This is aninformation page. It is not anencyclopedic article, nor one ofWikipedia's policies or guidelines; rather, its purpose is to explain certain aspects of Wikipedia's norms, customs, technicalities, or practices. It may reflect differing levels ofconsensus andvetting.

Shortcuts WP:BAREURLSWP:BAREURLS WP:BURLWP:BURL

This page in a nutshell: Simply copying and pasting the URL of an online reference is not ideal, exposing the reference tolink rot. It is preferable to use proper citation templates when citing sources.

Abare URL is aURL cited as areference for some information in an articlewithout any accompanying information about the linked page, such as

https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/21/world/germany-zeppelin-trial-flight.html

In other words, it is just the text out of the URL bar of a web browser copied and pasted into thewikitext, inserted between<ref>...</ref> tags or simply provided as anexternal link, without title, author, date, orany of the usual information necessary for abibliographic citation or fixingdead links.

A bare URL is theURL withno other information about the source. If a URL is accompanied by any other information, it is not considered bare.

In this context, information refers to data that are useful to build a bibliographic citation and/or help fixlink rot. Examples include the title of the destination page, the date it was published, its author and so on. Even if the link goes dead, one might be able to use this additional information to find the article elsewhere.

Here are some examples of bare URLs:

All of the above examples use the same bare URL – it is just a URL with no accompanying information. The word "Nikon" as displayed text adds no info beyond what is displayed in the URL; displaying only "Nikon" or a number actually gives the readerless info than the raw URL. However, if the displayed text gave the title of a page or other potentially identifying information (e.g., "Answer ID 14083: D2X Firmware update 2.0.0 — Windows", as seen at the "#Simple title" example below), then this wouldnot be considered a bare URL.

It shows much more information about the article. Even if the link no longer works, one can see that it previously linked to a web page containing some technical discussion revolving around a specific Nikon firmware update that might be obtainable through other means.

Wikipedia:Citation templates are popular but not required.Any method showing more information than is present in the URL itselfis not a bare URL. Full citations are preferred, but even an incomplete citation is not necessarily a bare URL. Somecitation styles, such as theMLA style, use fullbibliographic citation that happen to display the text of the URL in addition to proper identifying information, like the author, date, and title of the publication. These are not considered bare URLs.

Adding a bare URL reference to Wikipedia ismuch more helpful than no reference.

If you only have the time and inclination to copy the reference URL you found, that is a helpful first step, and we thank you for your contribution!

A bare URL ismuch less helpful than afull citation:

1. Bare URLs are subject to link rot. The usability of a bare URL depends entirely on the target web site both continuing to host the page, and retaining its chosen site structure. It is under no obligation to do either.
2. A bare URL provides much less information to the reader than a full citation.
3. Bare URLs are not very digitally accessible. Screenreaders can navigate directly to hyperlinked text, so digital accessibility guidelines advise hyperlinking descriptive text that explains where the link leads to.

Bare URLs are most easily filled by the editor who adds the URL as a reference. That editor has read the webpage, and therefore has all the details in front of them. An editor citing any source should assess it to check that it is areliable source, so they should have checked issue such as article title, date, author(s), publisher, page number, etc.

By contrast, another editor coming later to fill the reference has to start from the beginning and replicate all that work ... and by the time they read the webpage, its contents may have been changed or even been replaced with something completely different.

All of the following bare URL citations of theInternational Herald Tribune have "rotted" (stopped working), sinceThe New York Times restructured theIHT's web site:

• http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/02/01/europe/EU-GEN-Denmark-Obit-Wegner.php
• http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/07/10/africa/eu.php
• http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/07/13/europe/EU-Britain-Zimbabwe.php

Afull citation, in contrast, gives the author, title, publisher, publication, and date of the work. So, if the web site address changes, the additional information may assist in finding the new location. If the source is no longer available on the internet, then the additional information may assist in tracking down the source if it is in printed form, microfiche archives, article/paper collections, published as books, and the like.

This is a full citation of the firstInternational Herald Tribune article, using the{{cite news}} template:

• Colman, David (February 1, 2007)."Hans Wegner, 92, Broke Ground with Danish Modern chair Designs".International Herald Tribune. La Défense, France:The New York Times Company. Archived fromthe original on February 23, 2007. RetrievedFebruary 25, 2020.

Notice that with the full information that appeared in the citation before the URL died, it was possible to retrieve theIHT article via web.archive.org (which we did here, to add the archived URL), but also viaLexisNexis,HighBeam Research, and others (even though theIHT's own webpage is no longer active).

Secondary problems with bare URLs are that—unless a readable text is used—they are ugly, and can affect the display of a page. For example, this bare URL with no readable text causes page widening:

• http://support.nikontech.com/cgi-bin/nikonusa.cfg/php/enduser/std_adp.php?p_faqid=14083&p_created=1159553141&p_sid=PMjnxbji&p_accessibility=0&p_lva=&p_sp=cF9zcmNoPSZwX3NvcnRfYnk9JnBfZ3JpZHNvcnQ9JnBfcm93X2NudD03JnBfcHJvZHM9MTksMTQ3JnBfY2F0cz0xODYmcF9wdj0yLjE0NyZwX2N2PTEuMTg2JnBfc2VhcmNoX3R5cGU9YW5zd2Vycy5zZWFyY2hfbmwmcF9wYWdlPTE*&p_li=&p_topview=1

Please consider supplementing your bare URLs—creating full citations with title, author, date, publisher, etc.

If you encounter an article with many bare URLs, you can help in one of three ways:

1. Tag the article. This can be done in two ways:
   • at the top of the page with{{Cleanup bare URLs}}. This displays a header requesting that the citations be expanded, and categorizes the article as needing cleanup, bringing it to the attention of other Wikipedians. The scriptUser:BrownHairedGirl/linkrot.js can be used to apply the tag and to remove it from articles which no longer have any bare URLs.
   • Better still, use{{Bare URL inline}}. This can be done using the scriptUser:BrownHairedGirl/BareURLinline.js
2. Even more helpful would be to expand the bare URLs into citations manually.
3. reFill is a tool that can be used in the wikitext editor to resolve some bare references semi-automatically.Citation bot can also fill some bare references. The output of the tool must be checked by the editor, who is responsible for the edit.
4. In theVisual Editor, you can convert an existing bareurl reference (or add a new reference) using theReference dialog. This dialog employs theMediawiki Citoid service to convert a provided url (or DOI, ISBN, PMID, or QID) into a full citation which you may then edit further or save.

Before linkrot became a widespread and well-understood issue, many Wikipedia articles were created with bare URLs. Even today editors frequently cite sources by inserting bare URLs. While this is much better than leaving articles unsourced, it does expose the references to link rot.

We can all help to fix this problem. You can help byvolunteering to expand bare URLs into proper citations, in articles which interest you, articles which are linked to them, or articles selected asrandom articles. If you notice an editor habitually adding bare URLs, then please consider leaving a polite note on theirtalk page thanking them for adding URLs, but referring them toWikipedia:Inline citations for clear examples of good practices. Template{{uw-bareurl}} is available for this purpose.

• A list of Wikipedia articles with bare URLs
• Wikipedia:Citing sources, for information about how to construct a full bibliographic citation.
• Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations
• One random article with bareurls
• Userbox:
  

{{User:UBX/reFill}}

This user usesreFill to expandbare references.

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