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| Whispery | |
|---|---|
| ◌̣ | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity(decimal) | ̣ |
| Unicode(hex) | U+0323 |
Whispering is anunvoiced mode ofphonation in which thevocal cords areabducted so that they do not vibrate; air passes between thearytenoid cartilages to create audible turbulence during speech.[1] Supralaryngealarticulation remains the same as in normal speech.
In normal speech, the vocal cords alternate between states of voice and voicelessness. In whispering, only the voicing segments change, so that the vocal cords alternate between whisper and voicelessness (though the acoustic difference between the two states is minimal).[2] Because of this, implementingspeech recognition for whispered speech is more difficult, as the characteristic spectral range needed to detectsyllables andwords is not given through the total absence oftone.[3] More advanced techniques such asneural networks may be used, however, as is done byAmazon Alexa.[4]
There is no symbol in theIPA for whispered phonation, since it is not usedphonemically in any language. However, a sub-dot under phonemically voiced segments is sometimes seen in the literature, as[ʃʊ̣ḍ] for whisperedshould.
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Whispering is generally used quietly, to limit the hearing of speech to those closest to the speaker; for example, to conveysecret information without being overheard or to avoid disturbing others in a quiet place such as a library or place of worship. Loud whispering, known as astage whisper, is generally used only for dramatic or emphatic purposes. Whispering can strain the vocal cords more than regular speech in some people, for whom speaking softly is recommended instead.[5]
In 2010, it was discovered that whispering is one of the many triggers ofASMR,[6] a tingling sensation caused by listening to soft, relaxing sounds. This phenomenon made news headlines after videos onYouTube of people speaking up close to the camera in a soft whisper, giving the viewer tingles.[7] People often listen to these videos to help them sleep and to relax.[8]
The prevalence and function of low-amplitude signaling by non-humans are poorly characterized.[9] As such, it is difficult to ascertain the existence of whispering in non-humans. This is made more difficult by the specific physiology of human whispering. By sufficiently relaxing the definition of whispering, it can be argued any number of non-human species demonstrate whisper-like behaviors. Often these behaviors function to increasefitness.[9]
If whispering is more broadly defined as the "production of short-range, low-amplitude acoustic signals," whispering is observed in myriad animals including non-human mammals, fish, and insects.[9]
If whispering is restricted to include only acoustic signals which are significantly different than those produced at high amplitude, whispering is still observed acrossbiological taxa.[9] An unlikely example is thecroaking gourami. Croaking gouramis produce a high-amplitude "croak" duringagonistic disputes by beating specialized pectoral fins.[10] Female gouramis additionally use these fins to produce an acoustically distinct, low-amplitude "purr"during copulation.[11]
If whispering is restricted to include only creatures possessing vocal folds (i.e., mammals and some reptiles),[12] whispering has been observed in species includingcotton-top tamarins and a variety of bats.[9] In captive cotton-top tamarins, whisper-like behavior is speculated to enable troop communication while not alerting predators.[a][13] Numerous species of bats (e.g.,spotted bats,[14]northern long-eared bats,[15] andwestern barbastelles)[16] alter their echolocation calls[b] to avoid detection by prey.[c]
Such a relaxed definition of whispering (i.e., production of short-range, low-amplitude acoustic signals which are significantly different than those produced at high amplitude) cannot be applied to humans without including vocalizations distinct from human whispering (e.g.,creaky voice, andfalsetto). Further research is needed to ascertain the existence of whispering in non-humans as established in the larger article.
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