Whale watching is the practice of observingwhales anddolphins (cetaceans) in their natural habitat. Whale watching is mostly a recreational activity (cf.birdwatching), but it can also serve scientific and/or educational purposes.[1] A study prepared forInternational Fund for Animal Welfare in 2009 estimated that 13 million people went whale watching globally in 2008. Whale watching generates $2.1 billion per annum in tourism revenue worldwide, employing around 13,000 workers.[2] The size and rapid growth of the industry has led to complex and continuing debates with thewhaling industry about the best use of whales as anatural resource.
Organized whale watching started in theUnited States, whenCabrillo National Monument inSan Diego was declared a public venue for observing the migration ofgray whales; the spectacle attracted 10,000 visitors in its first year, 1950.[1] In 1955 the first water-based whale watching commenced in the same area, charging customers $1 per trip to view the whales at closer quarters.[1] The industry spread throughout the western coast of the United States over the following decade.[1]
In 1971 the Montreal Zoological Society commenced the first commercial whale watching activity on the eastern side of North America, offering trips in theSt. Lawrence River to viewfin andbeluga whales.[1] By the mid-1970s, live captures for aquaria had reduced the orca populations in the coastal waters of British Columbia and Washington, particularly thesouthern resident orca population. According to their scientific chroniclers, in the 1980s commercial whale watching started becoming an alternative means of viewing and appreciating orcas.[3] In 1984,Erich Hoyt, who had spent much time amongst theorcas of British Columbia, published the first comprehensive book on whale watching,The Whale Watcher's Handbook, whichMark Carwardine called his number one "natural classic" book inBBC Wildlife magazine.[4]
By 1985 more visitors watched whales fromNew England than California. The rapid growth in this area has been attributed to the relatively dense population ofhumpback whales, whoseacrobatic behavior such as breaching (jumping out of the water) and tail-slapping thrilled observers, and the close proximity of whale populations to the large cities there.[5]
Whale watching tourism has grown substantially since the mid-1980s. The first worldwide survey of whale watching was conducted by Hoyt for theWhale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS) in 1992. It was updated in 1995 and submitted by the UK government to theInternational Whaling Commission (IWC) meetings as a demonstration of the value of living whales.[5] In 1999, theInternational Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) asked Hoyt for another expansion, which was published in 2001.[5] In 2009 the survey was completed by a team of economists and this report estimated that in 2008, 13 million people went whale watching, up from 9 million ten years earlier. Commercial whale watching operations were found in 119 countries. Direct revenue of whale watching trips was estimated at US$872.7 million and indirect revenue of $2,113.1 million was spent by whale watchers in tourism-related businesses.[2]
Whale watching is of particular importance to developing countries. Coastal communities have started to profit directly from the whales' presence, significantly adding to popular support for the protection of these animals from commercial whaling and other threats such as bycatch and ship strikes using the tool ofmarine protected areas and sanctuaries. In 2007, theHumane Society International sponsored a series of workshops to introduce whale watching to coastalPeru and commissioned Hoyt to write a blueprint for high quality, sustainable whale watching.[6] This manual, later translated into Spanish, French, Indonesian, Japanese, Chinese and Dutch, with co-sponsorship from WDCS, IFAW and Global Ocean was updated in English in 2012 in ebook form.[6]
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The rapid growth of the number of whale watching trips and the size of vessel used to watch whales may affect whale behavior, migratory patterns and breeding cycles. There is now strong evidence that whale watching can significantly affect the biology and ecology of whales and dolphins.
Environmental campaigners, concerned by what they consider the "quick-buck" mentality of some boat owners, continue to strongly urge all whale watcher operators to contribute to local regulations governing whale watching (no international standard set of regulations exist because of the huge variety of species and populations). Common rules include:
(Source:WDCS)
InUruguay, where whales can be watched from the beach, legislators have designated the country's territorial waters as a sanctuary for whales and dolphins.[8] It is illegal to be less than 300 metres from a whale.
Milstein’s research emphasises communication by whale watching tour operators as an important mediating force shaping human-nature relations. As such, Milstein suggests that integration of an ecological perspective can help to situate both whales and humans within their wider ecologies. Such lessons can be applied more broadly, thus reducing the transactional nature of wildlife tourism oriented around a singular species.[9][10]
Whale watching tours are available in various locations and climates. By area, they are:
InSouth Africa, the town ofHermanus is one of the world centers for whale watching. Between May and Decembersouthern right whales come so close to the Cape shoreline that visitors can watch whales from their hotels. The town employs a "whale crier" (cftown crier) to walk through the town announcing where whales have been seen.
You can watch the whales in Hermanus from the cliff tops, from a boat or the air. Boat-based whale watching tours are available out of the Hermanus New harbour which allows the public to view southern right whales from June till Mid December.Port Elizabeth runs a boat-based whale watching tour out of the Port Elizabeth harbour which allows the public to view southern right whales from July to November, humpback whales from June to August and November to January, and Bryde's whales all year round, up-close. Visitors can also see humpback whales from the lighthouse at Cape Recife (the Westerly point ofAlgoa Bay), and southern right whales from viewing points along the coast. Boat-based whale watching (and dolphin watching) is also a popular tourist attraction in a number of other coastal towns in South Africa, such as Plettenberg Bay, where the industry is linked toconservation and education efforts through Plettenberg Bay-based volunteermarine conservation organisations.Plettenberg Bay is visited by southern right whales in the winter months andhumpback whales in the summer months. Bryde's whales are resident throughout the year.[5] The other famous centre for whale watching is False Bay. Tours leave Gordon's Bay and follow the coast around the bay. Species include southern right whales, humpback whales and Bryde's whales. Orcas are present during the winter months. Visitors include pilot whales and pygmy sperm whales. Many species of dolphin are encountered includingHeaviside's dolphins. The same tours include great white sharks at Seal Island and the African Penguin Colony at Simon's Town.
InBrazil, humpbacks are observed offSalvador inBahia State and at the National Marine Park ofAbrolhos during their breeding season in austral winter and spring. Likewise, southern right whales are observed from shore inSanta Catarina State andEspírito Santo during the same season. Mother/calf pairs can come as close to shore as 30 meters (about 100 feet). Income from whale watching bolsters coastal communities and has made the township ofImbituba, the Brazilian "whale capital".
InArgentina,Península Valdés inPatagonia hosts (in winter) the largest breeding population of southern right whales, with more than 2,000 catalogued by the Whale Conservation Institute andOcean Alliance.[11] The region contains six natural reserves, and is considered to be one of the premier whale watching destinations in the world, particularly around the town ofPuerto Pirámides and the city ofPuerto Madryn, as the whales come within 200 m (660 ft) of the main beach and play a major part in the largeecotourism industry in the region.[5]
InUruguay, southern right whales are observable from the beach in two coastal departments –Maldonado andRocha – from June to November.[12] The points where most sightings in Maldonado are made arePunta Colorada,Punta Negra, Playa Mansa and Punta Salinas inPunta del Este, and in Rocha offLa Paloma andLa Pedrera beaches.[13]
Tidal straits, inlets, lagoons, and varying water temperatures provide diverse habitats for multiple cetacean species. Substantial numbers live off the coasts of theUnited Kingdom,Ireland,Iceland,Scandinavia,Portugal,Spain, andFrance. Commercial car ferries crossing theBay of Biscay fromBritain and Ireland to Spain and France often pass by enormousblue whales and much smallerharbor porpoises. Land-based tours can often view these animals.
Off the south coast of Ireland,humpback whales andfin whales are regularly seen onorganized whale watching trips between July and February. Species seen all year includeminke whales,orcas,harbour porpoises, andcommon,bottlenose, andRisso's dolphins. There is also a resident group of bottlenose dolphins in theShannon Estuary which attracts tourists all year round.Chanonry Point is one of the best spots in the UK to viewbottlenose dolphins.[14] The dolphins are visible from the shore, particularly on an incoming tide when they play and fish in the strong currents. Other wildlife, includingporpoises andgrey seals, can also regularly be spotted.
InNorthern Norway (Nordland andTroms counties) orcas are visible in theVestfjorden,Tysfjorden,Ofotfjorden andAndfjorden as theherring gathers in thefjords to stay over the winter and off theLofoten islands during the summer. AtAndenes onAndøya inVesterålen and aroundKrøttøya in Troms,sperm whales can be observed year round, summer whale watching trips occur from May till September, winter trips with killer whales and humpback whales are offered from October till April.Tromsø also offers whale watching for sperm and other whales. The continental shelf Eggakanten and deep water where the sperm whales congregate, is very close to shore, beginning only 7,000 meters (23,000 ft) from the Andenes harbour.
InPortugal whale watching is available in theAlgarve.Lagos andPortimão are the most important whale-watching places. The species observed in this area are the fin, killer, andpilot whale, and the bottlenose, common, andstriped dolphin.
In the middle of the Northeast Atlantic, around theMadeira, theAzores and theCape Verde archipelagos, whale watching is on the increase and popular due to more protection and education. One of the most common whales in these regions is the sperm whale, especially groups of calving females.
In Spain whale watching is available along theStrait of Gibraltar, theCanary Islands, and in theBay of Biscay.Tarifa is the most important whale watching town in the Strait of Gibraltar; this gateway to theMediterranean Sea is also a central point in between the colder waters to the North and the tropical waters off of Africa: a good route for migrating cetaceans. The species observed in this area are the bottlenose, common, and striped dolphin, and the pilot, sperm, fin, and killer whale. In the Canary Islands it is possible to see these and others, such as the blue,beaked,false killer, andBryde's whale, and theAtlantic spotted,rough-toothed, and Risso's dolphin.
In Iceland it is possible to see whales inEyjafjörður,Breiðafjörður,Skjálfandi andFaxaflói. The towns offering whale watching areDalvík,Hauganes,Húsavík,Akureyri,Hólmavík,Grundarfjörður andReykjavík. Most common are theminke, humpback, blue, killer, and sperm whale, as well as thewhite-beaked dolphin, and theharbour porpoise.
InNew England and off the east coast ofLong Island in the United States, the whale watching season typically takes place from about mid-spring through October, depending both on weather and precise location. It is here that thehumpback whale,fin whale,minke whale, and the very endangered/heavily protectedNorth Atlantic right whale are often observed. For generations, areas like theGulf of Maine andStellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (part of the inner waters formed byCape Cod's hooked shape) have been important feeding grounds for these species: to this day a very large portion of the waters off the Eastern Seaboard are rich insand lance and other nutritious treats for mothers to teach their calves to feed on.[5]
In the past this area was the US whaling industry's capital, particularlyNantucket, an island just off the coast ofMassachusetts. Though whaling has been banned for many years, and strict laws prohibit molestation of these large wild mammals, it is not unknown for the whales to approach whale watching boats uninvited, particularly curious calves and juveniles: it is not unknown in particular, for example, for juvenile humpbacks to approach the boat andspyhop to get a better look at the humans aboard. In recent years it is also not uncommon to see these animals playing and feeding in harbors, includingNew York City orBoston where fish species of interest to the whales have lately returned in astonishing numbers. As of 2011, an expert fromCornell University has recorded the vocalizations of six whale species including the humpback, the fin whale, and the massiveblue whale within close proximity of theVerrazzano–Narrows Bridge in the lower portion ofNew York Harbor and there is at least one company offering marine life tours out of TheRockaway Peninsula in Queens.[15][16] Due to these increasingly frequent visits, new laws address the safety of boaters, commercial fishermen, and the whales themselves: off the coast of Boston, for example, cargo vessels must slow down to protect the much slowerNorth Atlantic right whale and there is talk of erecting an apparatus for the much more heavily trafficked waters surrounding New York City that can warn boats of a whale's presence and location so as to avoid accidentally striking the animal.[16] Because of the relative diversity of whales and dolphins within easy access of shore, cetacean research takes place atWoods Hole Oceanographic Institute, and theRiverhead Foundation among other centers.
EasternCanada has many whale watching tours in theestuary andgulf ofSt. Laurence River, inNewfoundland and Labrador,Quebec,Nova Scotia orNew Brunswick. Twenty-two species of whales and dolphins frequent the waters of Newfoundland and Labrador, although the most common are the humpback, minke, fin, Beluga and killer whales. Another popular whale-watching area is at Tadoussac,Quebec, where Belugas favor the extreme depth and admixture of cold fresh water from theSaguenay River into the inland end of theGulf of St. Lawrence. Humpbacks, minkes, fin and blue whales are also frequently seen off Tadoussac. TheBay of Fundy is an equally important feeding ground for large baleen whales and dozens of other creatures of the sea; it shares a population of migrating humpbacks with America and is a known summer nursery for mother right whales with calves.[5]
On the east coast of the United States, Virginia Beach, Virginia whale watching is a winter activity from the end of December until the middle of March. Fin, humpback, and right whales are seen off the Virginia Beach coast on whale watching boat trips run by theVirginia Aquarium and Marine Science Center.[17] Sightings are mostly of juveniles who stay near the mouth of theChesapeake Bay where food is plentiful, while the adults continue to the Caribbean to mate. "Mom" and "Dad" pick up their offspring on the way back north where the whole family summers.
Ecotourism based on kayak trips is gaining in popularity in warm-water vacation destinations such asSarasota Keys. Guided kayak trips take kayakers on a tour of the local ecosystem. Kayakers can watch dolphins breach and manatees eat sea grass, in shallow bay water.[18]
The waters surrounding Virginia are also a known migration corridor for the endangeredNorth Atlantic right whale: Pregnant females must pass through this area around December to reach their birthing grounds down the coast in Georgia and Florida. For these reasons the waters between theDelmarva Peninsula and the barrier islands that stretch southwards towards northern Florida must be monitored every winter and spring as mothers give birth to their calves, nurse them, and then ready themselves and their younglings to return north for the cooler waters near New England and Canada.
About 25 species are observed in theCaribbean Sea's waters, such as humpback whales, sperm whales, beaked whales and many other small cetaceans. Principal whale watching activities are done inSamaná Bay in theDominican Republic, a known breeding ground for humpbacks. Caribwhale and the Caribbean Whale Watch Association include operators engaged in sustainable whale watching activity, as well as experts, conservationists and research groups, such as the International Fund for Animal Welfare, Dalhousie University and Association Evasion Tropicale.
On the South and East Coasts ofSri Lanka andThe Maldives, the industry is growing. During winter and summer,pygmy blue andsperm whales cross the southern tip of the island, migrating to the warmer waters of Southeast Asia.Many pygmy blue whales can be seen at Dondra point in Sri Lanka, accessed through theMirissa orWeligama harbour. Whale-watching tours can be arranged in Sri Lanka.Blue whales and some types of dolphins can be seen in the sea ofMirissa in Sri Lanka. Many sightings have been reported from November to April.
In the Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals, located in the waters of Italy, France and Monaco, there are eight species of marine mammals residents, most of them all year.[19] Frequent summer excursions depart from the ports ofGenoa andImperia, in Liguria, Northern Italy.
InColombia, the towns ofBahía Solano andNuquí are visited by a large number of Humpback whales from late July to the beginning of October.[20] In southern Costa Rica, Marino Ballena National Park has two seasons when whales visit.[citation needed]
InPanama, thePearl Islands archipelago receive an estimated 300 humpbacks whale from late June to late November. These had become now the main attraction for whale watching tours starting inPanama City. In theGulf of Chiriqui, the World Heritage Site ofCoiba Island National Park and the islands near the town of Boca Chica are offering opportunities for whale watching. Isla Iguana nearPedasi is now a popular destination for whale watchers. Several foundations train local community members to perform as guide and captains for whale watching tours.
InEcuador, from June to September, there are many sites from which large groups of humpback whales can be seen, including Isla de la Plata (AKA Little Galapagos) andSalinas, at the tip of theSanta Elena Peninsula.[5]
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On the West Coast of Canada and the United States, excellent whale watching can be found in Alaska (summer), British Columbia, and the San Juan Islands/Puget Sound inWashington, where whales are sighted from shore nearly every day, year-round.[21] Three types of orca pods can be observed in the Northeast Pacific: resident, transient, and offshore killer whales.[21][22]
On theOregon Coast, several whale species, especiallygray whales, may be seen year-round, and the state trains volunteers to assist tourists in the winter months, during whale migration season.[23] InCalifornia, good whale-watching can be found year-round on the Southern California coast. During the winter and spring (December–May),gray whales can be seen from shore on their annual migration (the best spot beingPoint Vicente), whileblue whales are often seen between July and October.Fin whales,minke whales,orcas, and various species ofdolphins can be seen year-round.[24] In spring, summer, and fall at theFarallon Islands offSan Francisco, one may seehumpbacks,grays, andblue whales.
InMexico, the variouslagoons ofBaja California Sur become breeding habitat for gray whales in February and March.[25][26] Humpback whales can be seen off the southern tip of Baja California,[27] and offPuerto Vallarta inJalisco on the west coast of Mexico,[28] andBarra de Potosí on the south coast of Mexico in the state ofGuerrero.[29] A number of towns in Mexico celebrate the whale's arrival with festivals such asGuerrero Negro, in the first half of February and the port ofSan Blas on 24 and 25 February.[30]
In late March 2021, a 70-foot (21 m) blue whale was spotted near the Orange County, California coastline. These mammals are typically seen in summer months, but this blue whale was spotted out of season, heading north, close to the Balboa Pier and Newport Beach shoreline.[31]
Each winter 4,000 to 10,000 North Pacific humpback whales migrate fromAlaska toHawaii. In the vast waters that line Alaska's coast, an encounter with a whale is likely. In the summer, after thousands of whales have made their way to the rich feeding grounds of Alaska waters, sightings are extremely common.[citation needed] Whale watching is possible within as well as outside theHawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary. The best places to see whales in Hawaiʻi is in the protected channels between the Hawaiʻian islands. The best months to see the whales here are January and February when you can expect to see between 2 and 4 whales per 15 minute period,[32] although fluctuations between 0 and 20 sightings are normal.[33]
Many countries in Asia have large whale watching industries. In 2008 the largest, in terms of number of tourists, were mainlandChina,Taiwan andJapan.India,Cambodia,Indonesia, the Philippines and theMaldives also have dolphin watching and some whale watching. China's dolphin watching is almost entirely focussed on Sanniang Bay inGuangxi. Taiwan has several whale watching ports on its east coast. Japan has a range of whale and dolphin watching businesses on all main islands andOkinawa,Zamami,Ogasawara,Mikura-jima andMiyake-jima.[2]
In thePhilippines, over thirty species of whales and dolphins can be observed aroundPamilacan in CentralVisayas,Davao Gulf, the northern coast of the province-islandBabuyan Islands inBatanes,Pasaleng Bay, andMalampaya Sound,Palawan. The Visayas is particularly known area for dolphin sightings, and is home to one of the larger populations of theFraser's dolphin in the world. Dolphin species in the Visayas are attracted to fish lures and to commercial fishing operations. In the northernmost province of Batanes, at least 12 species of whales and dolphins has been sighted, making it the single location in the country with the highest cetacean diversity. There seems to be no specific whale watching season in the Philippines, although the calmer waters of the summer season typically provides the best conditions. Some populations, like those of theIrrawaddy dolphin,Bryde's whale, andhumpback whales in Batanes, appear migratory. Other populations have yet to be studied. Some former coastal whaling communities in the Philippines have also started to generate whale watching income.[34]
In theGulf of Corcovado and the waters ofGuaitecas Archipelago a variety of whales and dolphins can be been spotted, including:Peale's dolphins,black dolphins,bottlenose dolphins,humpback whales,minke whales andkiller whales.[35][36] The Gulf of Corcovado is "arguably the largest feeding and nursing ground forblue whales [...] in the entire Southern Hemisphere".[35] All of this makes Guaitecas Archipelago a privileged place for whale watching.[35] In the localities of Piñihuil,Quellón andMelinka local fishermen offer whale watching tours.[35]
Kaikōura inNew Zealand is a world-famous whale-watching site. The sea around Kaikōura supports an abundance of sea life, with the town's income stemming largely from the tourism generated from whale watching and swimming with or around dolphins. Recently thesperm whale watching at Kaikōura has developed rapidly and now it is an industry leader, arguably the most developed in the world.[citation needed] The town went into recession after the collapse ofwhaling in New Zealand. Its recent development has been used to advocate the benefits of watching whales instead of hunting them.
TheSunshine Coast andHervey Bay (where the whales stay and rest before migrating) inQueensland,Australia offer reliable whale watching conditions forsouthern humpback whales from the end of June through to the end of November each year. Whale numbers and activity have increased markedly in recent years.[when?]Sydney,Eden,Port Stephens,Narooma andByron Bay inNew South Wales are other popular hot spots for tours from May to November.
Southern right whales are seen June–August along the south coast of Australia. They are often readily viewed from the coast aroundEncounter Bay nearVictor Harbor and up to a hundred at a time may be seen from the cliff tops at the head of theGreat Australian Bight nearYalata. See alsoWhaling in Australia.
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InWestern Australia, whales are watched nearCape Naturaliste in the south-eastIndian Ocean and atCape Leeuwin where the Indian andSouthern Oceans meet.
In theSouthern Ocean there are many spots to see whales, both from land or aboard ship. Albany on the south coast of Western Australia the town where the last land based whaling station in the southern hemisphere was located is now home to a thriving whale watching industry. InVictoria a popular site is Logan's Beach atWarrnambool, as well as in the waters offPort Fairy andPortland.[37] InTasmania whales can be seen all along the east coast and even on theRiver Derwent.[38] InSouth Australia whales are watched in theGreat Australian Bight Marine Park areas and closer to Adelaide atVictor Harbor.[39]
In eastern Australia, whale watching occurs in many spots along the Pacific coast. From headlands, whales may often be seen making their migration south. At times, whales even make it intoSydney Harbour.
New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife took an active role in 2010 during the peak southern whale watching[40] season between May and November with the launch of its whale watching site.[41]
The three biggestwhaling nations (Canada,Greenland andNorway) have growing whale watching industries. The next four whaling nations (Japan,United States,Russia andIceland) also have whale watching industries. Indeed, Iceland had the fastest-growing whale watching industry in the world between 1994 and 1998.[1]
Whale watching and hunting take place in different regions of Canada: the former mainly on Atlantic and Pacific coasts, the latter exclusively in the Arctic. Whale watching happens in the Saint Lawrence River, western Hudson's Bay near Churchill, and British Columbia. Hunting takes place in eastern Hudson's Bay (Nunavik, Quebec), Nunavut and the Beaufort Sea. Researchers have suggested the hunting areas would benefit more from whale watching than hunting since hunting takes more resources than it earns.[42] In 2018, Canada implemented new restrictions intended to cut human interactions with whales. Following these rules, all boats must stay farther away from the mammals than before. Some activities, including snorkeling with humpbacks, are banned.[43]
Greenland has small whale watching operations in Disko Bay[44] and Nuuk.[45] Both areas have beluga hunts.[46] There has been controversy over who is allowed to participate in hunts and consume the meat.[47]
Enjoyment of observing live cetaceans is rather separated from the domestic whaling industry in Norway; however, whale watching has become a popular national tourist attraction in recent years, especially inAndfjorden (Vesterålen andTroms) and aroundTromsø.
Erich Hoyt and other conservationists argue that a whale is worth more alive and watched than dead.[5] The goal is to persuade their governments to curtail whaling activities. This debate continues at theInternational Whaling Commission, particularly since whaling countries complain that the scarcity ofwhale meat and other products has increased their value. However, the whale meat market has collapsed, and in Japan the government subsidizes the market through distribution in schools and other promotion. In 1997, 2,000 tonnes of whale meat were sold for $30m – a 10-tonneminke whale would thus have been worth $150,000. There is no agreement as to how to value a single animal although its true value is probably much higher. However, it is clear from most coastal communities that are involved in whale watching that profits can be made and are more horizontally distributed throughout the community than if the animals were killed by the whaling industry.[1][5]
Russian whale watching involves orcas off the Kamchatka peninsula on the edge of the Sea of Okhotsk.[56][57]Beluga are hunted in the Sea of Okhotsk as well as farther north. Erich Hoyt of the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society has identified other places in Russia to develop whale watching.[58]
Upon the resumption of whaling in Iceland in August 2003, pro-whaling groups, such as fishermen who argue that increased stocks of whales deplete fish populations, suggested that sustainable whaling and whale watching could live side by side. Whale watching lobbyists, such asHúsavík Whale Museum curator Asbjorn Bjorgvinsson, counter that the most inquisitive whales, which approach boats very closely and provide much of the entertainment on whale-watching trips, will be the first to be taken. Pro-whaling organisations such as theHigh North Alliance on the other hand, claim that some whale-watching companies in Iceland are surviving only because they receive funding from anti-whaling organizations. In 2020, Iceland ceased whaling activities due to theCOVID-19 pandemic restrictions and decreasing sales to Japan limited the feasibility of a harvest.[59][60] That same year, whaling for minke whales by the only company targeting domestic markets was permanently ended.[61] A similar decision to halt all whaling activities was made for the summer whaling season of 2021 in light of ongoing pandemic restrictions and steady increases in whale watching tourism.[62]
In comparison, the government of theAzores has promoted an economic policy centred on tourism that includes whale watching. With the decline of whaling in the early 1970s in the islands, many of the communities of the archipelago involved in whaling (including villages and towns, specifically on the islands ofFaial,Terceira,São Miguel andPico) were transformed into hubs for whale watching services (that followed the migratory tracts during the summer), while older buildings and factories were re-purposed into museums.[citation needed]
