William Sidney Graves | |
|---|---|
 William S. Graves, wearing the two stars of a major general, pictured here in 1918 | |
| Born | (1865-03-27)March 27, 1865 Mount Calm, Texas, Confederate States of America |
| Died | February 27, 1940(1940-02-27) (aged 74) Shrewsbury, New Jersey, United States |
| Buried | Arlington National Cemetery,Virginia, United States |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Branch |  United States Army |
| Service years | 1889–1928 |
| Rank |  Major General |
| Service number | 0-53 |
| Unit |  Infantry Branch |
| Commands | Panama Canal Division Sixth Corps Area 1st Division 1st Brigade 8th Division American Expeditionary Force, Siberia |
| Conflicts | Spanish–American War Philippine–American War World War I Russian Civil War |
| Awards | Army Distinguished Service Medal Philippine Campaign Medal World War I Victory Medal Order of the Rising Sun (Japan) Order of Wen-Hu Order of the Crown of Italy Czechoslovak War Cross |
| Other work | Author |
Major GeneralWilliam Sidney Graves (March 27, 1865 – February 27, 1940) was aUnited States Army officer who commanded American forces inSiberia during theSiberian Expedition, part of theAllied Intervention in Russia, towards the end ofWorld War I.
He was born on March 27, 1865, inMount Calm, Texas, to the Reverend Andrew Carrol, a Southern Baptist minister and Evelyn Bennett.[1][2][3][4] Graves began attendance at theUnited States Military Academy (USMA) atWest Point, New York, in 1884, although he caught pneumonia and missed his plebe year as a result.[5] Nevertheless, he continued to attend and ultimately graduated forty-second in a class of forty-nine on June 12, 1889.[1][3] Among his fellow graduates included several men who would becomegeneral officers, such asCharles Dudley Rhodes,Clement Flagler,Eben Eveleth Winslow,Frank Daniel Webster,Walter Augustus Bethel,Winthrop S. Wood,Chester Harding,William L. Kenly,Joseph D. Leitch,Edward McGlachlin Jr.,George LeRoy Irwin,William Wright Harts,William G. Haan,Charles Crawford andWilliam Lassiter.Charles Young was another distinguished graduate, becoming the firstAfrican American to attain the rank of colonel.
Graves married Katherine Pauline "Kate" Boyd, daughter of William Lang and Augusta Josephine (née Merriam) Boyd, at St. Mark's Episcopal Church inCheyenne, Wyoming, on February 9, 1891.[4][6] Katherine was the niece of his commanding officer,Henry C. Merriam.[4][7][8]
He served in theSpanish–American War in thePhilippines until 1902.[2] He fought at theBattle of Caloocan as acompany commander during the insurrection. He was the assistant chief of the Army General Staff.[9]
In 1918, the year after theAmerican entry into World War I, he was given command of the8th Division and sent to Siberia under direct orders from PresidentWoodrow Wilson. He landed on September 1, 1918.[2] His orders were to remain strictly apolitical amidst a politically turbulent situation. As a result, he was frequently at odds with his Allied peers, the State Department, and various Russian groups.
Given some 7,000 soldiers in what was called theAmerican Expeditionary Forces (A.E.F.), and aided byJoseph D. Leitch as hischief of staff, he settled on the idea of making sure the Trans-Siberian railroad stayed operational and brought in a number of railroad experts to run the railway. His troops did not intervene in theRussian Civil War despite strong pressure brought on him to help the White army of AdmiralKolchak. Early on, Graves developed a strong distaste for Kolchak and his government.[9]
Graves thought that theBritish,French, andJapanese forces in Siberia were all following self-serving political ambitions beyond the stated goals of the Allies, which were to protect supplies provided by the powers to their erstwhileTsarist allies and to provide for the safe conduct of foreign allied troops, primarilyCzechs, who were to exitRussia viaVladivostok.[citation needed] Graves believed that the British and French were trying to suppressBolshevik forces. He also believed that the Japanese had plans to annex part of Eastern Siberia (the Amur region, east of Lake Baikal).[citation needed] The Japanese deployed an estimated 72,000 soldiers—some 6 times the authorized troop level of 12,000 set by the Allies.[citation needed]
U.S. forces operated the Trans-Siberian railroad for almost two years, while bandits roamed the Siberian countryside and the political situation turned chaotic. The U.S. military did accomplish its main objective and the entireCzech Legion was evacuated out of Russia via Vladivostok. The last U.S. soldiers left Siberia on April 1, 1920. Historian Benson Bobrick wrote of Graves: "In the whole sad debacle, he may have been the only honorable man."[10]
General Graves was promoted to the rank of major general on July 11, 1925,[3] and retired from the army in 1928. He then wrote a book about his time in Siberia, entitledAmerica's Siberian Adventure 1918-20.[11][2][12]
William and Kate had four children, two of whom survived their parents. The first two children are buried atFort Logan National Cemetery in Denver, Colorado: a newborn infant (died October 27, 1891) and a girl, Marjorie (November 19, 1892 – February 24, 1894).[13]
A son, Sidney Carroll Graves (1893–1974) graduated fromWest Point in 1915 and followed his father into a military career, attaining the rank of major. He earned twoDistinguished Service Crosses: the first during World War I, and the second while serving in the Russian Expeditionary Force. In 1921 he married Olga Roosevelt (Bayne), a relative of PresidentTheodore Roosevelt. Olga's grandfather,Robert Barnwell Roosevelt, and the president's father, Theodore Roosevelt Sr., were brothers.[2]
The youngest child, Dorothy, married William R. Orton.[2]
His awards included the Army Distinguished Service Medal, the citation for which reads:
ThePresident of the United States of America, authorized byAct of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Major General William Sidney Graves, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I, as an Executive Assistant to the Chief of Staff and as Commanding General of the American Expeditionary Forces in Siberia.[14]
Graves died on February 27, 1940, inShrewsbury, New Jersey.[2]
His papers are held in the Hoover Institution Archives atStanford University.[15]
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