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This set ofcollege and university article advice is intended to apply to all university and higher-education college articles (and some related articles). While the advice presented here is well-suited for the vast majority of such articles, alternate approaches and exceptions have been taken, often the result of national educational differences. Articles for universities in theUnited States may differ slightly from articles in theUnited Kingdom, for example. However, the advice is designed to apply to all colleges and universities. If something seems unusual or out-of-place, it may be worthwhile to ask before attempting to change it, as there might be reasons for the oddity that are not immediately obvious.

In general, most legitimate higher-education colleges and universities arenotable and should be included on Wikipedia. For notability of sub-articles, seerelevant advice below. This notability advice is an application of thegeneral notability guideline to the articles this project covers,not a replacement of said guideline. Hence the advice is not intended to lend additional support todeletion discussions. Although this advice may be referred to in these discussions, keep in mind that the document you are now reading is not apolicy or guideline and should not be treated as such. It is also important to bear in mind that anyone can set up an institution and call it a "college" or, in many countries, a "university", so that it is essential to be clear whether an institution warrants inclusion in Wikipedia based on that institution's use of these terms.

Wikipediaverifiability policy requires that "any material challenged or likely to be challenged must be attributed to a reliable, published source using an inline citation." Statistics, historical events, and rankings must be cited. All citations in college and university articles must come fromreliable sources.

Special care is required for citingself-published sources, which includes press releases and other information about a college/university published by the institution itself or written by its paid staff: the cited information must be authentic, not be self-serving (see#Neutral point of view below), and not involve claims about third parties. Self-published sources cannot comprise the majority of an article's citations, and cannot be used to establish a claim of notability. Unlike third-party sources, such self-published sources and the claims they are being used to support may be removed without discussion if they are controversial or otherwise lack neutrality.

However, colleges and universities do publish a wide variety of important and authoritative information that should be included in any article. TheCommon Data Set, a fact book/almanac, President's reports, course catalogs, and/or faculty handbooks are excellent and authoritative sources of information on the college or university and can commonly be found on the websites for the provost, registrar, or institutional research office. A university's library or archives office may have a list of published articles or books about the university's history that can be used as reliable sources as well.

Student-publishedcollege newspapers aregenerally considered reliable sources forverifying information, but they are not as strong a source to demonstrate notability as mainstream news organizations, and they should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. More established student media organizations (e.g. ones that have their own article, or are referred to as anewspaper of record for the institution) will be more reliable than others, as will ones that have mechanisms to ensure editorial independence from the college/university administration. Coverage by mainstream news organizations will often be preferred.

Independent organizations and national governments also collect and disseminate information about colleges and universities. In the United States, theCarnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching publishes widely used descriptiveclassifications of colleges and universities, the Department of Education publishes statistics through theCollege Navigator website, and theNational Science Foundation publishes information onresearch & development expenditures.

Make sure to write from aneutral point of view. Wikipedia is not the place foracademic boosterism – do not praise an academic institution but describe it using neutral language and verifiable facts. Remember toassert facts, not opinions,substantiate the basis for any opinions, anddon't tell the reader what to think. With regard to controversies on campuses, represent all significant views neutrally and equitably without givingundue weight to either side. Avoidrecentism and place controversies and other events into their proper historical context.

Watch out for overly general and vague statements such as "there are many who think University of X's business program is great" or "Y College is widely recognized as a preeminent institution". Suchweasel words are not particularly factual and usually nothing but the author's opinions in disguise. Try to provide more specific information, and back the statement up withreferences to reliable, independent sources like books, magazines, studies, etc. In addition, the use ofpeacock terms and otherwords to avoid is strongly discouraged (e.g., "University of Z is a highly prestigious…" or "Z College is a renowned…") Remember, Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not an admissions pamphlet and these pieces of fluff actuallylower the prose to an unprofessional level. As a general rule, all adjectives of quality or praise should be removed, and all adjectives whatsoever should be scrutinized carefully. All statements of being "first" to accomplish anything should be cited to a third party source or removed--very few of them in WP are actually based on anything other than the school's own PR.

Avoidmission statements and goals unless specifically covered inreliable sources. They are generally promotional.

If you cite college and university rankings, be precise and honest. Refactoring rankings (71st nationally according to the source, but 2nd among colleges in the state) to boost the score gives a non-neutral impression and is not appropriate. Claims that an institution "ranks highly" or is "highly exclusive" are just as vague as claims that it is "prestigious" and "excellent." Rankings should be neutrally worded without modifiers or disclaimers, represent a comprehensive cross-section of majorrankings by national and international publications, be limited to a single section in the article, and be reported as numeric values with years and verifiable sources; if possible, they should show the range: not "28th," but "28th among the 29" or "28th among the 200".

In the lead, do not use rankings tosynthesize an image of the institution, whether good or bad. Thecurrent consensus among Wikipedia editors is that that, to include text on "reputation, prestige, or relative ranking(s)" in a lead section, such material must be compliant with generally applicable policies, including:

• Maintaining appropriaterelative emphasis in lead sections
• Following the general principles applicable todescribing reputations
• Ensuring that the lead appropriately reflects, and is supported by, the body of the article
• Being directly supported by high-quality sources (WP:V,WP:RS,WP:SYNTH)
• Adhering to a neutral point of view, including:
  • Avoiding boosterism and puffery (which can come in the form ofundue weight)
  • Using a descriptive, encyclopedic (rather than promotional) tone

This section is a complement toWikipedia's naming conventions,not a replacement. Always consider the Wikipedia conventions first when naming a page.

1. Colleges and universities should always be named using thecommon (not necessarily official) name of the institution. This can often be determined by looking at current branding of a university via their website, published documents, and advertisements.
2. Usesentence case conventions to capitalize the title, perWP:NCCAPS.
3. In general, do not useThe before the institution name unless it is the commonly recognized name of the university. Institutions may be officially named usingThe (such asOhio State University andGeorge Washington University), but it is preferred thatThe be left out of the article name.
4. Never use abbreviations or acronyms in titles unless the institution you are naming is almost exclusively known only by including such terms and is widely used in that form. SeeWikipedia:Naming conventions (abbreviations) for more information.
5. For universities that are part of alarger system, in general the university name is followed by a comma and the name of the city in which the institution is located. For example,University of California, Berkeley andUniversity of California, San Diego.Residential colleges within universities often follow a similar form, for example –Jesus College, Cambridge andJesus College, Oxford. Some university systems useat (e.g.,University of Colorado at Boulder); others use an en dash (e.g.,University of Wisconsin–Madison), both of which are acceptable. Most university websites should provide clarification, but in general it is preferred that all institutions in the system use the same naming convention. This may be overruled by common branding.

1. Do notdisambiguate unless anaming conflict exists.
2. Never make a disambiguation tag longer than necessary.
3. For institutions that share a name,both institutions should follow their name with the highest uncommon location in parentheses. For example, if there are multiple institutions with the same name in the U.S., put the state name in parentheses (not the city name) like inAugustana College (Illinois) andAugustana College (South Dakota). For institutions that have the same name between countries put the country name in parentheses.
4. Consider creatingredirects to the correct page from pages with names similar to the correct one and from pages with names which are discouraged per this convention. Also consider addinghatnotes linking between articles with similar names.
5. Add a link to the institution on its correspondingdisambiguation page, usually referenced by its initials such asMSU orUI. Some institutions may not have the same initials as others (UCLA orNYU) and can be redirected right to the university article without a disambiguation page.

1. Never use anacronym in the name of an institution's related articles where one is not used in the name of the institution. The entire institution's name (especially any parenthetical disambiguation) does not need to be included in the name of a related article, however all related articles should follow the same convention. Examples:History of Michigan State University (rather than "History of MSU"),Oriel College, Oxford (rather than "UO Oriel College"), and, although lengthy,Michigan State University College of Human Medicine (rather than MSU College of Human Medicine).
2. For university sports programsUniversity can be dropped from the article name and instead followed by the team name. For example:Stanford Cardinal andCalifornia Golden Bears. Some institutions may keepUniversity based on convention (New York University Violets), also see#Sub-articles.
3. It is acceptable to not refer to the university at all in the title of related pages, such asLyman Briggs College.

1. Lists include embedded lists and stand-alone list articles.
2. A list article's title should accurately describe its content.
3. Lists should be named "List of..." (e.g.List of alumni of Jesus College, Oxford).

The basic structure of a college or university article should follow the general format below. Sections may be expanded, customized, or moved depending on need and type of institution. It may help to take a look at some of ourexample articles before you start and/or edit your own. Make sure to always citereferences.

• Infobox – All institution articles should utilize{{Infobox university}} to provide the basic details about the institution, preferably with a lead image of the institution's official seal or coat of arms and an image at the bottom of the institution's wordmark; do not adorn the infobox with additional images/icons. If copyrighted, the image should have its own specificfair use rationale. Include as much information as you can, givingverifiablereferences to potentially contentious information such as endowment and enrollment.
• Lead – This should include basic information: the name(s) of the institution, location (city name; describe multiple campuses if present), founder and founding name, and affiliation with any larger university system or major local affiliate network, if applicable. Give other names for which the university may be known (e.g. Cal) and bold them, too. Use italic text for names that aren't in English. A thumbnail sketch of the dominant and distinguishing characteristics should be given in the lead, and expanded later. Attributes should include public/private, religious affiliation if applicable, type (liberal arts college, multi-school university, vocational school, research institution, community college, etc.), and location. It should be mentioned whether it is an undergraduate-only institution, or if graduate programs are present (and if so, specific stand-alone programs like medical, law, and divinity schools should be mentioned). Do not include images in the lead; they should be placed elsewhere. Individual notable alumni should be mentioned only in extraordinary cases; typically, statistics such asX Nobel laureates are preferred. The lead should not include information not covered in the main body of the article. Summarize the rest of the article without givingundue weight to any particular section (such as rankings) and mention distinguishing academic, historical, or demographic characteristics. The lead should be a concise summary of the entire article –not simply an introduction.

Include noteworthy milestones such as sexual and racial integration, major campus expansions, mergers, renames, foundation of new schools, notable controversies such as student protests or reforms, and impact of major historical events like wars. It is a good idea to include old pictures of buildings which no longer exist or photos of traditions practiced centuries ago. You can find many old images onpublic domain image search engines. Do not repeat this information in a timeline. Include all historical eras, without givingundue weight to its founding era, recent events, or any other period.

Whether the campus is a Mediterranean oasis or a concrete slab, the article should discuss it.

Describe the overall layout and size of the campus as well as its geographical context or proximity to major cities. Expand on the previous historical discussion of the expansion of the university by describing important buildings, their design, and uses. If any buildings have been included on historic registers or have historic or cultural importance beyond the university itself, mention this with appropriate citations (if there are many historic buildings, summarize numbers and give the most important examples). This section could also summarize information about satellite campuses,study abroad sites, libraries (which may also be found in the academic or research sections depending on emphasis), and ongoing campus planning activities. If the college or university has made actions towards or significant commitments to sustainability or other environmental initiatives, summarize this information as a subsection here, but do not give it undue weight.

Discuss the structure of the administration, current leadership, budget, relationship with a board of trustees or regents, student government, endowment information, and important academic divisions of the college/university. Detailed listings of smaller or less prominent academic divisions should be avoided. If this college/university has a special organizational structure, such as aresidential college system, then it should be mentioned here. If the university is part of a largersystem (as inUniversity of California) or otherwise has formal relationships with other colleges/universities, discuss this relationship and provide requisite wikilinks. Capital campaigns and majorendowment numbers should also be presented here, with any notable gifts being referenced. If the college or university has formal affiliations with other educational institutions (e.g.,Five Colleges) or is a member of a major consortium or other inter-university organization (Annapolis Group,Association of American Universities, etc.), mention these as well.

This section contains information related to theacademic environment. Try to include information about the institution's accreditation, tuition and financial aid, number of degrees/programs offered, number of degrees awarded annually, academic honors, academic calendar, and admissions statistics. It may be appropriate to discuss the library, museums, or other scholarly collections in a subsection if these are particularly notable for their size, scope, or uniqueness and have not been discussed elsewhere. If there is a special course system, grading scheme, or requisites for enrollment, mention them here. It would be appropriate to mention the notable academic divisions (such asfaculties/schools/colleges) of this university and briefly summarize the number of enrollments. Because Wikipedia isnot a directory, donot attempt to list every major, degree, or program offered in this or any section.

• Research – This section may be included as a subsection of academic profile, but there needs to be information regarding research expenditures, government support and significant grants (land grant or space grant status, in the U.S. for example), the scale of the physical research plant, and notable research programs.

• Reputation and rankings – Many articles summarize theiracademic rankings here, which may be listed in a template or in paragraph form, but should never be anembedded list. PerWP:BOOSTER, the rankings should be presented neutrally and without undue weight – do not exclude or re-factor rankings to present them more favorably, attempt to include every ranking or all historical rankings, or emphasize rankings of sub-disciplines over rankings of the college or university as a whole. Titling the subsection "Reputation and rankings" rather than just "Rankings" may help to encourage a broader scope.

If the institution's admissions process is competitive, it may be described here. Include factors admissions considers or does not consider. For American colleges,{{Infobox U.S. college admissions}} may be used to summarize statistics. If an institution's cost model is complex, such as having separate in-state and out-of-state tuition fees or offering significant financial aid, describe that here.

This section discusses specific traditions of the college/university, likestudents' union activities, a student newspaper, fraternities, regular activities, etc. The heading may be changed accordingly in regard to the importance of sports, clubs, traditions, students' unions, etc. Mention the sports team(s) of the institution and what is notable about them; larger institutions may require a separate section for their sports programs. Traditions generally do not warrant a level-2 section, and athletics warrant one only for institutions where they are a significant presence.^[a] This section also includes residence life, student clubs and activities, and related activities. Per Wikipedia'snotability andexternal linking policies, do not include minor or common activities or provide links to homepages. As before, do not attempt to include an exhaustive list of all student activities or present the list of activities as embedded lists.

This section summarizes the demographics of the student body, including size, qualitative character, gender, age, race, geographic origin, class, average test scores, and average performance in high school.

• Noted people – This section should give a sense of the extent to which persons with well-known deeds or highly significant accomplishments are or have been associated with the school (as by attendance there or by being on staff or faculty). For most schools this might take the form of a list of people meeting Wikipedia'snotability standards (each with perhaps a very brief descriptive phrase), where such a list would not be excessively long. For very old, very large, or very prestigious schools it may be more appropriate to use categories ("Alumni of", "Faculty of", etc. note that "Alumni" categories are only for former students, including graduates; current students are not considered alumni) instead, limiting the explicit list to very well-known persons (heads of state, historical figures, etc.) and adding a narrative summary of statistics on such things as Nobel Prizes, other prestigious awards, and so on.
• In popular culture orCultural references – If there are numerous reliable sources that discuss the institution's influence on popular culture then it may be appropriate to have a brief section describing that influence and offering well-known, pertinent examples. Such a section shouldnot be an indiscriminate list of instances where the college or university is mentioned (in movies, books, television shows, etc.) nor should the section offer examples and discussionselected only by Wikipedia editors.
• Notes/References – If you use the appropriateinline citations throughout the article (as you should), then this section is simply typing<references /> or{{Reflist}} If the same source is cited multiple times, collapse these repeated citations into a single reference by using<ref name="XYZ">citation template</ref> (where XYZ is a short name such as "CDS" for Common Data Set for example) after the first instance and<ref name="XYZ"/> for every subsequent instance.
• External links – Give a link to the official website of the college/university, preferably in the English language. If there is a reliable and independent student newspaper, link it. A link to accreditation information hosted by the accreditor may also be useful. The number of links here should be kept to an absolute minimum: donot to link other university pages (e.g., admissions, School of Law, Department of Psychology), related groups (e.g., unions, clubs), or pages already linked from earlier citations.
• Navigation templates – Some major universities have enough related articles that they createnavigation templates to allow users to navigate through them. Universities may also be members of athletic conferences, research consortia, or other types of organizations which have navigation templates as well. All navigation templates should be placed at the very end of the article.

When university pages become too large or too comprehensive it may be beneficial to break off certain sections into sub-pages. When this happens, asummary style should be used in the institution's article. Occasionally these sub-articles can become excellent as well (seeCampus of Michigan State University andGeorgia Tech traditions). Which articles are notable will depend on thecriteria for notability as well as the following criteria:

Separate articles explaining a college or university'shistory (History of Texas A&M University),campus (Campus of Michigan State University), andalumni (List of Athabasca University people – seelists advice above) must still fulfill the notability policy of receiving significant coverage in reliable sources independent of the university. Such articles are generally notable only at large institutions or institutions where one of these aspects is especially important or significant. Smaller institutions with historical significance (likeHarvard University) are an example of this exception.

Separate sports articles for institutions which have large sports programs are acceptable (i.e.Division I in the United States, and well-known programs elsewhere). Again, sports programs at large institutions or those which are significant may also have their own sub-article. For some larger sports program articles it is acceptable to create additional sub-articles for specific sports (Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football), seasons (2007 Appalachian State Mountaineers football team), and, although rare, games (2007 Appalachian State vs. Michigan football game) so long as they fulfill the notability policy of receiving significant coverage in reliable sources independent of the university.

If an institution'sfaculties, constituent academic colleges, or academic departments are especially notable or significant they may have their own dedicated article (e.g.Jesus College, Oxford,Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania). In general these organizations arenot notable (seeWP:ORG) and should not be split off from the main institution article in the absence of significant coverage by reliable, independent sources. If some faculties or academic colleges have significance and others do not, it may be the case that the institution's academic programs as a whole are notable. In this case it may be acceptable to create a separate academics article (seeMichigan State University academics orColleges of the University of Oxford).

Student life and university traditions articles are generallynot notable unless they are sufficiently unusual that they have received significant coverage in reliable sources independent of the university. Some articles satisfy this criterion (Fightin' Texas Aggie Band andGeorgia Tech traditions). Wikipedia is not a place forcruft and university-related articles. Also, perWP:ORG,students' unions/organizations/governments should only have their own article if they are independently notable. This means that they:

Have been the subject of coverage insecondary sources. Such sources must bereliable, and independent of the subject. The depth of coverage of the subject by the source must be considered. If the depth of coverage is not substantial, then multiple independent sources should be cited to establish notability. Trivial or incidental coverage of a subject by secondary sources is not sufficient to establish notability. Once notability is established,primary sources may be used to add content. Ultimately, and most importantly,all content must be attributable.

• The "secondary sources" in the criterion include reliable published works in all forms, such as (for examples) newspaper articles, books, television documentaries, and published reports by organizations –none of which should be written by any part of the union/organization/government or university itself. These sources may come from other universities or from the university press but never from the university which the group or organization is a part of.
• Press releases; advertising for the student group or organization; and other works where the group talks about itself – whether published by the university, group itself, or re-printed by other people – arenot acceptable sources to establish notability.
• Works carrying merely trivial coverage are alsonot acceptable to establish notability. For example: newspaper articles that simply report meeting times or election results, or the publications of telephone numbers, addresses, and directions in business directories.
• Individual chapters of national and international organizations are almost alwaysnot notable enough to warrant a separate article (even if the parent organization is notable). Local chapters may be notable only in the rare circumstances that sufficient notability is established throughreliable sources. However, chapter information may be included in list articles as long as only verifiable information is included. This especially applies tofraternities and sororities.
• Organizations whose activities are local in scope are usuallynot notable unless verifiable information from reliable independent sources can be found.
• The organization’s longevity, size of membership, or major achievements, or other factors specific to the organization may be considered. This list is not exhaustive and not conclusive.

Acampus or college radio station, orstudent newspaper, may be mentioned in the school's main article, but require significant subject of reliable secondary sources to qualify for independent articles.

It isalmost never appropriate to list officers of an extracurricular organization other than the president.

"University of Xin popular culture" articles are generallynot notable and should beintegrated into the rest of the article. Most of the time these articles areindiscriminate lists. Their content should be merged into the primary article when appropriate and ultimately nominated for deletion (also seeWP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS). It may be the case that a particular academic program (film, radio, etc.) is notable with regard to its portrayal in popular culture. In this scenario the pop culture info could be included in the academics section or article rather than creating a separate article for popular culture. If this happens it should not be atrivia list or section, but rather a collection of analyses regarding the university's role in popular culture usingreliable sources.

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