Whisky orwhiskey is a type ofliquor made fromfermentedgrainmash. Various grains (which may bemalted) are used for different varieties, includingbarley,corn,rye, andwheat. Whisky is typicallyaged in woodencasks, commonly of charredwhite oak. Uncharred white oak casks previously used for the aging ofport,rum orsherry may be employed during storage to impart a unique flavor and color.
Whisky is a strictly regulatedspirit worldwide with many classes and types. The typical unifying characteristics of the different classes and types are the fermentation of grains,distillation, and aging in wooden barrels.
The wordwhisky (orwhiskey) is ananglicisation of theClassical Gaelic worduisce (oruisge) meaning "water" (now written asuisce inModern Irish, anduisge inScottish Gaelic). This Gaelic word shares its ultimateorigins with Germanicwater and Slavicvoda of the same meaning. Distilled alcohol was known inLatin asaqua vitae ("water of life"). This wastranslated intoMiddle Irish asuisce betha[d],[4] which becameuisce beatha (Irish pronunciation:[ˈɪʃcəˈbʲahə]) inIrish anduisge beatha[ˈɯʃkʲəˈbɛhə] in Scottish Gaelic. Early forms of the word in English includeduskebeaghe (1581),usquebaugh (1610),usquebath (1621), andusquebae (1715).[5]
Much is made of the word's two spellings:whisky andwhiskey.[6][7][8] There are two schools of thought on the issue. One is that the spelling difference is simply a matter of regional language convention for the spelling of a word, indicating that the spelling varies depending on the intended audience or the background or personal preferences of the writer (like the difference betweencolor andcolour; orrecognize andrecognise),[7][8] and the other is that the spelling should depend on the style or origin of the spirit being described. There is general agreement that when quoting the proper name printed on a label, one should not alter its spelling.[7][8]
The spellingwhiskey is common inIreland and theUnited States, whilewhisky is used in all other whisky-producing countries.[9] In the US, the usage has not always been consistent. From the late eighteenth century to the mid-twentieth century, American writers used both spellings interchangeably until the introduction of newspaper style guides.[10] Since the 1960s, American writers have increasingly usedwhiskey as the accepted spelling for aged grain spirits made in the US andwhisky for aged grain spirits made outside the US.[11] However, some prominent American brands, such asGeorge Dickel,Maker's Mark, andOld Forester (all made by different companies), use thewhisky spelling on their labels, and theStandards of Identity for Distilled Spirits, the legal regulations for spirit in the US, also use thewhisky spelling throughout.[12]
Whisky made in Scotland is simply calledwhisky within Scotland. Elsewhere and in the regulations of theScotch Whisky Association (SWA) that govern its production, it is commonly calledScotch whisky or simplyScotch (especially in North America).
The earliest certain chemical distillations were by Greeks inAlexandria in the 1st century AD,[14] but these were not distillations of alcohol. The medieval Arabs adopted the distillation technique of the Alexandrian Greeks, and written records in Arabic begin in the 9th century, but again these were not distillations of alcohol.[14] Distilling technology passed from the medieval Arabs to the medieval Latins, with the earliest records in Latin in the early 12th century.[14][15]
The earliest records of the distillation of alcohol are in Italy in the 13th century, where alcohol was distilled from wine.[14] An early description of the technique was given byRamon Llull (1232–1315).[14] Its use spread through medievalmonasteries,[16] largely for medicinal purposes, such as the treatment ofcolic andsmallpox.[17]
The practice of distillation spread to Ireland and Scotland no later than the 15th century, as did the common European practice of distilling "aqua vitae", spirit alcohol, primarily for medicinal purposes.[18] The practice of medicinal distillation eventually passed from a monastic setting to the secular via professional medical practitioners of the time, TheGuild of Barber Surgeons.[18] The earliest mention of whiskey in Ireland comes from theAnnals of Clonmacnoise, which attributes the death of a chieftain in 1405 to "taking a surfeit of aqua vitae" at Christmas.[19][20] In Scotland, the first evidence of whisky production comes from an entry in theExchequer Rolls for 1495 where malt is sent "To FriarJohn Cor, by order of the king, to make aquavitae", enough to make about 500 bottles.[21]
James IV of Scotland (r. 1488–1513) reportedly had a great liking for Scotch whisky, and in 1506 the town ofDundee purchased a large amount of whisky from the Guild of Barber-Surgeons, which held the monopoly on production at the time.
The distillation process was still in its infancy; whisky itself was not allowed to age, and as a result tasted very raw and brutal compared to today's versions.Renaissance-era whisky was also very potent and not diluted. Over time whisky evolved into a much smoother drink.
In 1707, theActs of Union merged England and Scotland into theKingdom of Great Britain, and thereafter taxes on distilled spirits rose dramatically.[22] Following parliament's divisivemalt tax of 1725, most of Scotland's distillation was either shut down or forced underground. Scotch whisky was hidden under altars, in coffins, and in any available space to avoid the governmentalexcisemen or revenuers.[17] Scottish distillers, operating out of homemade stills, took to distilling whisky at night when the darkness hid the smoke from the stills.[23] At one point, it was estimated that over half of Scotland's whisky output was illegal.[22]
In America, whisky was used as currency during theAmerican Revolution;George Washington operateda large distillery atMount Vernon. Given the distances and primitive transportation network of colonial America, farmers often found it easier and more profitable to convert corn to whisky and transport it to market in that form. It also was a highly coveted trade good, and when an additional excise tax was levied against it in 1791, theWhiskey Rebellion erupted.[24]
A man pours some whisky into a flask in this 1869 oil painting by Scottish artistErskine Nicol.
The drinking of Scotch whisky was introduced to India in the nineteenth century. The first distillery in India was built by Edward Dyer atKasauli in the late 1820s. The operation was soon shifted to nearbySolan (close to the Britishsummer capitalShimla), as there was an abundant supply of fresh spring water there.[25]
In 1823, the UK passed the Excise Act, legalizing distillation (for a fee), and this put a practical end to the large-scale production of Scottish moonshine.[17]
In 1831,Aeneas Coffey patented theCoffey still, allowing for a cheaper and more efficient distillation of whisky. In 1850, Andrew Usher began producing ablended whisky that mixed traditionalpot still whisky with that from the new Coffey still. The new distillation method was scoffed at by some Irish distillers, who clung to their traditionalpot stills. Many Irish contended that the new product was, in fact, not whisky at all.[26]
By the 1880s, the Frenchbrandy industry was devastated by thephylloxera pest that ruined much of the grape crop; as a result, whisky became the primary liquor in many markets.[17]
During theProhibition era in the United States lasting from 1920 to 1933, all alcohol sales were banned in the country. The federal government made an exemption for whisky prescribed by a doctor and sold through licensed pharmacies, such as Walgreens.
The production of whisky from barley to bottle(top), swan necked copper stills in theGlenfiddich distillery(bottom)
Although specific methods may vary among distilleries, whisky production broadly comprises four primary stages: grain preparation,fermentation, distillation, and maturation (aging). This process is typically followed by the two additional stages of bottling and marketing.[27]
To initiate whisky production, grains are processed to convert theirstarches into fermentable sugars, which can then be subjected to fermentation and distillation. This process involvesmalting,milling andmashing the grains.[28]
Malt production begins with the soaking of grains in water tanks for a period of three days. The soaked grains are then transferred to large containers where germination occurs, initiating the metabolic process that converts starches into sugars. This process is subsequently halted by drying the grains with hot air, a procedure also known askilning, at the end of which the product ismalt. In the production of Scotch whisky, the air used for kilning is heated by burningpeat bricks in a furnace, imparting the characteristic smoky flavour to the malt.[29]
Following the malting process, the grains are transferred to a dressing machine, which separates the sprouts from the seeds. The grains are then conveyed to a mill for grinding.[30]
The extraction of sugars to be converted into alcohol is achieved through a process known as mashing. During mashing, thediastaseenzyme is activated, which facilitates the conversion of starches anddextrins into sugars. The ground malt is introduced into amashtun, a large vat containing hot water, and is agitated for approximately thirty minutes or more. The water is then drained from the mashtun, which is subsequently refilled with hot water. This procedure is typically repeated between one and three times. Once complete, the resulting liquid, known aswort, which contains the extracted sugars, is separated from the mash, cooled, and transferred to thewashbacks, or fermenting vats.[31]
During fermentation, a specific strain ofyeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae (commonly known as "brewer's yeast"), is introduced to the sugary wort, which provides the necessary nutrients for itsasexual reproduction. The yeast metabolizes the sugars, producingalcohol,carbon dioxide, andcongeners, which can influence the flavor profile of the whisky, either enhancing or suppressing desirable characteristics. The fermenting vats are maintained within a controlled temperature range, typically between 10 and 37.8 °C (50 and 100 °F) which is optimal for yeast activity. Distillers ensure consistency by using the same yeast strain to achieve uniformity in the final whiskey product. Fermentation continues for two days or longer until the alcohol content of the liquid reaches between 5% and 10%. Once fermentation is complete, and the yeast ceases to be active, the resulting liquid is referred to aswash ordistiller's beer.[32] Even though the wash is alcoholic it is still organic, which makes it susceptible to contamination by microorganisms that cause rot. Consequently, it is promptly transferred to the still for boiling to mitigate this risk.[33]
The decision to transfer either the entire wash or only the most liquid portion into the still is at the discretion of the distiller, and each choice affects the flavor profile of the final product in distinct ways. Following the transfer of the wash, the still is heated to a temperature sufficient to evaporate the alcohol while remaining low enough to prevent the evaporation of water. Alcohol vapour ascends through the still and is directed to the condenser, which consists of copper tubes or plates, where it condenses back into a liquid form known as thedistilled spirit. This distilled spirit is meticulously monitored during its extraction. The initial and final portions of the distillate are deemed undesirable and are therefore redirected back into the still. Only the middle portion, considered the most desirable, is collected in thespirits receiver. At this stage, the distilled spirit is clear and has an ethanol content ranging from 70% to 80% ABV. It is typically diluted before being transferred to casks for maturation, though some distilleries sell it as is at 'cask strength'.[34]
Astill for making whisky is usually made ofcopper, since it removessulfur-based compounds from the alcohol that would make it unpleasant to drink. Modern stills are made of stainless steel with copper innards (piping, for example, will be lined with copper along with copper plate inlays along still walls). The simplest standarddistillation apparatus is commonly known as apot still, consisting of a single heated chamber and a vessel to collect purified alcohol.
Column stills are frequently used in the production ofgrain whisky and are the most commonly used type of still in the production ofbourbon and other American whiskeys. Column stills behave like a series of single pot stills, formed in a long vertical tube. Whereas a single pot still charged with wine might yield a vapour enriched to 40–60% alcohol, a column still can achieve a vapour alcohol content of 95.6%; anazeotropic mixture of alcohol and water.
Whiskies do not mature in the bottle, only in thecask, so the "age" of a whisky is only the time between distillation and bottling. This reflects how much the cask has interacted with the whisky, changing its chemical makeup and taste. Whiskies that have been bottled for many years may have a rarity value, but are not "older" and not necessarily "better" than a more recent whisky that matured in wood for a similar time. After a decade or two, additional aging in a barrel does not necessarily improve a whisky,[35] and excessive aging will even affect it negatively.[36] The minimum aging period required for whisky varies by country. In the United States, the minimum aging requirement is typically 2 years, while in Scotland, Ireland, and Canada, it is generally 3 years.[36]
While aging in wooden casks, especiallyAmerican oak andFrench oak casks, whisky undergoes six processes that contribute to its colour and final flavour:extraction,evaporation,oxidation,concentration,filtration, andcolouration.[37] Extraction in particular results in whisky acquiring a number of compounds, includingaldehydes andacids such asvanillin,vanillic acid, andsyringaldehyde.[38] The casks used for agingbourbon whiskey are required to be new (andcharred); after being used for this purpose, these casks are typically exported for use in the aging of other whiskies elsewhere. Distillers will sometimes age their whiskey in barrels previously used to age other spirits, such asport,rum orsherry, to impart particular flavours. The size of the barrel also has an effect on the flavour development of the whisky, smaller barrels will contribute more to the whisky due to the higher wood surface to whisky ratio.[36]
During maturation, up to 45 litres or 12 US gallons of whisky may evaporate from the cask over a 4 year period. This portion is called theangel's share by distillers.[36]
Most whiskies are sold at or near an alcoholic strength of 40%abv, which is the statutory minimum in some countries[12] – although the strength can vary, and cask-strength whisky may have as much as twice that alcohol percentage. Enthusiasts often prefer cask strength whisky for its concentrated flavors and customizable dilution experience.
The UK exports more whisky than the rest of the world combined.[39][40] In 2022, whisky exports from Scotland were valued at £6.25 billion, making up a quarter of all UK food and drink export revenues.[41] In 2012, the US was the largest market for Scotch whisky (£655 million), followed by France (£535 million).[42] It is also one of the UK's overall top five manufacturing export earners and it supports around 42,000 jobs.[43] Principal whisky producing areas includeSpeyside and theIsle of Islay, where there are nine distilleries providing a major source of employment. In many places, the industry is closely linked totourism, with many distilleries also functioning as attractions worth £30 millionGVA each year.[44]
In 2011, 70% of Canadian whisky was exported, with about 60% going to the US, and the rest mostly to Europe and Asia.[45] 15 million cases of Canadian whisky were sold in the US in 2011.[45]
Single malt whisky is whisky from a single distillery made from a mash that uses only one particular malted grain. Unless the whisky is described assingle-cask, it contains whisky from many casks, and different years, so the blender can achieve a taste recognisable as typical of the distillery. In most cases, single malts bear the name of the distillery, with an age statement and perhaps some indication of some special treatments, such as maturation in aport wine cask.
Blended malt whisky is a mixture of single malt whiskies from different distilleries. If whisky is labelled "pure malt" or just "malt" it is almost certainly a blended malt whisky. This was formerly called a "vatted malt" whisky.
Blended whisky is made from a mixture of different types of whisky. A blend may contain whisky from many distilleries so that the blender can produce a flavour consistent with the brand. The brand name may, therefore, omit the name of a distillery. Most Scotch, Irish and Canadian whisky is sold as part of a blend, even when the spirits are the product of one distillery, as is common in Canada.[46] American blended whisky may containneutral spirits.
Cask strength (also known asbarrel proof) whiskies are rare, and usually, only the very best whiskies are bottled in this way. They are bottled from the cask undiluted or only lightly diluted.
Single cask (also known assingle barrel) whiskies are bottled from an individual cask, and often the bottles are labelled with specific barrel and bottle numbers. The taste of these whiskies may vary substantially from cask to cask within a brand.
American whiskey is distilled from a fermented mash ofcereal grain. It must have the taste, aroma, and other characteristics commonly attributed to whiskey.
Some types of whiskey listed in the United States federal regulations[12] are:
Bourbon whiskey: made frommash that consists of at least 51% corn (maize) and aged in new charred American white oak barrels.
Corn whiskey: made from mash that consists of at least 80% corn and is not aged, or, if aged, is aged in uncharred or used barrels.
These types of American whiskey must be distilled to no more than 80%alcohol by volume, and barrelled at no more than 125proof. Only water may be added to the final product; the addition of colouring or flavouring is prohibited. These whiskeys must be aged in new charred-oak containers, except for corn whiskey, which does not have to be aged. If it is aged, it must be in uncharred oak barrels or in used barrels. Corn whiskey is usually unaged and sold as a legal version ofmoonshine.
There is no minimum aging period required for a spirit to legally be called whiskey. If one of these whiskey types reaches two years aging or beyond, it is additionally designated asstraight, e.g.,straight rye whiskey. A whiskey that fulfils all above requirements but derives from less than 51% of any one specific grain can be called simply astraight whiskey without naming a grain.
US regulations recognize other whiskey categories,[12] including:
Blended whiskey: a mixture that contains a blend of straight whiskeys andneutral grain spirits (NGS), and may also contain flavourings and colourings. The percentage of NGS must be disclosed on the label and may be as much at 80% on a proof gallon basis.
Spirit whiskey: a mixture of neutral spirits and at least 5% of certain stricter categories of whiskey
Another important labelling in the marketplace isTennessee whiskey, which includes brands such asJack Daniel's,George Dickel,Collier and McKeel,[47] andBenjamin Prichard's.[48] The main difference defining a Tennessee whiskey is that it must befiltered throughsugar maplecharcoal before aging, known as theLincoln County Process. (Benjamin Prichard's, which is not so filtered, was grandfathered in when the requirement was introduced in 2017.)[49] The rest of the distillation process of Tennessee Whiskey is identical tobourbon whiskey.[50][51] Whiskey sold as "Tennessee whiskey" is defined as bourbon underNAFTA[52] and at least one other international trade agreement,[53] and is similarly required to meet the legal definition of bourbon under Canadian law.[54]
Australian whiskies have won global whisky awards and medals, including theWorld Whiskies Awards and Jim Murray's Whisky Bible "Liquid Gold Awards".[55]
By Canadian law, Canadian whiskies must be produced and aged in Canada, be distilled from a fermented mash of cereal grain, be aged in wood barrels with a capacity limit of 700 litres (154 imp gal) for not less than three years, and "possess the aroma, taste and character generally attributed to Canadian whisky".[56] The terms "Canadian Whisky", "Rye Whisky", and "Canadian Rye Whisky" are legally indistinguishable in Canada and do not require any specific grain in their production and are often blends of two or more grains. Canadian whiskies may containcaramel and flavouring in addition to the distilled mash spirits, and there is no maximum limit on the alcohol level of the distillation.[56] The minimum bottling proof is 40% ABV.[56] To be exported under one of the "Canadian Whisky" designations, a whisky cannot contain more than 9.09% imported spirits.[57]
Canadian whiskies are available throughout the world and are a culturally significant export. Well known brands includeCrown Royal,Canadian Club,Seagram's, andWiser's among others. The historic popularity of Canadian whisky in the United States is partly a result ofrum runners illegally importing it into the country during the period ofAmerican Prohibition.
Denmark began producing whisky early in 1974. The first Danish single malt to go on sale was Lille Gadegård from Bornholm, in 2005.[58] Lille Gadegård is a winery as well, and uses its own wine casks to mature whisky.
The second Danish distilled single malt whisky for sale was Edition No.1 from the Braunstein microbrewery and distillery. It was distilled in 2007, using water from the Greenlandic ice sheet, and entered the market in March 2010.[59]
Nyborg Destilleri, from the island Funen (Fyn) in the center of Denmark, producesorganic whisky and other organic spirits. The distillery was established in 2009, and in 2020 they launched their first 10 year old whisky.
In 2005, there were two working distilleries in Finland and a third one under construction. Whisky retail sales in Finland are controlled solely by the statealcohol monopolyAlko and advertising of strong alcoholic beverages is banned.[64]
The distilleries producing French whisky includeGlann ar Mor and Warenghem in Brittany, Guillon in the Champagne region, and Grallet-Dupic in Lorraine.Buckwheat whisky is produced by Distillerie des Menhirs inPlomelin,Brittany.[65] In 2022, there were around 100 whisky producers in France.
The first French whisky was produced at Warenghem distillery in 1987, who then introduced the first single malt French whisky in 1998.[citation needed]
According to a study in 2016, the French are the largest consumers of single malt whisky in the world, especially Scotch.[66]
German whisky production is a relatively recent phenomenon having only started in the early 1990s. The styles produced resemble those made in Ireland, Scotland and the United States: single malts, blends, wheat, and bourbon-like styles. There is no standard spelling of German whiskies with distilleries using both "whisky" and "whiskey". In 2008 there were 23 distilleries in Germany producing whisky.[67]
Distilled alcoholic beverages that are labelled as "whisky" inIndia were commonly blends based onneutral spirits that are distilled from fermentedmolasses/grain with only a small portion consisting of traditional malt whisky, usually about 10 to 12 percent. Outside India, such a drink would more likely be labelled arum.[68][69] According to theScotch Whisky Association's 2013 annual report, "there is no compulsory definition of whisky in India, and the Indian voluntary standard does not require whisky to be distilled from cereals or to be matured."[70] Molasses-based blends made up 90 percent of the spirits consumed as "whisky" in India,[71] although whisky wholly distilled from malt and other grains is also produced.[72] By 2004 shortages of wheat had been overcome and India was one of the largest producers.Amrut, the first single malt whisky produced in India, was launched in Glasgow, Scotland in 2004.[73] After expanding in Europe it was launched in India in 2010.
By 2022 India produced many whiskies both for the local market—the most lucrative market for whisky in the world—and export. Indian single malts comprised 15% of the local market in 2017, increasing to 33% in 2022. In the three years to 2022 sales of Indian malts increased by an annual average of 42%, compared with 7% for imported rivals.[74]
Irish whiskeys are normally distilled three times,Cooley Distillery being the exception as they also double distil.[75] Though traditionally distilled using pot stills, thecolumn still is now used to produce grain whiskey for blends. By law, Irish whiskey must be produced in Ireland and aged in wooden casks for a period of no less than three years, although in practice it is usually three or four times that period.[76]Unpeated malt is almost always used, the main exception beingConnemara Peated Malt whiskey. There are several types of whiskey common to Ireland:single malt, single grain,blended whiskey andsingle pot still whiskey.
Irish whiskey was once the most popular spirit in the world, though a long period of decline from the late 19th century to the late 20th century greatly damaged the industry,[77] so much so that, although Ireland boasted over 30 distilleries in the 1890s, a century later this number had fallen to just three. However, it has seen a great resurgence in popularity since the late twentieth century, and has been the fastest growing spirit in the world every year since 1990.[77] With exports growing by over 15% per annum in recent years, existing distilleries have been expanded and a number of new distilleries constructed. As of mid 2019, Ireland now has 25 operating distilleries, with 24 more either planned or under development.[78] However, many of these have not been operating long enough to have products sufficiently aged for sale, and only one was operating prior to 1975.
Japan produces both single malt and blended whiskies. The base is a mash of malted barley, dried in kilns fired with a little peat (although less than what is used for some peated Scotch whiskies), and is distilled using the pot still method.[79][80] Production began in the 1920s. Before 2000, Japanese whisky was primarily for the domestic market and exports were limited. In recent years, though, Japanese whisky has grown in popularity on the global market. Japanese whiskies such asSuntory andNikka won many prestigious international awards between 2007 and 2014. Japanese whisky has earned a reputation for quality.[81][82]
Mexican whisky is relatively young as it has not been as popular in the country as other distilled drinks but recently many distillers in the country have started to make a push to create homegrown whisky and make it as popular as whisky from other countries.
Whisky made in Scotland is known as Scotch whisky, or simply as "Scotch" (especially in North America).
The regions of Scotch whisky
Scotch whiskies are generally distilled twice, although some are distilled a third time and others even up to twenty times.[83] Scotch Whisky Regulations require anything bearing the label "Scotch" to be distilled and bottled in Scotland and matured for a minimum of three years in oak casks, among other, more specific criteria.[84] Any age statement on the bottle, in the form of a number, must reflect the age of the youngest Scotch whisky used to produce that product. A whisky with an age statement is known as guaranteed age whisky.[85] Scotch whisky without an age statement may, by law, be as young as three years old.[86]
There is also a sixth region recognized by some sources, though not by the Scotch Whisky Association:[89] the Islands, excluding Islay.[90] This unofficial region, (part of the Highlands according to the Association), includes the following whisky-producing islands makingIsland single malt:Arran,Jura,Mull,Orkney, andSkye.
Whisky started being produced in Sweden in 1955 by the now defunctSkeppets whisky brand. Their last bottle was sold in 1971.[91] In 1999Mackmyra Whisky was founded and is today the largest producer and has won several awards including European Whisky of the Year in Jim Murray's 2011 Whisky Bible[92] and the International Wine & Spirits Competition (IWSC) 2012 Award for Best European Spirits Producer of 2012.[93]
Kavalan was the first private whisky distillery inTaiwan. In January 2010, one of the distillery's products caused a stir by beating three Scotch whiskies and one English whisky in a blind tasting organised inLeith, Scotland, to celebrateBurns Night.[4][5] The distillery was named byWhisky Magazine as the World Icons of Whisky "Whisky Visitor Attraction of the Year" for 2011, and its products have won several other awards.[3] In 2012, Kavalan's Solist Fino Sherry Cask malt whisky was named "new whisky of the year" byJim Murray in his guide,Jim Murray's Whisky Bible.[6] In 2015, Kavalan's Solist Vinho Barrique Single Cask was named the world's best single malt whisky by World Whiskies Awards.[7][8] In 2016, Kavalan Solist Amontillado Sherry Single Cask was named the world's best single malt whisky by World Whisky Awards.[94]
Although distillation of whisky in Wales began in Middle Ages there were no commercially operated distilleries during the 20th century. The rise of the temperance movement saw the decline of the commercial production of liquor during the 19th century and in 1894 Welsh whisky production ceased. The revival of Welsh whisky began in the 1990s. Initially a "Prince of Wales" malt whisky was sold as Welsh whisky but was simply blended scotch bottled in Wales. A lawsuit by Scotch distillers ended this enterprise.[95] In 2000, Penderyn Distillery started production ofPenderyn single malt whisky. The first bottles went on sale on 1 March 2004,Saint David's Day, and it is now sold worldwide. Penderyn Distillery is located in theBrecon Beacons National Park and is considered to be the smallest distillery in the world.[96]
ManX Spirit from theIsle of Man is distilled elsewhere and re-distilled in the country of its nominal "origin". The ManX distillery takes a previously matured Scotch malt whisky and re-distills it.[97]
Whisky DYC is a Spanish whisky made by Destilerías y Crianza del Whisky S.A since 1958.[98]
Frysk Hynder is Frisian single malt, distilled and bottled in theUs Heit Distillery. It is the first single malt produced inFriesland, Netherlands.[67]
Puni is an Italian distillery inGlurns that makes single malt whisky, including Alba, which is matured inMarsala casks.[99]
The flavouring of whisky is partially determined by the presence ofcongeners andfusel oils. Fusel oils are higher alcohols thanethanol, are mildlytoxic, and have a strong, disagreeable smell and taste. An excess of fusel oils in whisky is considered a defect. A variety of methods are employed in the distillation process to remove unwanted fusel oils. Traditionally, American distillers focused on secondary filtration usingcharcoal,gravel,sand, orlinen to remove undesired distillates.
Acetals are rapidly formed in distillates and a great many are found in distilled beverages, the most prominent beingacetaldehyde diethyl acetal (1,1-diethoxyethane). Among whiskies the highest levels are associated with malt whisky.[103] This acetal is a principal flavour compound insherry, and contributes fruitiness to the aroma.[104]
The diketonediacetyl (2,3-butanedione) has a buttery aroma and is present in almost all distilled beverages. Whiskies and cognacs typically contain more of this thanvodkas, but significantly less than rums orbrandies.[105]
Polysulfides and thiophenes enter whiskey through the distillation process and contribute to its roasted flavour.[102]
In an experiment, whiskey aged 3 years inorbit on theInternational Space Station tasted andmeasured significantly different from similar test subjects ingravity on Earth. Particularly, wood extractives were more present in the space samples.[110]
Depending on the local regulations, additional flavourings and colouring compounds may be added to the whisky.Canadian whisky may contain caramel and flavouring in addition to the distilled mash spirits. Scotch whisky may contain added(E150A) caramel colouring, but no other additives. The addition of flavourings is not allowed inAmerican "straight" whiskey, but is allowed in American blends.
Whisky is often "chill filtered": chilled to precipitate out fatty acid esters and then filtered to remove them. Most whiskies are bottled this way, unless specified asunchillfiltered ornon-chill filtered. This is done primarily for cosmetic reasons. Unchillfiltered whiskies often turn cloudy when stored at cool temperatures or when cool water is added to them, and this is perfectly normal.[111]
^"Standard 2.7.5 – Spirits – 2.7.5—3(3)(b)(ii)".Federal Register of Legislation – Food Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code. Australian Government. 5 December 2019. Retrieved20 July 2022.
^Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition: "In modern trade usage, Scotch whisky and Irish whiskey are thus distinguished in spelling; 'whisky' is the usual spelling in Britain and 'whiskey' that in the U.S."
^O'Clery, Michael; O'Clery, Cucogry; O'Mulconry, Ferfeasa; O'Duigenan, Cucogry; O'Clery, Conary; O'Donovan, John (1856).Annals of the kingdom of Ireland. PIMS – University of Toronto. Dublin, Hodges, Smith, and co.
.jpg)
