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Flora and fauna of Rajasthan

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(Redirected fromWildlife of Rajasthan)

Location of Rajasthan (in red) within India

Wildlife of Rajasthan comprises the flora and fauna of the state ofRajasthan, India. The region ranges from the aridThar Desert to the ancientAravalli Range, and important wetlands such as theKeoladeo Ghana National Park. Continuous human habitation since theIndus Valley Civilisation at sites likeKalibangan andBalathal has influenced local ecosystems over millennia.[1]

Geography

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Rajasthan is India’s largest state by area. It borders Pakistan to the west and covers:

  • Thar Desert: sand dunes, rocky outcrops, saline depressions; annual rainfall 100–500 mm.[2]
  • Aravalli Range: SW–NE fold mountains rising to ~1 700 m at Mount Abu.[3]
  • Eastern plains and wetlands: alluvial areas in Bharatpur and Dausa districts.
  • Mount Abu: the state’s only hill station with subtropical evergreen forests.[4]

Ecosystems and vegetation types

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Thar Desert

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Aravalli Hills

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  • Lower slopes: tropical thorn and dry deciduous forests (Tectona grandis,Acacia spp.).
  • Mount Abu: subtropical evergreen forests with endemicorchids,bryophytes andfreshwater algae.[7]
  • Acts as corridor for wildlife movement and barrier between desert and plains.

Wetlands

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  • Keoladeo Ghana National Park (Bharatpur; ~29 km²; UNESCO World Heritage Site): wintering ground for >350 waterfowl species.[8]
  • Sambhar Lake: India’s largest salt lake, important forflamingos andhalophytes (Salvadora spp.).[9]

Other forest types

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  • Tropical thorn forests: western Rajasthan.
  • Dry deciduous forests: eastern and southern districts.
  • Subtropical evergreen forests: Mount Abu highlands.
  • Bamboo and riverine forests: in moist southeastern Aravallis.

Flora

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Regional representative species include:

Thar Desert
Aravalli Range
  • Tectona grandis (teak)
  • Diverse orchids at Mount Abu
Wetlands
Other forests

Fauna

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Mammals

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Common mammals

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Common nameScientific nameIUCN status
Rhesus macaqueMacaca mulattaLeast Concern
Hanuman langurSemnopithecus entellusLeast Concern
Indian leopardPanthera pardus fuscaVulnerable
Jungle catFelis chausLeast Concern
Indian desert catFelis lybica ornataLeast Concern
Asian palm civetParadoxurus hermaphroditusLeast Concern
Small Indian mongooseHerpestes javanicusLeast Concern
Indian brown mongooseHerpestes brachyurusLeast Concern
Ruddy mongooseHerpestes smithiiLeast Concern
Indian grey mongooseHerpestes edwardsiLeast Concern
Striped hyenaHyaena hyaenaNear Threatened
Indian jackalCanis aureus indicusLeast Concern
Sloth bearMelursus ursinusVulnerable
Grey musk shrewSuncus murinusLeast Concern
Indian flying foxPteropus giganteusLeast Concern
Short-nosed fruit batCynopterus sphinxLeast Concern
Five-striped palm squirrelFunambulus pennantiiLeast Concern
Three-striped palm squirrelFunambulus palmarumLeast Concern
Indian gerbilTatera indicaLeast Concern
Indian desert gerbilMeriones hurrianaeLeast Concern
House ratRattus rattusLeast Concern
Asiatic long-tailed climbing mouseVandeleuria oleraceaLeast Concern
Cutch ratCremnomys cutchicusLeast Concern
Soft-furred metadMillardia meltadaLeast Concern
House mouseMus musculusLeast Concern
Little Indian field mouseMus boodugaLeast Concern
Phillips’s mouseMus phillipsiLeast Concern
Indian bush ratGolunda elliotiLeast Concern
Lesser bandicoot ratBandicota bengalensisLeast Concern
Indian porcupineHystrix indicaLeast Concern
Indian hedgehogParaechinus micropusLeast Concern
Indian long-eared hedgehogHemiechinus collarisLeast Concern
Chinkara (state animal)Gazella bennettiiLeast Concern
BlackbuckAntilope cervicapraLeast Concern
NilgaiBoselaphus tragocamelusLeast Concern
SambarCervus unicolorVulnerable
ChitalAxis axisLeast Concern
Wild boarSus scrofaLeast Concern

Rare mammals

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Common nameScientific nameIUCN status
Bengal tigerPanthera tigris tigrisEndangered
CaracalCaracal caracalLeast Concern
Indian wolfCanis lupus pallipesEndangered
White-footed foxVulpes vulpes pusillaLeast Concern
Indian foxVulpes bengalensisLeast Concern
Smooth-coated otterLutrogale perspicillataVulnerable
Four-horned antelopeTetracerus quadricornisVulnerable
Indian pangolinManis crassicaudataVulnerable

Recently reported mammals

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Common nameScientific nameIUCN status
Rusty-spotted catPrionailurus rubiginosusNear Threatened
Fishing catPrionailurus viverrinusVulnerable
Large brown flying squirrelPetaurista petauristaLeast Concern
Indian spotted chevrotainMoschiola indicaLeast Concern
Gangetic dolphinPlatanista gangeticaEndangered
Painted batKerivoula pictaLeast Concern

Birds

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Over 500 species have been recorded in Rajasthan.

Common nameScientific nameIUCN status
Great Indian Bustard (state bird)Ardeotis nigricepsCritically Endangered
Demoiselle CraneAnthropoides virgoLeast Concern
Sarus CraneAntigone antigoneVulnerable
Red-naped IbisPseudibis papillosaLeast Concern
Indian RollerCoracias benghalensisLeast Concern
Laggar FalconFalco juggerNear Threatened
Red-wattled LapwingVanellus indicusLeast Concern
Green AvadavatAmandava formosaVulnerable
Grey JunglefowlGallus sonneratiiLeast Concern
Painted SpurfowlGalloperdix lunulataLeast Concern
Aravalli Red SpurfowlGalloperdix sp.Data Deficient
White-naped TitParus nuchalisVulnerable
Indian eagle-owlBubo bengalensisLeast Concern
Eurasian SpoonbillPlatalea leucorodiaLeast Concern
Black-necked StorkEphippiorhynchus asiaticusNear Threatened
Lesser FlamingoPhoeniconaias minorNear Threatened
Greater FlamingoPhoenicopterus roseusLeast Concern
Bar-headed GooseAnser indicusLeast Concern
Northern PintailAnas acutaLeast Concern
Common TealAnas creccaLeast Concern

Reptiles and amphibians

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GroupRepresentative speciesIUCN status
Bengal monitorVaranus bengalensisNear Threatened
Spiny-tailed lizardSaara hardwickiiLeast Concern
Saw-scaled viperEchis carinatusLeast Concern
Russell's viperDaboia russeliiLeast Concern
Indian cobraNaja najaLeast Concern
Common kraitBungarus caeruleusLeast Concern
Rat snakePtyas mucosaLeast Concern
Red sand boaEryx johniiNear Threatened
GharialGavialis gangeticusCritically Endangered
Slender racer snakePsammophis condanarusLeast Concern
Dumeril's black-headed snakeSibynophis subpunctatusLeast Concern
Green keelback snakeRhabdophis plumbicolorLeast Concern
Rajasthan toad-headed lizardBufoniceps laungwalaensisLeast Concern
Common toadDuttaphrynus melanostictusLeast Concern
Indian bullfrogHoplobatrachus tigerinusLeast Concern
Common tree frogPolypedates maculatusLeast Concern

Insects and other invertebrates

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Insects from >14 orders (Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera), including desert locusts, butterflies, beetles, bees and ants. Arachnids include scorpions (e.g.Hottentotta tamulus) and spiders.

Protected areas

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National parks

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Wildlife sanctuaries

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Conservation reserves and wetlands

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Conservation efforts

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Government initiatives

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  • Project Tiger: tiger reserves at Ranthambore and Sariska under NTCA.[12]
  • Project Great Indian Bustard: launched 5 June 2013 for captive breeding and habitat protection.[13]

Research and institutions

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  • Wildlife Institute of India – research, training
  • Arid Forest Research Institute (AFRI), Jodhpur – dryland forestry research

Challenges

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  • Habitat fragmentation: agriculture, urbanization, mining, infrastructure
  • Poaching and illegal wildlife trade
  • Human–wildlife conflict: crop raiding, livestock predation
  • Climate change: altered monsoons, temperature rise, habitat shifts
  • Ecological shifts: Thar “greening” favouring generalists over specialists

See also

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References

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  1. ^Udayavani."10 tiger cubs born in Rajasthan's wildlife reserves".Udayavani (in Kannada). Retrieved2025-05-20.
  2. ^Shagun (2025-04-08)."Thar desert is greening, thanks to higher rainfall, excessive groundwater pumping".Down To Earth. Retrieved2025-05-20.
  3. ^"Rajasthan's rare-earth elements (REE) potential set to be unlocked by the end of this fiscal".The Times of India. 2024-10-03.ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved2025-05-20.
  4. ^Staff, O. T. (2024-12-18)."Rajasthan's Only Hill Station Receives Snowfall: Top 7 Things To Do In Mount Abu".Outlook Traveller. Retrieved2025-05-20.
  5. ^"The Plants of the Thar Desert".Sahapedia. Retrieved2025-05-20.
  6. ^"Indira Gandhi Canal closure to impact water supply in 12 dists".The Times of India. 2025-03-24.ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved2025-05-20.
  7. ^"Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary - keybiodiversityareas.org".www.keybiodiversityareas.org. Retrieved2025-05-20.
  8. ^Bharat, E. T. V. (2025-03-10)."Migratory Birds Bidding Farewell To Winter Home In Rajasthan's Keoladeo National Park".ETV Bharat News. Retrieved2025-05-20.
  9. ^Mohanty, Swapna Sarita (2025-05-15)."How community ponds are reviving life and landscapes around Rajasthan's Sambhar Lake".India Water Portal. Retrieved2025-05-20.
  10. ^"Khejri: A Wonder Tree of the Thar".Sahapedia. Retrieved2025-05-20.
  11. ^"National Parks and Sanctuaries in Rajasthan".forest.rajasthan.gov.in.Archived from the original on 2025-03-23. Retrieved2025-05-20.
  12. ^Bharat, E. T. V. (2024-07-29)."International Tiger Day | Project Tiger To Displace 5.50 Lakh Tribals With 967% Increase Of Displacement Per Tiger Reserve Post-2021 Period".ETV Bharat News. Retrieved2025-05-20.
  13. ^"Project GIB sees success as four captive-bred Great Indian Bustard chicks hatch in Jaisalmer".Mid-day. 2025-05-02. Retrieved2025-05-20.

External links

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