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The following is the English Wikipedia's style guide for editingHawaii-related articles, including the State of Hawaii as well as the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi and its ancient history. This subpage gives the preferred method of aligning word usage and typography in Hawaii-related articles to give all articles a consistent "look and feel". This subpage is the result and record of past agreements and discussions over typographical issues. This is a general reference for editors on unique aspects of word usage in Hawaii, as well as how to treat specific subjects.
Orthography refers to the correct spelling of a language. TheHawaiian orthography has two characteristic features: thekahakō (macron), a vowel diacritic, and theʻokina (glottal stop), a consonant letter.
Kahakō is the Hawaiian term for themacron, a short line added above a vowel letter to indicate that it represents a long vowel:
Ā ā,Ē ē,Ī ī,Ō ō,Ū ū.
Theʻokina is a letter of the Hawaiian alphabet that looks more or less like a turned apostrophe and indicates theglottal stop, which is aconsonant in the Hawaiian language:[1]
ʻ
Anapostrophe orquotation mark shouldnever be used in place of theʻokina, even if one is used in the source. The official Unicode characterU+02BBʻMODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA should be used instead. In article titles, the Unicode character needs to be used directly, but for article text the{{okina}} template was created for this purpose. The template should be used in text to make theʻokina visibly distinct to other editors from punctuation marks. Thekahakō does not have a template butā, ē, ī, ō, ū are available in the Latin section of the list of symbols in the editing box.
In general, follow current Hawaiian orthography for the use ofkahakō andʻokina in Hawaiian words, names and phrases in the body of articles dealing with Hawaii. The online Hawaiian Dictionary or a similar reference work should be used as a guide for proper spelling. The{{Hawaiian Dictionaries}} template is useful for citations.
When using thekahakō andʻokina for a word that has both these marks, in either article content or a title, it is recommended to use both of the characters or neither of them. This is to avoid a misuse of the letters that would change the meaning of the word. As with any letter or character, omission of thekahakō orʻokina in Hawaiian words alters the pronunciation and can change the meaning of the word. It may alter a geographical location: for example,Kalaʻe andKa Lae are different places.[2]Lānaʻi is an island (and has some other meanings),[3] whilelānai is a covered porch around a house,[4] andlanai means 'stiff-backed'.[5]
The English adjectiveHawaiian is spelled without anʻokina.
Please see the sections below for more guidance on a few special cases or specific topics.
Unassimilated Hawaiian words and phrases areitalicized in the running text and in the article title,[6] except for proper names. This can be done with the{{lang}} template, which also has benefits fortext-to-speech, spell checking, and other systems:
{{lang|haw|HAWAIIAN TEXT HERE}}Loanwords and -phrases that have common use in English, such as "hula", are not italicized, except for consistency in linguistic material, or where indicating an original native meaning from which the sense in English has diverged.WP:ITALICTITLE states: "Italic formatting cannot be part of the actual (stored) title of a page; adding single quotes to a page title will cause those quotes to become part of the URL, rather than affecting its appearance. A title or part of it is made to appear in italics with the use of theDISPLAYTITLE magic word or the{{italic title}} template. In addition, certain templates, including{{infobox book}},{{infobox film}} and{{infobox album}}, by default italicize the titles of the pages they appear on; see the pages for those templates for details. For details, seeItalics and formatting on the technical restrictions page.
TheWikipedia policy for article names provides general guidance on naming. TheWikipedia naming conventions page provides more specific guidance. This page provides guidance for where the practice for Hawaiian articles differs from that of these universal Wikipedia conventions.
For place names, use themost common name of the subject as the title of the article, as you would find in reliable sources. For example, usePearl Harbor rather thanPuʻuloa. If two common names are evenly split in English usage and one is of Hawaiian origin, follow the correct orthography as outlined in theHawaiʻi State Board on Geographic Names.
Use the{{langx}} template to list the Hawaiian name in the lead, and include the Hawaiian name in the infobox as appropriate. However, do not use the lang and langx templates to differentiate the orthography unless the difference in spelling is an explicit change acknowledged in official sources, such as theState of Hawaii instead of theState of Hawaiʻi. For example,
Pearl Harbor (Hawaiian:Puʻuloa) is...
YHawaii (Hawaiian:Hawaiʻi) is an island state...
Y
NYou should create redirects from common alternative names and spellings. This makes the article easy to find, and easy to compare information with other sources.Wikipedia disambiguation pages are also used to help the reader find the desired article if several have similar names. For example,Waimea.
Never copy content from a source directly into an article. Close paraphrasing without in-text attribution may constituteplagiarism, and when extensive (with or without in-text attribution) may also violate Wikipedia'scopyright policy, which forbids Wikipedia contributors fromcopying material directly from other sources.Public domain material must likewise be attributed to avoid plagiarism. If the source material bears a free copyright license that iscompatible with Wikipedia's licenses, copying or closely paraphrasing it is not acopyright violation so long as the source is attributed somewhere in the article, usually at the end.
When trying to determine what is a reliable source remember that three things affect a source's reliability: the author, the publication itself and the publisher. Tertiary sources may be used but are not as strong as secondary, reliable sources. Primary sources may be used but when sourcing facts from a primary source, be careful to only mention what content is in the source with no additional editorializing, analysis or interpretation.
Sources must support the material clearly and directly:drawing inferences from multiple sources to advance a novel position is prohibited by the NOR policy.[7]
Hawaiian-language sources, such as newspapers, books, journals and online references, may be used to source Hawaiian related articles when no other English source of equal quality and relevance is found. Sources sometimes have differing or conflicting information.WP:BALANCE states: "Neutrality assignsweight to viewpoints in proportion to their prominence. However, when reputable sources contradict one another andare relatively equal in prominence, describe both approaches and work for balance. This involves describing the opposing views clearly, drawing on secondary or tertiary sources that describe the disagreement from a disinterested viewpoint."
WP:RSUE states: "Citations to non-English sources are allowed. However, because this is the English-language Wikipedia, English-language sources are preferred over non-English ones, whenever English sources of equal quality and relevance are available. As with sources in English, if a dispute arises involving a citation to a non-English source, editors may request that a quotation of relevant portions of the original source be provided, either in text, in a footnote, or on the article talk page.[7] (SeeTemplate:Request quotation.)"
When quoting Hawaiian sources, follow Wikipedia policy. "When quoting a non-English source (whether in the main text, in a footnote, or on the talk page), a translation into English should always accompany the quote. Translations published by reliable sources are preferred over translations by Wikipedians, but translations by Wikipedians are preferred over machine translations." Additionally, "If needed, ask an editor who can translate it for you. In articles, the original text is usually included with the translated text when translated by Wikipedians, and the translating editor is usually not cited. When quoting any material, whether in English or in some other language, be careful not to violate copyright; see thefair-use guideline."
"Hawaiian" is always capitalized; do not use anʻokina, as it is not a Hawaiian word. When describing persons, "Hawaiian" refers to persons descended from the aboriginal peoples of Ancient Hawaiʻi. The article describing the people isNative Hawaiians, but that term can be ambiguous, and the people call themselvesKānaka Maoli. When referring to residents of the state in general, "Hawaii resident" is preferred, unless it is clear from the context that the person in question is of Hawaiian descent. Distinguishing between people who are "Hawaiian" or "Native Hawaiian" versus people who are "Hawaii residents" or "islanders" is also recommended by theAP Stylebook.[8]
Either the spelling "Hawaii" or "Hawaiʻi" can be appropriate. The US State and the archipelago are usually spelled "Hawaii". Theʻokina is often used when talking about the ancient culture, theKingdom of Hawaiʻi, or theisland of Hawaiʻi.
A good source for geographic names is theGeographic Names Information System, a resource developed by theUnited States Geological Survey.[9] Another is theHawaiʻi State Board on Geographic Names. Many of the island names have the Hawaiian letters in them, but the major ones are likely to appear in English dictionaries, so both forms are acceptable (for example,Oahu orOʻahu).The "Place Names of Hawaii" and "Hawaiian Place Names" databases in{{Hawaiian Dictionaries}} are also good sources.
Honolulu is the largest city and capital of the state of Hawaii, covering the southeastern coast of Oʻahu. TheCity and County of Honolulu is the governmental entity which covers the entire island of Oʻahu. There are no separate city or town governments in the entire state.
Generally names are used by local residents for roads instead of numbers. However, state highways and "Interstate" highways are also given numbers. According tohighway naming guidelines, articles should be given titles of either the name of the road, or "Hawaii Route 19" for example, but just use "Route 19" in the body.
Census Bureau policy in 2000 and earlier did not allow special characters in Hawaiian place names. Place names for the 2000 census were submitted by state officials in 1998, before the GNIS was updated to include the marks. This restriction was rescinded for the 2010 census. TheUnited States Census Bureau attempted to have the CDP and GNIS names agree as much as possible for the 2010 census. The Hawaii Board on Geographical Names, under the Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism, has been working with USGS to use special characters in place names as appropriate.[10]
Avoid literal translation from Hawaiian-language sources. For example, improvements could be made to the passage: "He was born, the son of Aliʻi Hoʻopuʻulani and Aliʻi Kalanianuiapui." All people are "born", and the use of "he" makes it clear he was a "son" so those words convey no additional information. On the other hand, it would not be clear which parent was his father and which his mother, since they have similar titles. A better wording might be: "He was born in the late 18th century. His father was High Chief Hoʻopuʻulani and his mother was High Chiefess Kalanianuiapui."
Although two styles of dates are allowed by the generaldate style guideline, the "month day, year" style is used almost exclusively within Hawaii, and by most sources (published in the islands or the US mainland). Therefore, the "month day, year" style is preferred in Hawaii-related articles.
As stated above, use thekahakō andʻokina. An older style of using hyphens is more popular for pre-historic figures, and may be mentioned for clarification.
In article titles for Hawaiian monarchs and members of the royal family, use the reign name (and ordinal as appropriate); e.g.Kamehameha III.
Use redirects as appropriate for alternate names. In the body of the article, refer to the name generally used by the person at the time the event is being discussed, being careful to explain when names change, such as when Prince Lot Kapuāiwa became KingKamehameha V.
