William Friedkin | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Friedkin in 2017 | |
| Born | William David Friedkin (1935-08-29)August 29, 1935 Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | August 7, 2023(2023-08-07) (aged 87) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Education | Senn High School |
| Occupations |
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| Years active | 1962–2023 |
| Spouses | |
| Children | 2 |
| Signature | |
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William David Friedkin (/ˈfriːdkɪn/; August 29, 1935 – August 7, 2023) was an American film, television and opera director, producer, and screenwriter who was closely identified with theNew Hollywood movement of the 1970s.[1][2] Beginning his career in documentaries in the early 1960s, he is best known for his crime thriller filmThe French Connection (1971), which won fiveAcademy Awards, includingBest Picture andBest Director, and the horror filmThe Exorcist (1973), which earned him another Academy Award nomination for Best Director.
Friedkin's other films in the 1970s and 1980s include the dramaThe Boys in the Band (1970), considered a milestone ofqueer cinema; the originally deprecated, now lauded thrillerSorcerer (1977); the crime comedy dramaThe Brink's Job (1978); the controversial thrillerCruising (1980);[3][4] and the neo-noir thrillerTo Live and Die in L.A. (1985). Although Friedkin's works suffered an overall commercial and critical decline in the late 1980s, his last three feature films, all based on plays, were positively received by critics: the psychological horror filmBug (2006), the crime filmKiller Joe (2011), and the legal drama filmThe Caine Mutiny Court-Martial (2023), released two months after his death. He also worked extensively as an opera director from 1998 until his death, and directed various television films and series episodes for television.
Friedkin was born in Chicago, Illinois, on August 29, 1935, the son of Rachael (née Green) and Louis Friedkin. His father was a semi-professional softball player, merchant seaman, and men's clothing salesman. His mother, whom Friedkin called "a saint," was a nurse.[5][6] His parents wereJewish emigrants from Ukraine, in theRussian empire.[7] His grandparents, parents, and other relatives fled Russia during a particularly violentanti-Jewish pogrom in 1903.[8] Friedkin's father was somewhat uninterested in making money, and the family was generally lower middle class while he was growing up. According to film historianPeter Biskind, "Friedkin viewed his father with a mixture of affection and contempt for not making more of himself."[5]
After attending public schools in Chicago, Friedkin enrolled atSenn High School, where he played basketball well enough to consider turning professional.[9] He was not a serious student and barely received grades good enough to graduate,[10] which he did at the age of 16.[11] He said this was because ofsocial promotion and not because he was bright.[12]
Friedkin began going to movies as a teenager,[9] and citedCitizen Kane as one of his key influences. Several sources claim that Friedkin saw this motion picture as a teenager,[13] but Friedkin himself said that he did not see the film until 1960, when he was 25 years old. Only then, Friedkin said, did he become a truecineaste.[14] Among the movies that he also saw as a teenager and young adult wereLes Diaboliques,The Wages of Fear (which he remade asSorcerer), andPsycho (which he viewed repeatedly, likeCitizen Kane). Televised documentaries such as 1960'sHarvest of Shame were also important to his developing sense of cinema.[9]
Friedkin began working in the mail room atWBKB-TV immediately after high school.[15] Within two years (at the age of 18),[16] he started hisdirectorial career doing live television shows and documentaries.[17] His efforts includedThe People vs. Paul Crump (1962), which won an award[which?] at theSan Francisco International Film Festival and contributed to the commutation ofCrump'sdeath sentence.[16][18] Its success helped Friedkin get a job with producerDavid L. Wolper.[16] He also made the football-themed documentaryMayhem on a Sunday Afternoon (1965).[19]
As mentioned in his voice-over commentary on the DVD re-release ofAlfred Hitchcock'sVertigo, Friedkin directed one of the last episodes ofThe Alfred Hitchcock Hour in 1965, called "Off Season". Hitchcock admonished Friedkin for not wearing a tie while directing.[20]
In 1965, Friedkin moved to Hollywood and two years later released his first feature film,Good Times starringSonny and Cher. He has referred to the film as "unwatchable".[21] Several other films followed:The Birthday Party, based on an unpublished screenplay byHarold Pinter, which he adapted from his own play; the musical comedyThe Night They Raided Minsky's, starringJason Robards andBritt Ekland; and the adaptation ofMart Crowley's playThe Boys in the Band.[22]
His next film,The French Connection, was released to wide critical acclaim in 1971. Shot in a gritty style more suited for documentaries than Hollywood features, the film won fiveAcademy Awards, includingBest Picture andBest Director.[23]
In 1973 Friedkin directedThe Exorcist, based onWilliam Peter Blatty's best-selling novel, which revolutionized the horror genre and is considered by some critics to be one of the greatest horror movies of all time.The Exorcist was nominated for 10Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. It won forBest Screenplay andBest Sound. Following these two pictures, Friedkin, along withFrancis Ford Coppola andPeter Bogdanovich, was deemed one of the premier directors ofNew Hollywood. In 1973, the trio announced the formation of an independent production company atParamount Pictures,The Directors Company. Whereas Coppola directedThe Conversation and Bogdanovich, theHenry James adaptation,Daisy Miller, Friedkin abruptly left the company, which was soon closed by Paramount.[24]
Friedkin's later movies did not achieve the same success.Sorcerer (1977), a $22 million Americanremake of the French classicThe Wages of Fear, co-produced by both Universal and Paramount, starringRoy Scheider, was overshadowed by theblockbuster box-office success ofStar Wars, which had been released exactly one week prior.[23] Friedkin considered it his finest film, and was personally devastated by its financial and critical failure (as mentioned by Friedkin himself in the 1999 documentary seriesThe Directors).Sorcerer was shortly followed by the crime-comedyThe Brink's Job (1978), based on the real-lifeGreat Brink's Robbery inBoston, Massachusetts, which was also unsuccessful at the box-office.[25]
In 1980, Friedkin directed an adaptation of theGerald Walker crime thrillerCruising, starringAl Pacino, which was protested during production and remains the subject of heated debate. It was critically assailed but performed moderately at the box office.[26]
Friedkin had a heart attack on March 6, 1981, due to a genetic defect in hiscircumflex left coronary artery, and nearly died. He spent months in rehabilitation.[27] His next picture was 1983'sDeal of the Century, a satire aboutarms dealing starringChevy Chase,Gregory Hines, andSigourney Weaver. In 1984, he became one of the first Academy Award-winning directors to direct a music video, directingLaura Branigan'sSelf Control.
In 1985, Friedkin directed the music video forBarbra Streisand's rendition of theWest Side Story song "Somewhere",[28] which she recorded for her twenty-fourth studio LP,The Broadway Album. He later appears as Streisand's interviewer (uncredited) on the television special, "Putting It Together: The Making of the Broadway Album".[29]
The action/crime movieTo Live and Die in L.A. (1985), starringWilliam Petersen andWillem Dafoe, was a critical favorite and drew comparisons to Friedkin's ownThe French Connection (particularly for its car chase sequence), while his courtroom drama/thrillerRampage (1987) received a fairly positive review fromRoger Ebert.[30] He next directed the cult classic horror filmThe Guardian (1990) and the thrillerJade (1995), starringLinda Fiorentino. Though the latter received an unfavorable response from critics and audiences, he said it was one of the favorite films he directed.[31]
In 2000,The Exorcist was re-released in theaters with extra footage and grossed $40 million in the U.S. alone. Friedkin directed the 2006 filmBug due to a positive experience watchingthe stage version in 2004. He was surprised to find that he was, metaphorically, on the same page as the playwright and felt that he could relate well to the story.[32] The film won theFIPRESCI prize at theCannes Film Festival. Later, Friedkin directed an episode of the TV seriesCSI: Crime Scene Investigation titled "Cockroaches", which re-teamed him withTo Live and Die in L.A. starWilliam Petersen.[33] He directed again forCSI's 200th episode, "Mascara".[34]
In 2011, Friedkin directedKiller Joe, a black comedy written byTracy Letts based onLetts' play, and starringMatthew McConaughey,Emile Hirsch,Juno Temple,Gina Gershon, andThomas Haden Church.Killer Joe premiered at the68th Venice International Film Festival, prior to its North American debut at the2011 Toronto International Film Festival. It opened in U.S. theaters in July 2012, to some favorable reviews from critics but did poorly at the box office, possibly because of its restrictive NC-17 rating. In April 2013, Friedkin published a memoir,The Friedkin Connection.[35] He was presented with a lifetime achievement award at the70th Venice International Film Festival in September.[36] In 2017, Friedkin directed the documentaryThe Devil and Father Amorth about the ninthexorcism of a woman in the Italian village ofAlatri.[37] In August 2022, it was announced officially that Friedkin would be returning to film directing to helman adaptation of the two-act playThe Caine Mutiny Court-Martial withKiefer Sutherland starring as Lt. Commander Queeg.[38] The film was completed before Friedkin's death, and debuted in September 2023 in the out-of-competition category at theVenice Film Festival.[39]
Friedkin citedJean-Luc Godard,Federico Fellini,François Truffaut, andAkira Kurosawa as influences.[40] Friedkin namedWoody Allen as "the greatest living filmmaker".[41]
In regard to influences of specific films on his films, Friedkin noted thatThe French Connection['s] documentary-like realism was the direct result of the influence of having seenZ, a French film byCosta-Gavras:
After I sawZ, I realized how I could shootThe French Connection. Because he shotZ like a documentary. It was a fiction film but it was made like it was actually happening. Like the camera didn't know what was gonna happen next. And that is an induced technique. It looks like he happened upon the scene and captured what was going on as you do in a documentary. My first films were documentaries too. So I understood what he was doing but I never thought you could do that in a feature at that time until I sawZ.[42]
Friedkin was married four times:
While filmingThe Boys in the Band in 1970, Friedkin began a relationship withKitty Hawks, daughter of directorHoward Hawks. It lasted two years, during which the couple announced theirengagement, but the relationship ended about 1972.[51] Friedkin began a four-year relationship with Australian dancer and choreographerJennifer Nairn-Smith in 1972. Although they announced an engagement twice, they never married. They had a son, Cedric, on November 27, 1976.[52][53] Friedkin and his second wife, Lesley-Anne Down, also had a son, Jack, born in 1982.[46] Friedkin was raised Jewish, but called himself an agnostic later in life, although he said that he strongly believed in the teachings ofJesus Christ.[54][55]
Friedkin died fromheart failure andpneumonia at his home in theBel Air neighborhood of Los Angeles on August 7, 2023, aged 87.[6][56]
Narrative films
| Year | Title | Director | Writer | Producer | Ref(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1967 | Good Times | Yes | Uncredited | No | [57] |
| 1968 | The Birthday Party | Yes | No | No | [58] |
| The Night They Raided Minsky's | Yes | No | No | [57] | |
| 1970 | The Boys in the Band | Yes | No | No | [57] |
| 1971 | The French Connection | Yes | Uncredited | No | [57] |
| 1973 | The Exorcist | Yes | No | No | [57] |
| 1977 | Sorcerer | Yes | Uncredited | Yes | [57] |
| 1978 | The Brink's Job | Yes | No | No | [57] |
| 1980 | Cruising | Yes | Yes | No | [57] |
| 1983 | Deal of the Century | Yes | No | No | [57] |
| 1985 | To Live and Die in L.A. | Yes | Yes | No | [57] |
| 1987 | Rampage | Yes | Yes | Yes | [57] |
| 1990 | The Guardian | Yes | Yes | No | [57] |
| 1994 | Blue Chips | Yes | No | No | [57] |
| 1995 | Jade | Yes | Uncredited | No | [57] |
| 2000 | Rules of Engagement | Yes | No | No | [57] |
| 2003 | The Hunted | Yes | No | No | [57] |
| 2006 | Bug | Yes | No | No | [57] |
| 2011 | Killer Joe | Yes | No | No | [57] |
Documentary films
| Year | Title | Director | Writer | Producer | Ref(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1962 | The People vs. Paul Crump | Yes | No | Yes | [57] |
| 1965 | The Bold Men | Yes | No | No | [57] |
| Mayhem on a Sunday Afternoon | Yes | No | Yes | [59] | |
| 1966 | The Thin Blue Line | Yes | Story | Yes | [57] |
| 1975 | Fritz Lang Interviewed by William Friedkin | Yes | No | No | [57] |
| 1986 | Putting It Together: The Making of the Broadway Album | Uncredited | No | No | [57] |
| 2007 | The Painter's Voice | Yes | No | No | [60] |
| 2017 | The Devil and Father Amorth | Yes | Yes | No | [58] |
Music videos
| Year | Title | Artist | Ref(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 | "Self Control" | Laura Branigan | [61] |
| 1985 | "Somewhere" | Barbra Streisand | [62] |
| 1985 | "To Live and Die in L.A." | Wang Chung | |
| 1998 | "Ce que je sais" | Johnny Hallyday | [63] |
TV series
| Year | Title | Episode | Ref(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1965 | The Alfred Hitchcock Hour | "Off Season" (S3 E29) | [58] |
| 1967 | The Pickle Brothers | TV pilot (S1 E1) | [57] |
| 1985 | The Twilight Zone | "Nightcrawlers" (S1 E4c) | [64] |
| 1992 | Tales from the Crypt | "On a Deadman's Chest" (S4 E3) | [58] |
| 2007 | CSI: Crime Scene Investigation | "Cockroaches" (S8 E9) | [58] |
| 2009 | "Mascara" (S9 E18) | [58] |
TV movies
| Year | Title | Director | Writer | Executive producer | Ref(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1986 | C.A.T. Squad | Yes | No | Yes | [57] |
| 1988 | C.A.T. Squad: Python Wolf | Yes | Yes | Yes | [57] |
| 1994 | Jailbreakers | Yes | No | No | [57] |
| 1997 | 12 Angry Men | Yes | No | No | [58] |
| 2023 | The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial | Yes | Yes | No | [58] |
Operas
| Year | Title and Composer | Country / Opera House | Ref(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 | Wozzeck, Alban Berg | Maggio Musicale Fiorentino Theatre | [65] |
| 2002 | Duke Bluebeard's Castle, Béla Bartók | Los Angeles Opera | [66][67] |
| Gianni Schicchi, Giacomo Puccini | [66][67] | ||
| 2003 | La damnation de Faust, Hector Berlioz | [68] | |
| 2004 | Ariadne auf Naxos, Richard Strauss | [69][67] | |
| 2005 | Samson and Delilah, Camille Saint-Saëns | June,New Israeli Opera October, Los Angeles Opera | [67] |
| Aida, Giuseppe Verdi | Teatro Regio Torino | [70][71] | |
| 2006 | Salome, Richard Strauss | Bavarian State Opera | [72] |
| Das Gehege, Wolfgang Rihm | [73] | ||
| 2008 | Il tabarro, Giacomo Puccini | Los Angeles Opera | [74] |
| Suor Angelica, Giacomo Puccini | [74] | ||
| 2011 | The Makropulos Case, Leoš Janáček | Maggio Musicale Fiorentino Theatre | [75] |
| 2012 | The Tales of Hoffmann, Jacques Offenbach | Theater an der Wien | [72] |
| 2015 | Rigoletto, Giuseppe Verdi | Maggio Musicale Fiorentino Theatre | [76] |
Plays
| Year | Title | Theatre | Principal Cast | Ref(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1981 | Duet for One | Royale Theatre | Max von Sydow, Anne Bancroft | [77][78] |
| Year | Title and description | Ref(s) |
|---|---|---|
| 1960s | Gunn | [79] |
| Chastity | [80] | |
| They Shoot Horses, Don't They? | [81] | |
| The Murders on the Moor, a film adaptation ofEmlyn Williams' novelBeyond Belief: A Chronicle of Murder and Its Detection | [82] | |
| 1970s | A film adaptation ofRoss Thomas' novelThe Brass Go-Between | [83] |
| The Bunker Hill Boys, a film forThe Directors Company | [84] | |
| Untitledsci-fi film withPeter Gabriel | [85][86] | |
| The Devil's Triangle, aUFO thriller starringMarlon Brando,Steve McQueen andCharlton Heston | [87] | |
| A Safe Darkness, a documentary about horror cinema featuring interviews withFritz Lang andRoman Polanski | [88][82] | |
| Born on the Fourth of July starringAl Pacino asRon Kovic | [89][90] | |
| A made-for-television film adaptation ofWill Eisner's comicThe Spirit written byHarlan Ellison | [91] | |
| A film adaptation ofHarlan Ellison's short story "The Whimper of Whipped Dogs" starringJeanne Moreau | [92][91] | |
| A 10-hour television adaptation ofThomas Thompson's novelBlood and Money | [93][94] | |
| A film adaptation ofRon Hansen's novelDesperadoes written byWalon Green | [95] | |
| 1980s | A film adaptation ofJerry Hopkins andDanny Sugerman's novelNo One Here Gets Out Alive | [96] |
| A film adaptation ofGay Talese's novelThy Neighbor's Wife | [97] | |
| A film adaptation ofRobin Cook's novelBrain | [98] | |
| That Championship Season | [99] | |
| A film adaptation ofWilliam Peter Blatty's novelLegion | [100] | |
| A film adaptation ofFrank De Felitta's novelSea Trial starringLaura Branigan andMichael Nouri | [101][102] | |
| A film adaptation ofBob Fosse andFred Ebb's stage musicalChicago written byArthur Laurents | [103] | |
| Judgement Day, a film written byPete Hamill starringGregory Peck | [104][105] | |
| A film adaptation ofDon Pendleton'sThe Executioner series written byHilary Henkin starringSylvester Stallone andCynthia Rothrock | [106][107] | |
| The Gambler, a film written byEdward Neumeier and Michael Miner starringSylvester Stallone | [107] | |
| Desperate Hours | [108] | |
| Untitledbiopic about 1950s songwriting duoJerry Leiber and Mike Stoller | [109][110] | |
| 1990s | Elsewhere, a ghost story withWilliam Peter Blatty | [111][112] |
| The Diary of Jack the Ripper, a biopic aboutJames Maybrick written by Chris DeVore starringAnthony Hopkins | [113][114] | |
| A film adaptation of John Flood's novelBag Men starringMichael Keaton | [115] | |
| Aremake of the 1996 made-for-television filmTruth or Dare written byWilliam Davies | [116] | |
| Night Train, a biopic about boxerSonny Liston written byShane Salerno and Tyger Williams starringVing Rhames | [117][118][119] | |
| Battle Grease, a film about the account of theFlorence Maybrick murder trial | [120] | |
| The Man Who Killed Versace, a biopic ofAndrew Cunanan written byFrederic Raphael starringFreddie Prinze Jr. andAngelina Jolie | [121][122] | |
| 2000s | A film adaptation ofLarry Collins' novelO Jerusalem! written byJames Dearden | [123] |
| Shooter starringTommy Lee Jones | [118] | |
| Untitled biopic aboutHoward Hughes adapted fromRichard Hack's biographyHughes: The Private Diaries, Memos and Letters | [124] | |
| A film adaptation ofThomas Thompson's novelSerpentine | [125][126][127] | |
| Untitled biopic aboutGiacomo Puccini starringPlácido Domingo | [128] | |
| A film adaptation ofRobert Silverberg's novelThe Book of Skulls written byJeff Davis andTerry Hayes | [129][127][130] | |
| The Man Who Kept Secrets, a biopic about Hollywood lawyerSidney Korshak | [131] | |
| A film adaptation ofChris Greenhalgh's novelCoco and Igor starringMads Mikkelsen andMarina Hands | [132][133] | |
| 2010s | A film adaptation ofWilliam Peter Blatty's novelDimiter | [134] |
| Trapped, anindie thriller set in Europe starringDemián Bichir | [135][136][a] | |
| I Am Wrath starringNicolas Cage | [138][139][140] | |
| Mae, a biopic about actressMae West starringNatasha Lyonne andBette Midler | [141][142][143] | |
| A TV pilot based on his filmTo Live and Die in L.A. written byRobert Moresco | [144][145][146] | |
| UntitledKiller Joe spinoff TV series | [144][147] | |
| Unspecified episodes ofthe second season ofTrue Detective | [148] | |
| A film adaptation ofDon Winslow's novelThe Winter of Frankie Machine | [149][150] |
AnLA Opera production ofWagner'sTannhäuser was announced by Friedkin, but a spokesperson revealed it had been delayed indefinitely.[67] Friedkin had also been set to direct the premiere of an opera titledAn Inconvenient Truth to debut in 2011,[151] but he later departed from it when creative differences arose between him and the librettist.[152] In 2013, it was reported that he would helm a stage production ofHarold Pinter'sThe Birthday Party (which he had already directed asa feature film in 1968), forGeffen Playhouse.[153] A cast includingKatie Amess,Frances Barber,Steven Berkoff,Tim Roth andNick Ullett was assembled, but the production was soon postponed for an unknown reason, and never revived.[154]
| Year | Title | Academy Awards | BAFTAs | Golden Globes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominations | Wins | Nominations | Wins | Nominations | Wins | ||
| 1970 | The Boys in the Band | 1 | |||||
| 1971 | The French Connection | 8 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 3 |
| 1973 | The Exorcist | 10 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 4 | |
| 1977 | Sorcerer | 1 | |||||
| 1978 | The Brink's Job | 1 | |||||
| 1997 | 12 Angry Men | 3 | 1 | ||||
| Total | 20 | 7 | 6 | 2 | 15 | 8 | |
Directed Academy Award Performances
| Year | Performer | Film | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Academy Award for Best Actor | |||
| 1972 | Gene Hackman | The French Connection | Won |
| Academy Award for Best Actress | |||
| 1974 | Ellen Burstyn | The Exorcist | Nominated |
| Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor | |||
| 1972 | Roy Scheider | The French Connection | Nominated |
| 1974 | Jason Miller | The Exorcist | Nominated |
| Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress | |||
| 1974 | Linda Blair | The Exorcist | Nominated |
Friedkin: ".... But none of us in the 70s thought we were operating in a golden age; we all had been influenced by Godard, Fellini, Truffaut, Kurosawa."
My personal beliefs are defined as agnostic. I'm someone who believes that the power of God and the soul are unknowable, but that anybody who says there is no God is not being honest about the mystery of fate. I was raised in the Jewish faith, but I strongly believe in the teachings of Jesus.
Production Merger Phil D'Antoni and William Friedkin have joined forces with Milton Berle Paul W. Benson Productions to do the film version of "The Brass Go-between," a novel by Oliver Bleeck. The suspense-thriller will be shot on locations in Washington, D.
I had written a short story on [the sleeve of]Genesis Live – one of the stories I used to tell onstage – and William Friedkin, who was the king of Hollywood because ofThe Exorcist, wanted me to work with him. Not as a musician, but as a screenwriter and ideas man. That was very exciting to me. In the end, unfortunately, nothing happened; it was one of many Hollywood projects that bit the dust.
I worked with Billy and we had a very strange experience. At one time, he took an option on one of my best stories, "The Whimper of Whipped Dogs." I went to Paris when he was married to Jeanne Moreau and he intended to do the film with her.
Her thick skin now also helps Laura over the disappointment that her part in the film "Sea Trial", in which she was to play the leading role with Michael Nouri (known from "Flashdance"), has been canceled. This adventure flick was directed by William Friedkin (known from "The Exorcist" and "French Connection"), who also shot the hot "Self Control" video, which had to be cut in the USA.
The Man Who Killed Versace would have featured Freddie Prinze Jr. in the lead role, with William Friedkin directing. But the film was never made.
In 1999, director William Friedkin considered Angelina Jolie to portray Donatella, in a small role, in a film which never materialized entitled The Man Who Killed Versace written by Frederic Raphael.
Friedkin will direct a movie based on an incident in Puccini's life — the pic to star Placido, who will be needed (he'll also sing) for three months on the pic!
Ms. Burke handed over the dais to producer Richard Zanuck (Jaws, Driving Miss Daisy), who would present the evening's first Lifetime Achievement Award to director William Friedkin.
Was in competition at Venice, where it won the Golden Mouse (online critics' best film).
Cinq films étaient en lice pour cette récompense: "Beasts of the Southern Wild", de Benh Zeitlin, "Take Shelter", de Jeff Nichols, "Shame", de Steve McQueen, "Ernest et Célestine", de Benjamin Renner, Vincent Patar et Stéphane Aubier, et "Killer Joe", de William Friedkin.
