William Wallace Campbell | |
|---|---|
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| Born | (1862-04-11)April 11, 1862 |
| Died | June 14, 1938(1938-06-14) (aged 76) |
| Alma mater | University of Michigan (B.S.) |
| Known for | Spectroscopy, University President |
| Spouse | Elizabeth Ballard Thompson |
| Children | Wallace,Douglas, Kenneth |
| Awards | Lalande Medal,Gold Medal of the RAS,Draper Medal,Janssen Medal,Bruce Medal |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Astronomy |
| Institutions | University of California, Berkeley |
William Wallace Campbell (April 11, 1862 – June 14, 1938) was an Americanastronomer, and director ofLick Observatory from 1901 to 1930. He specialized inspectroscopy.[1][2][3] He was the tenth president of theUniversity of California from 1923 to 1930.
He was born on a farm inHancock County, Ohio, the son of Robert Wilson and Harriet Welsh Campbell. After a few years of local schooling he entered in 1882 theUniversity of Michigan to study civil engineering, graduating Bachelor of Science in 1886. Whilst at university he developed his interest in astronomy when he readSimon Newcomb'sPopular Astronomy.[4]
After graduating, he was appointed Professor of Mathematics at theUniversity of Colorado, but soon moved back to Michigan as an instructor in astronomy. In 1891 he was invited to work on spectroscopy at Lick Observatory in California. Campbell was a pioneer of astronomical spectroscopy and catalogued the radial velocities of stars. He was also recognized for his work in solar eclipse photography. In 1893 he discovered theWolf–Rayet star HD 184738 (also known as Campbell's hydrogen envelope star).[5][6] He was made a director of Lick Observatory from 1901 to 1930. He was nominated for theNobel Prize in Physics byGeorge Ellery Hale andSimon Newcomb in 1901.[7]
In August 1914, Campbell andErwin Freundlich of theBerlin Observatory were in Russia to photograph a solar eclipse, in an early attempt to test the validity ofAlbert Einstein's generaltheory of relativity. The outbreak of World War I (and in particular Germany's declaration of war against Russia) led to the seizure of Freundlich and his equipment in the Crimea by Russian officers. Campbell, from neutral America, was permitted to continue with his plans, but cloud cover obscured the eclipse. Campbell undertook another attempt to photograph a solar eclipse on June 8, 1918, in Goldendale, in Washington state.
But his precision photographic equipment had been retained in Russia four years earlier, and he had to improvise the needed apparatus from existing equipment at the Lick Observatory. The cameras he used were not adequate to provide the measurement accuracy needed to confirm the deflection of star light predicted by Einstein's theory.[8] The equipment from Russia was finally shipped back on August 15, 1917, arriving August 21 the following year.[9]
Confirmation of Einstein's theory came in 1919 in the wake of an expedition led byArthur Eddington to photograph the eclipse of May 29, 1919. But some uncertainty remained, as well as scepticism fueled in part by anti-German sentiment in the wake of World War I. Final and uncontested confirmation is generally dated to Campbell's 1922 Lick Observatory expedition to Australia to photograph the solar eclipse.[10] Campbell's report of the results state that the observations "furnish a value … which agrees exactly with Einstein's prediction."[11]
He served as 10th President of the University of California from 1923 to 1930. He also served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known asSociety for Science & the Public, from 1923 to 1926. He served three terms as president of theAstronomical Society of the Pacific (in 1895, 1909 and 1918).
He committedsuicide in California at the age of 76 by leaping to his death from a fourth-story window in San Francisco.[12][13] He was mostly blind and suffering from bouts ofaphasia. This was not only very frustrating to him, but he felt that it left him a burden to his family in terms of care and expense, according to notes he left behind at the time of his death. He married Elizabeth Ballard Thompson in 1892; they had three sons (one of them was WWI aceDouglas Campbell).
Charles Frederick Crocker andWilliam Henry Crocker financed numerous Lick-Crocker solar eclipse expeditions. Campbell led several of these expeditions.[25]
He married Elizabeth Ballard Thompson in 1892;[3] they had three sons (one of them was WWI aceDouglas Campbell).[citation needed] Elizabeth contributed greatly to Campbell's work and played an important role in his success as a scientist. She adopted the role of hostess during his time as director of the Lick Observatory, also undertaking public relations work on behalf of the Observatory by writing letters to staff and potential donors and supporters of her husband's work.
Elizabeth organised many of the expeditions that Campbell led, arranging the expedition members travel, food, supplies and living quarters. She contributed to the work of the expeditions by undertaking astronomical spectroscopy, developing plates and extensively documented the expeditions including writing two manuscripts.[26]
Works by or aboutWilliam Wallace Campbell atWikisource| Academic offices | ||
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| Preceded by | President of theUniversity of California 1923–1930 | Succeeded by |
