| Western Dani | |
|---|---|
| Lani | |
| Region | Highland Papua,Indonesia |
| Ethnicity | Lani |
Native speakers | (180,000 cited 1993)[1] |
Trans–New Guinea
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | dnw |
| Glottolog | west2594 |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
Western Dani, orLani, is aNuclear-Trans-New Guinea language. It is thePapuan language with the most speakers inIndonesianNew Guinea. It is spoken by theLani people in theprovince of Highland Papua.
TheBaliem Valley tribes are calledOeringoep andTimorini in literature from the 1920s, but those names are no longer used.
The consonantphoneme inventory of Western Dani has been described as follows:[2]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | kʷ | ʔ |
| prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | ᵑɡʷ | ||
| Fricative | β | ɣ | ɣʷ | |||
| Flap | ɾ | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Approximant | w | ɹ | ||||
At the beginning of words, oral stops have aspiratedallophones [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, kʷʰ]; intervocalically, voiceless /p t k / have voiced allophones [β d ~ ɾ ɣ ~ ʁ], for instance following the prefixno-/na- meaning "my".
| Word-initial | Intervocalic | Word-final | |
|---|---|---|---|
| /p/ | [pʰɐɾum ] ‘corn’ | [ nɔβɐɾum ] ‘my corn’ | [ ɐːp ] ‘men’ |
| /t/ | [tʰowe ] ‘bird’ | [ nɐɾowe] ‘my bird’ | [ ɐɾet ] ‘certainly’ |
| /k/ | [kʰɒm ] ‘taro’ | [ nɐɣɒm ] ‘my taro’ | [ lek ] ‘no’ |
An intervocalic /ɣ/ is pronounced as[ʁ], and a /ɹ/ before a high vowel becomes a fricative[z].
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | iiː | uuː | |
| Mid | eeː | ɒɒː | |
| Low | ɐɐː |
Vowels /i, u, ɒ/ have allophones [ɪ,ʊ,ɔ].
Vowel length is contrastive in Western Dani, as illustrated by the minimal and near minimal pairs below:
| Quality | Short | Long |
|---|---|---|
| /e/ vs. /eː/ | / teʁe / ‘stick’ | / teːʁe / ‘drive away’ |
| /ɐ/ vs. /ɐː/ | /ɐɣe / ‘tail’ | /ɐːɣe / ‘steam’ |
| /ɒ/ vs. /ɒː/ | / kɒɾɒk / ‘fill’ | / kɒːɾɒk / ‘near’ |
| /u/ vs. /uː/ | / jum / ‘net bag’ | /uːm / ‘shoulder’ |
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