| William V | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Portrait byHenry Bone,c. 1801 | |||||
| Prince of Orange Prince of Orange-Nassau | |||||
| Reign | 22 October 1751 – 9 April 1806 | ||||
| Predecessor | William IV | ||||
| Successor | William VI | ||||
| Stadtholder of theUnited Provinces | |||||
| Reign | 22 October 1751 – 23 February 1795 | ||||
| Predecessor | William IV | ||||
| Successor | Stadtholdership abolished (succeeded by theRevolutionary Committee of the Batavian Republic) | ||||
| Born | (1748-03-08)8 March 1748 The Hague,Dutch Republic | ||||
| Died | 9 April 1806(1806-04-09) (aged 58) Brunswick,Brunswick-Lüneburg | ||||
| Spouse | |||||
| Issue | Louise, Hereditary Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel William I of the Netherlands Prince Frederick | ||||
| |||||
| House | Orange-Nassau | ||||
| Father | William IV, Prince of Orange | ||||
| Mother | Anne, Princess Royal | ||||
| Religion | Dutch Reformed Church | ||||
| Signature |  | ||||
William V (Willem Batavus; 8 March 1748 – 9 April 1806) wasPrince of Orange and the lastStadtholder of theDutch Republic. He went into exile to London in 1795. He was furthermore ruler of thePrincipality of Orange-Nassau until his death in 1806. In that capacity, he was succeeded by his sonWilliam.
William Batavus was born inThe Hague on 8 March 1748, the only son ofWilliam IV, who had the year before been restored as stadtholder of the United Provinces. He was only three years old when his father died in 1751, and a long regency began. His regents were:
William was made the 568thKnight of theOrder of the Garter in 1752.
William V assumed the position ofstadtholder and Captain-General of theDutch States Army on his majority in 1766. However, he allowed the Duke of Brunswick to retain a large influence on the government with the secretActe van Consulentschap. On 4 October 1767 in Berlin, Prince William marriedPrincess Wilhelmina of Prussia, the daughter ofAugustus William of Prussia, niece ofFrederick the Great and a cousin ofGeorge III. (He himself was George III's first cousin).[1]: 55–58 He became an art collector and in 1774 hisGalerij Prins Willem V was opened to the public.
The position of the Dutch during theAmerican War of Independence was one ofneutrality. William V, leading the pro-British faction within the government, blocked attempts by pro-American, and later pro-French, elements to drag the government to war in support of the Franco-American alliance. However, things came to a head with the Dutch attempt to join the Russian-ledLeague of Armed Neutrality, leading to the outbreak of theFourth Anglo-Dutch War in 1780. In spite of the fact that Britain was engaged in fighting on several fronts, the war went badly for the Dutch, leading to the loss of the undefended Caribbean island ofSint Eustatius, a major supplier of contraband arms to the Americans, as well asNagapattinam.[1]: 58–63 Scandals like theBrest Affair undermined belief in the Dutch navy. The stadtholderian regime and the Duke of Brunswick were suspected of treason in the matter of the loss of theBarrier fortresses.[1]: 56 The deterioration of the prestige of the regime made minds ripe for agitation for political reform, like the pamphletAan het Volk van Nederland, published in 1781 byJoan van der Capellen tot den Pol.[1]: 64–68
After the signing of theTreaty of Paris (1783), there was growing restlessness in the United Provinces with William's rule. A coalition of oldDutch States Partyregenten and democrats, calledPatriots, was challenging his authority more and more. Mid September 1785 William left The Hague and removed his court toHet Loo Palace inGelderland, a province remote from the political center.[1]: 104–105 In September 1786 he sent States-Army troops toHattem andElburg to overthrow the cities' Patriotvroedschap, despite the defense by PatriotFree Corps, organised byHerman Willem Daendels. This provoked the Patriot-dominatedStates of Holland to deprive him of his office of Captain-General of the Army.[1]: 107–109 (His function was given toRhinegrave Salm.) In June 1787 his energetic wife Wilhelmina tried to travel toThe Hague to foment anOrangist rising in that city. OutsideSchoonhoven, she was stopped by the Gouda Free Corps, taken to a farm nearGoejanverwellesluis and after a short detention made to return toNijmegen.[1]: 127
To Wilhelmina and her brother,Frederick William II of Prussia, this was both an insult and an excuse to intervene militarily. Frederick launched thePrussian invasion of Holland in September 1787 to suppress the Patriots.[1]: 128–132 Many Patriots fled to the North of France, aroundSaint-Omer, in an area where Dutch was spoken. Until his overthrow they were supported by KingLouis XVI of France.[1]: 132–135
William V joined theFirst Coalition against Republican France in 1793 with the coming of theFrench Revolution. His troops fought in theFlanders Campaign, but in 1794 the military situation deteriorated and the Dutch Republic was threatened by invading armies. The year 1795 was a disastrous one for theancien régime of the Netherlands. Supported by the French Army, the revolutionaries returned from Paris to fight in the Netherlands, and in 1795 William V went into exile in England. A few days later theBatavian Revolution occurred, and theDutch Republic was replaced with theBatavian Republic.[2]: 1121 [1]: 190–192
Directly after his arrival in England, the Prince wrote a number of letters (known as theKew Letters) from his new residence inKew to the governors of the Dutch colonies, instructing them to hand over their colonies to the British as long as France continued to occupy the "mother country". Only a number[which?] complied, while those that demurred from doing so became confused and demoralised. Almost all Dutch colonies were eventually captured by the British, who in the end returned most, but not all (South Africa andCeylon), first at theTreaty of Amiens and later with theConvention of London signed in 1814.[2]: 1127
In 1799 theHereditary Prince took an active part in theAnglo-Russian invasion of Holland, engineering the capture of a Batavian naval squadron in theVlieter Incident. The surrender of the ships (that had been paid for by the Batavian Republic) was formally accepted in the name of William V as stadtholder, who was later allowed to sell them to the Royal Navy (for an appreciable amount).[3] But that was his only success, as the troops suffered from choleric diseases, and civilians at that time were unwilling to re-instate the old regime. The arrogance of the tone in his proclamation, demanding the restoration of the stadtholderate, may not have been helpful, according toSimon Schama.[1]: 393–394
After theTreaty of Amiens in 1802, in whichGreat Britain recognised the Batavian Republic, an additional Franco-Prussian Convention of 23 May 1802 declared that the House of Orange would be ceded in perpetuity the domains ofDortmund,Weingarten,Fulda andCorvey in lieu of its Dutch estates and revenues (this became thePrincipality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda). As far asNapoleon was concerned, this cession was conditional on the liquidation of the stadtholderate and other hereditary offices of the Prince. William V, however, had no interest in towns, territories and abbeys confiscated from other rulers, including alternatives asWürzburg andBamberg, but wanted what was his due: his arrears in salaries and other financial perquisites since 1795, or a lump sum of 4 million guilders. The foreign minister of the Batavian Republic,Maarten van der Goes, was willing to secretly try to persuade theStaatsbewind of the Batavian Republic to grant this additional indemnity, but Napoleon put a stop to it, when he got wind of the affair.[1]: 452–454
The last of the Dutch stadtholders, William V died in exile at his daughter's palace inBrunswick, now in Germany. His body was moved to the Dutch Royal Family crypt in theNieuwe Kerk inDelft on 29 April 1958.
In 1813, his son,William VI returned to the Netherlands and proclaimed himself king, thus becoming the firstDutch monarch from the House of Orange.
.jpg)
William V and Wilhelmina of Prussia were the parents of five children:
During his life and afterward, William V was a controversial person, in himself, and because he was the unwilling center of a political firestorm that others had caused. Many historians and contemporaries have written short appreciations of him that were often acerbic.Phillip Charles, Count of Alvensleben, who was thePrussian envoy to the Hague from 1787 (so not someone who must be suspected to be prejudiced against William) may be taken as an example. He wrote:
His education has all been theory. Duke Louis of Brunswick kept him away from practical affairs and did all the work himself, while the stadtholder merely signed documents. Hence this habit, this compulsion, of talking about public affairs, and turning the functions of stadtholder into the holding of tedious audiences of five, six, seven hours in length, swamping practical problems in useless verbiage, though putting forward wide-ranging proposals, often marked by sound reasoning, sometimes even by genius. Finally, the cardinal defect of settling nothing, of bringing nothing to a point, of replying to nothing, of signing nothing, of concluding nothing; but always of being the stadtholder in theory and never in practice. When he sets to work he does not know how to distinguish the functions of the head of the chancery from those of a mere secretary. In place of taking decisions on a hundred cases, he wastes his time in copying out some memorandum that has been presented to him. Nothing will ever change him, his bent is fixed, and when the Patriots declared that he fulfilled his functions in a ghastly fashion they were quite right.[5]
His great-great-granddaughter QueenWilhelmina of the Netherlands was less kind. She simply called him asufferd (dummy).[6]
Media related toWilliam V, Prince of Orange at Wikimedia CommonsWilliam V, Prince of Orange Cadet branch of theHouse of Nassau Born: 8 March 1748 Died: April 9 1806 | ||
| Dutch nobility | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Prince of Orange 1751–1806 | Succeeded by |
| Regnal titles | ||
| Preceded by | Prince of Orange-Nassau 1751–1806 | Succeeded by |
| Baron ofBreda 1751–1795 | Lordship dissolved incorporated inBatavian Republic | |
| General Stadtholder of the United Provinces 1751–1795 | Function abolished followed byBatavian Republic | |
