold in 1933, 13,234 in 1934, 10,644 in 1935 (including a newpanel delivery), and 30,825 the company's final year, making it a puzzle why it became popular: it was neither cheap nor plentiful.[46]
After the company revived, the 1937–1942 coupés, sedans, and pickups were again popular withhot rodders and gasser teams, and again, comparatively low production leaves unexplained why they gained so much attention.[46] Ollie Olsen'sWil-A-Meaner 1940 coupé (driven by Bob "Rapid" Dwyer) won the 1961NHRA Nationals A/G title.[46]
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In 1952, as Willys-Overland Motors was preparing for the 50th anniversary of the first Overland cars, The [Toledo] Blade declared: 'It's "Willis."' – A number of reporters and editors at the time had known Mr. Willys personally.
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