William Durant | |
|---|---|
 Durant in 1967 | |
| Born | William James Durant (1885-11-05)November 5, 1885 |
| Died | November 7, 1981(1981-11-07) (aged 96) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Occupation |
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| Education | Saint Peter's College (BA, 1907) Columbia University (PhD, 1917) |
| Genre | Non-fiction |
| Subject | History, philosophy, religion |
| Spouse | |
| Children | Ethel |
William James Durant (/dəˈrænt/; November 5, 1885 – November 7, 1981) was an American historian and philosopher, best known for his eleven-volume work,The Story of Civilization, which contains and details the history of Eastern and Western civilizations. It was written in collaboration with his wife,Ariel Durant, and published between 1935 and 1975. He was earlier noted forThe Story of Philosophy (1926), described as "a groundbreaking work that helped to popularize philosophy".[1]
Durant conceived of philosophy as totalperspective or seeing thingssub specie totius (i.e., "from the perspective of the whole")—a phrase inspired bySpinoza'ssub specie aeternitatis, roughly meaning "from the perspective ofthe eternal".[2] He sought to unify and humanize the great body ofhistorical knowledge, which had grown voluminous and become fragmented intoesoteric specialties, and tovitalize it forcontemporary application.[3] As a result of their success, he and his wife were jointly awarded thePulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction in 1968 and thePresidential Medal of Freedom in 1977.
William James Durant was born inNorth Adams, Massachusetts, toFrench-CanadianCatholic parents, Joseph Durant and Mary Allard, who had been part of theQuebec emigration to the United States.[4][5]
After graduating fromSt. Peter's Preparatory School inJersey City, New Jersey, in 1903, Durant enrolled atSaint Peter's College (now Saint Peter's University), also in Jersey City, where he graduated in 1907.[6] Historian Joan Rubin writes of that period, "Despite some adolescent flirtations, he began preparing for the vocation that promised to realize his mother's fondest hopes for him: the priesthood. In that way, one might argue, he embarked on a course that, while distant fromYale's orColumbia's apprenticeships in gentility, offered equivalent cultural authority within his own milieu."[7]
In 1905, he began experimenting withsocialist philosophy, but, afterWorld War I, he began recognizing that a "lust for power" underlie all forms of political behavior.[7] However, even before the war, "other aspects of his sensibility had competed with his radical leanings," notes Rubin. She adds that "the most concrete of those was a persistent penchant for philosophy. With his energy invested inBaruch Spinoza, he made little room for the Russian anarchistMikhail Bakunin. From then on, writes Rubin, "his retention of a model of selfhood predicated on discipline made him unsympathetic to anarchist injunctions to 'be yourself.'... To be one's 'deliberate self,' he explained, meant to 'rise above' the impulse to 'become the slaves of our passions' and instead to act with 'courageous devotion' to a moral cause."[7]
From 1907 to 1911, Durant taughtLatin and French atSeton Hall College inSouth Orange, New Jersey.[5]
After leaving Seton Hall, Durant was a teacher atFerrer Modern School from 1911 to 1913.[5] Ferrer was "an experiment in libertarian education," according to theWho's Who of Pulitzer Prize Winners.[5] Alden Freeman, a supporter of the Ferrer Modern School, sponsored him for a tour of Europe.[8]
In 1913, he resigned his post as teacher and married the 15-year-oldAriel Kaufman; they had one daughter, Ethel, and a "foster" son, Louis, whose mother was Flora—Ariel's sister.[5] To support themselves, he began lecturing in a Presbyterian church for $5 and $10; the material for the lectures became the starting point forThe Story of Civilization.
By 1914, he began to reject "intimations of human evil," notes Rubin, and to "retreat fromradical social change." She summarizes the changes in his overall philosophy:
Instead of tyinghuman progress to the rise of theproletariat, he made it the inevitable outcome of the laughter of young children or the endurance of his parents' marriage. As Ariel later summarized it, he had concocted, by his mid-30s, "that sentimental, idealizing blend of love, philosophy, Christianity, and socialism which dominated his spiritual chemistry" the rest of his life.The attributes ultimately propelled him away from radicalism as a substitute faith and from teaching young anarchists as an alternative vocation. Instead, late in 1913 he embarked on a different pursuit: the dissemination of culture.[7]
Durant was director and lecturer at the Labor Temple School in New York City from 1914 to 1927 while pursuing a PhD atColumbia University that he completed in 1917, the year he also served as an instructor in philosophy.[5]
In 1908, Durant worked as a reporter forArthur Brisbane'sNew York Evening Journal.[5] At theEvening Journal, he wrote several articles onsexual criminals.
In 1917, while working on a doctorate in philosophy atColumbia University, he wrote his first book,Philosophy and the Social Problem. He discussed the idea that philosophy had not grown because it had refused to confront the actual problems of society. He received his doctorate from Columbia that same year.[9] He was also an instructor at the university.
The Story of Philosophy originated as a series ofLittle Blue Books (educational pamphlets aimed at workers) and because it was so popular, it was republished as a hardcover book bySimon & Schuster in 1926[10] and became a bestseller, giving the Durants the financial independence that allowed them to travel the world several times and spend four decades writingThe Story of Civilization. Will left teaching and began work on the 11-volumeStory of Civilization.
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Throughout their writing ofThe Story of Civilization, the Durants strove to create what they called "integral history" and resisted a "specialized" approach to history.[11] Their goal was to write a biography of acivilization, in this case, the history of the West; not only would it describe the usual history of the Western world's wars, the history of politics and biographies of people of greatness and villainy, but also the history of the Western world'sculture, art,philosophy, religion, and the rise ofmass communication.[citation needed] Much ofThe Story considers the living conditions of everyday people throughout the 2500-year period that their "story" of the West covers, and bring an unabashedly moral framework to their accounts,[citation needed] constantly stressing the "dominance of the strong over the weak, the dominance of the clever over the simple."[This quote needs a citation] As of this date,[when?]The Story of Civilization is the most successfulhistoriographical series ever written.[according to whom?] In the 1990s, an unabridged audiobook production of all 11 volumes was produced byBooks On Tape, read byGrover Gardner (under the alias Alexander Adams).[citation needed]
The Durants were awarded the 1968Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction forRousseau and Revolution (1967), the 10th volume ofThe Story of Civilization.[12] In 1976, the Durants received the Golden Plate Award of theAmerican Academy of Achievement.[13] In 1977, PresidentGerald Ford awarded each thePresidential Medal of Freedom.[14]
On April 8, 1944, Durant was approached by two leaders of the Jewish and Christian faiths, Meyer David and Christian Richard, about starting "a movement, to raise moral standards." He suggested instead that they start a movement against racial intolerance and outlined his ideas for a "Declaration of Interdependence". The movement for the declaration, Declaration of INTERdependence, Inc., was launched at a gala dinner at theHollywood Roosevelt Hotel on March 22, 1945, attended by over 400 people includingThomas Mann andBette Davis.[15] The Declaration was read into theCongressional Record on October 1, 1945, byEllis E. Patterson.[16][a]
Throughout his career, Durant made several speeches, including "Persia in the History of Civilization", which was presented as an address before theIran-America Society inTehran, Iran, on April 21, 1948, and it had been intended for inclusion in theBulletin of the Asia Institute (formerly, theBulletin of the American Institute for Persian, thenIranian, Art and Archaeology), Vol. VII, no. 2, which never saw publication.[17]
Rousseau and Revolution was followed by a slender volume of observations which was titledThe Lessons of History, which was both a synopsis of the series as well as an analysis ofhuman history.
Though Ariel and Will had intended to carry the work onThe Story of Civilization into the 20th century, at their now very advanced age, they expected the 10th volume to be their last. However, they went on to publish a final volume, their 11th,The Age of Napoleon in 1975. They also left notes behind for a 12th volume,The Age of Darwin, as well as an outline of a 13th volume,The Age of Einstein, which would have takenThe Story of Civilization to 1945.
Three posthumous works by Durant have been published in recent years,The Greatest Minds and Ideas of All Time (2002),Heroes of History: A Brief History of Civilization from Ancient Times to the Dawn of the Modern Age (2001) andFallen Leaves (2014).
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The Durants shared an intense love for one another as they explained in theirDual Autobiography. After Will entered the hospital, Ariel stopped eating, and she died on October 25, 1981. Though their daughter, Ethel, and their grandchildren strove to conceal the news of Ariel's death from the ailing Will, he found out that she had died while he was watching the evening news, and he died two weeks later, two days after his 96th birthday, on November 7, 1981. Will was buried beside Ariel in theWestwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery, in Los Angeles.
In 1933, he publishedTragedy of Russia: Impressions from a Brief Visit and soon afterward, he publishedThe Lesson of Russia. A few years after the books were published, the social commentatorWill Rogers read them and he described a symposium which he had attended which included Durant as one of the contributors to it. He later wrote of Durant, "He is just about our best writer on Russia. He is the most fearless writer that has been there. He tells you just what it's like. He makes a mighty fine talk. One of the most interesting lecturers we have, and a fine fellow."[1]
In 1930, Durant visitedBritish India to collect information forThe Story of Civilization. While in India, Durant was shocked by thepoverty and instances ofstarvation he witnessed, to the point where he took a period of time off from his intended goal to write a short book titledThe Case for India about the "conscious and deliberate bleeding of India" by Britain.[18] He also stated that "I began to feel that I had come upon the greatest crime in all history." when learning of the plight of India.[19][20] InThe Case for India, Durant wrote that "The British conquest of India was the invasion and destruction of a high civilization by atrading company utterly without scruple or principle, careless of art and greedy of gain, over-running with fire and sword a country temporarily disordered and helpless, bribing and murdering, annexing and stealing, and beginning their career of illegal and 'legal' plunder which has now gone on ruthlessly for one hundred and seventy-three years."[21]
On his personal religious beliefs, Durant wrote that "I am prepared to have you put me down as anatheist, since I have reluctantly abandoned belief in a personal and loving God. But I am loath to leave the word God out of my life and creed," adding that he was "a Christian in the literal and difficult sense of sincerely admiring the personality of Christ and making a persistent effort to behave like a Christian."[22]
While Durant's work was well received by popular audiences, its academic reception was more critical. Classics scholarMoses Finley criticised Durant'sThe Life of Greece on a number of grounds, including the book'sracial essentialism and support for thegreat man theory of history.[23]
Will Durant's full bibliography can be found online.[24]
There you have specialists in each field contributing only highly specialized matter. That is very different from what we have to do. [...] Our concept has been what we call "integral history." We believe that the historian should present the whole life of a people at a given period, in all its phases, so that the reader can see how men lived and felt and thought in that age.
For a distinguished book by an American which is not eligible for consideration in any other existing category, One thousand dollars ($1,000).
