Willem de Kooning | |
|---|---|
 De Kooning in his studio in 1961 | |
| Born | (1904-04-24)April 24, 1904 Rotterdam, Netherlands |
| Died | March 19, 1997(1997-03-19) (aged 92) East Hampton, New York[1] |
| Known for | Abstract expressionism |
| Notable work | Woman I,Interchange,Easter Monday,Attic,Excavation |
| Spouse | |
| Awards | Presidential Medal of Freedom(1964) Edward MacDowell Medal(1975) National Medal of Arts(1986) Praemium Imperiale(1989) |
| Signature | |
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Willem de Kooning (/dəˈkuːnɪŋ/dəKOO-ning,[2]Dutch:[ˈʋɪləmdəˈkoːnɪŋ]; April 24, 1904 – March 19, 1997) was aDutch-Americanabstract expressionist artist. Born inRotterdam, in the Netherlands, he moved to the United States in 1926, becoming aU.S. citizen in 1962.[3] In 1943, he married painterElaine Fried.
In the years afterWorld War II, De Kooning painted in a style that came to be referred to asabstract expressionism or "action painting", and was part of a group of artists that came to be known as theNew York School. Other painters in this group includedJackson Pollock,Elaine de Kooning,Lee Krasner,Franz Kline,Arshile Gorky,Mark Rothko,Hans Hofmann,John Ferren,Nell Blaine,Conrad Marca-Relli,James Brooks,Adolph Gottlieb,Jack Tworkov,Norman Lewis,Anne Ryan,Robert Motherwell,Philip Guston,Clyfford Still, andRichard Pousette-Dart. De Kooning's retrospective held atMoMA in 2011–2012 rendered him one of the best-known artists of the 20th century.[4]
Willem de Kooning was born inRotterdam,the Netherlands, on April 24, 1904. His parents, Leendert de Kooning and Cornelia Nobel, were divorced in 1907, and De Kooning lived first with his father and then with his mother. He left school in 1916 and became an apprentice in a firm ofcommercial artists. Until 1924 he attended evening classes in Rotterdam at theAcademie van Beeldende Kunsten en Technische Wetenschappen (Academy of Fine Arts and Applied Sciences)—later renamed theWillem de Kooning Academie.[3]
In 1926, De Kooning traveled to the U.S. as astowaway on theShelley, a Britishfreighter bound for Argentina, and on August 15 landed atNewport News, Virginia. He intended to become an illustrator ofpulp magazines; he recalled in 1969 that "those American illustrators were the most inspiring artists to me!"[5] He stayed at theDutch Seamen's Home inHoboken, New Jersey, and found work as a house painter. In 1927, he moved toManhattan,New York City, where he had a studio on West Forty-fourth Street. He supported himself with jobs in carpentry, house painting and commercial art.[3]
De Kooning began painting in his free time, and in 1928 he joined theart colony atWoodstock, New York. He also began to meet some of themodernist artists active in Manhattan. Among them were the AmericanStuart Davis, the ArmenianArshile Gorky and the RussianJohn Graham, whom De Kooning collectively called the "Three Musketeers".[6]: 98 Gorky, whom De Kooning first met at the home ofMisha Reznikoff, became a close friend and, for at least ten years, an important influence.[6]: 100 Balcomb Greene said that "de Kooning virtually worshipped Gorky"; according toAristodimos Kaldis, "Gorky was de Kooning's master".[6]: 184 De Kooning's drawingSelf-portrait with Imaginary Brother, from about 1938, may show him with Gorky; the pose of the figures is that of a photograph of Gorky withPeter Busa in about 1936.[6]: 184
De Kooning joined theArtists Union in 1934, and in 1935 was employed in theFederal Art Project of theWorks Progress Administration, for which he designed a number of murals including some for theWilliamsburg Federal Housing Project inBrooklyn, New York City. None of them were executed,[1] but a sketch for one was included inNew Horizons in American Art at theMuseum of Modern Art, his first group show. Starting in 1937, when De Kooning had to leave the Federal Art Project because he did not have U.S. citizenship, he began to work full-time as an artist, earning income from commissions and by giving lessons.[3] That year De Kooning was assigned to a portion of the muralMedicine for theHall of Pharmacy at the1939 World's Fair in New York, which drew the attention of critics, the images themselves so completely new and distinct from the era ofAmerican realism.
De Kooning worked on his first series ofportrait paintings: standing or sedentary men likeTwo Men Standing,Man, andSeated Figure (Classic Male), even combining withself-portraits as withPortrait with Imaginary Brother (1938–39). At this time, De Kooning's work borrowed strongly from Gorky'ssurrealist imagery and was influenced byPicasso. This changed only when De Kooning met the younger painterFranz Kline, who was also working with the figurative style ofAmerican realism and had been drawn to monochrome. Kline, who died young, was one of De Kooning's closest artist friends. Kline's influence is evident in De Kooning'scalligraphicblack images of this period.
During the late 1940s and early '50s, De Kooning joined other fellow contemporary artists including Jackson Pollock and Franz Kline, in their struggle to break free from common artistic movements of the era includingCubism, Surrealism, andRegionalism. Their emotive gestures and abstract pieces were a result of their attempt to abandon the other movements. This movement was later called "Abstract Expressionism" a subdivision of which was sometimes known as "Action Painting" and the "New York School".[7]
Between 1948 and 1953, De Kooning became more well known for his artistic techniques, but he tried not to repeat himself. In the late 1950s, De Kooning's work shifted away from the figurative work of the women (though he would return to that subject matter on occasion) and began to display an interest in more abstract, less representational imagery.[8]: 56
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De Kooning's paintings of the 1930s and early 1940s are abstractstill-lifes characterised by geometric orbiomorphic shapes and strong colours. They show the influence of his friends Davis, Gorky and Graham, but also ofArp,Joan Miró,Mondrian andPablo Picasso.[1] In the same years, De Kooning also painted a series of solitary male figures, either standing or seated, against undefined backgrounds; many of these are unfinished.[1][3]
By 1946, De Kooning had begun a series of black-and-white paintings, which he would continue into 1949. During this period he had his first one-man show at the Charles Egan Gallery in 1948 consisting largely of black-and-white works, although a few pieces have passages of bright color. De Kooning's black paintings are important to the history of abstract expressionism owing to their densely impacted forms, theirmixed media, and their technique.[8]: 25
De Kooning painted women regularly in the early and late 1940s, but it was not until 1950 that he began to explore the female subject exclusively. His well-knownWoman series, begun in 1950 and culminating inWoman VI, owes much to Picasso, not least in the aggressive, penetrative breaking apart of the figure, and the spaces around it. Picasso's late works show signs that he, in turn, saw images of works by Pollock and De Kooning.[9]: 17 De Kooning led the 1950s art world into a new movement known as Americanabstract expressionism. CriticHarold Rosenberg wrote ..."From 1940 to the present, Woman has manifested herself in De Kooning's paintings and drawings as at once the focus of desire, frustration, inner conflict, pleasure... and as posing problems of conception and handling as demanding as those of an engineer."[10] The female figure is an important symbol for De Kooning's art career and his own life. TheWoman painting is considered as a significant work of art for the museum through its historical context about the post-World War II history and Americanfeminist movement. Additionally, the medium (oil, enamel, and charcoal on canvas) of this painting makes it different from others of De Kooning's time.
Willem De Kooning is noted for his paintings:Woman III (1953),Woman VI (1953),Interchange (1955), andPolice Gazette (1955). Some of his notable sculptures areClamdigger (1972/1976) andSeated Woman on a Bench (1972/1976).
Some of De Kooning's paintings have been sold in the 21st century for record prices. In November 2006, the American business magnateDavid Geffen sold his oil paintingWoman III tohedge fund managerSteven A. Cohen for $137.5 million, just below the record at the time of $140 million, which involved the same people in the same month forJackson Pollock'sNo. 5, 1948.[11] A month earlier Cohen had already paid Geffen $63.5 million forPolice Gazette by De Kooning.[12] In September 2015, Geffen sold De Kooning's oil paintingInterchange to hedge-fund billionaireKen Griffin for about $300 million, thehighest price paid for a painting at the time.[13] It held the record until November 15, 2017, when theLeonardo da VinciSalvator Mundi sold for $450 million atChristie's in New York.[14] In November 2016,Untitled XXV sold for $66.3 million at Christie's in New York. This was a record price for a De Kooning piece sold at public auction.[15]
According to Patricia Failing:
The artist was featured in a number of solo exhibitions from 1948 to 1966, many in New York but also nationally and internationally. Specifically, he had 14 separate exhibitions, with two exhibitions per annum in the years 1953, 1964, and 1965. He was featured at theEgan Gallery, theSidney Janis Gallery, theMuseum of Fine Arts, Boston, theArts Club of Chicago, theMartha Jackson Gallery, the Workshop Center, the Paul Kantor Gallery, the Hames Goodman Gallery, the Allan Stone Gallery, and theSmith College Museum of Art. Most of the exhibitions lasted for three weeks to one month.[8]: 126
In 2002, TheMuseum of Contemporary Art (MOCA), Los Angeles organizedWillem de Kooning featuring 65 works on paper created between 1938 and 1955. The exhibit was shown at MOCA 10 February–5 May 2002,San Francisco Museum of Modern Art 27 June–8 September 2002, and theNational Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. September 29, 2002–January 5, 2003.[17] The exhibition was curated byPaul Schimmel andCornelia Butler.
More recent exhibitions of his work have included,De Kooning: Five Decades, which took place at the Mnuchin Gallery, New York City, from April 19 till June 15, 2019 andWillem De Kooning: Endless Painting at theGagosian Gallery (curated byCecilia Alemani) from April 15 to July 11, 2025 also in New York.[18][19]
De Kooning metElaine Fried at theAmerican Artists School in New York; in 1938 her teacher introduced her to De Kooning at a Manhattan cafeteria when she was 20 and he 34. Elaine had admired Willem's artwork before meeting him. After meeting, he began to instruct her in drawing and painting. They painted in Willem's loft at 143 West 21st Street, and he was known for his harsh criticism of her work, "sternly requiring that she draw and redraw a figure or still life and insisting on fine, accurate, clear linear definition supported by precisely modulated shading."[20] He destroyed many of her drawings, but this "impelled Elaine to strive for both precision and grace in her work".[20] When they married December 9, 1943, she moved into his loft and they continued sharing studio spaces.[20] Their lifelong partnership involvedalcoholism, money problems, love affairs, quarrels, and separations.
Elaine and Willem de Kooning had what was later called anopen marriage; they both were casual about sex and about each other's affairs. Elaine had affairs with men who helped further Willem's career, such asHarold Rosenberg, who was a renowned art critic;Thomas B. Hess, who was a writer about art and managing editor forARTnews; and Charles Egan, owner of theCharles Egan Gallery.[21] Willem had a daughter, Lisa de Kooning, in 1956, as a result of his affair with Joan Ward.[20] He also had a romance withRuth Kligman after her affair withJackson Pollock ended upon his death by car crash in 1956.[22]
Elaine and Willem both struggled with alcoholism, which eventually led to their separation in 1957.[20] While separated, Elaine remained in New York, struggling with poverty, and Willem moved toLong Island and dealt with depression. Despite bouts with alcoholism, they both continued painting. He became a U.S. citizen on March 13, 1962, and in the following year moved from Broadway toEast Hampton,New York, into a house that Elaine's brother Peter Fried had sold to him two years before. He built a studio nearby and lived in the house for the remainder of his life.[3][23] Although Elaine and Willem were separated for nearly twenty years, they never divorced, and ultimately reunited in 1976.[20]
It was revealed that, toward the end of his life, De Kooning had begun to lose his memory in the late 1980s and had been suffering fromAlzheimer's disease for some time.[23] This revelation has initiated considerable debate among scholars and critics about how responsible De Kooning was for the creation of his late work.[24]
Succumbing to the progression of his disease, De Kooning painted his final works in 1991. He died in 1997 at age 92[25]: 629 and was cremated.[25]: 689
