Western Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani:Qərbi Azərbaycan) is anirredentist propaganda and revisionism concept that is used in theRepublic of Azerbaijan mostly to refer to the territory ofArmenia. Azerbaijani officials have falsely claimed that the territory of the modern Armenian republic were lands that once belonged to Azerbaijanis.[1][2] Its claims are primarily hinged over the contention that the current Armenian territory was under the rule of variousTurkic tribes, empires andkhanates from theLate Middle Ages until theTreaty of Turkmenchay (1828) signed after theRusso-Persian War of 1826–1828. The concept has received official endorsement by the government of Azerbaijan, and has been used by its current president,Ilham Aliyev, who, since around 2010, has made regular reference to "Irevan" (Yerevan), "Göyçə" (Lake Sevan) and "Zangazur" (Syunik) as once and future "Azerbaijani lands".[3] The irredentist concept of "Western Azerbaijan" is associated with other irredentist claims promoted by Azerbaijani officials and academics, including the "Goyche-Zangezur Republic" and the "Republic of Irevan."[4]
After Aliyev was nominated in 2018 by theNew Azerbaijan Party as presidential candidate, he called for "the return of Azerbaijanis to these lands" and establishing this as "our political and strategic goal, and we must gradually approach it."[5][6][7] In December 2022, Azerbaijan initiated its "Great Return" campaign which ostensibly promotes the settlement of ethnic Azerbaijanis who once lived in Armenia and Nagorno-Karbakh.[8][9] At his inauguration speech in December 2022, President Aliyev said "Present-day Armenia is our land. When I repeatedly said this before, they tried to object and allege that I have territorial claims. I am saying this as a historical fact. If someone can substantiate a different theory, let them come forward."[10][11]
Since the end of the2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, Azerbaijan has increasingly promoted expansionist claims to Armenian territory and in particularSyunik.[12][13] These manufactured territorial claims are part of Azerbaijan's strategy to weaken Armenia's requests for a special status for Armenians living in Nagorno-Karabakh[14] and achievepan-Turkic territorial ambitions.[13][15][16]
The term "Western Azerbaijan" was originally acolloquialism used by some Azerbaijani refugees to refer to theArmenian SSR of theSoviet Union.[3] In the late 1990s, after thedissolution of the Soviet Union and the establishment of the independent republics ofArmenia andAzerbaijan, the term began to assume a more geopolitical meaning "as a revivalist project recovering the history of this population after displacement".[3] As a return to Armenia was never considered to be politically feasible, those Azerbaijani refugees integrated into mainstream Azerbaijani society, with the community fading away over time.[3] However, as the historian and political scientist Laurence Broers explains, the historical geography of an "Azerbaijani palimpsest" underneath the soil of modern Armenia remained alive.[3] Although Azerbaijan attempts to equate the rights of "Western Azerbaijan" with those of Karabakh in its negotiations with Armenia, there are significant differences, including the fact that Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh have lived there until very recently.[14][17] Armenian prime minister Pashinyan has responded by saying it would be more accurate to compare "Western Azerbaijanis" toArmenians who once lived in Azerbaijan's exclave of Nakhchivan.[14]
Broers describes "Western Azerbaijanism" as a geopolitical vision that absorbs a modern Armenian territoriality in its entirety" in which "Armenians are portrayed as usurping interlopers with neither an indigenous state nor aculture of their own."[18] According to Broers, the false idea that "[...] Armenians arrived in the Caucasus only in the 19th century, specifically onto ‘Azerbaijani lands’, has been gathering pace in school curricula, maps, and official speeches for at least a decade, and has become mainstream over the last two years."[19] According to Harvard University professor, Christina Maranci, Azerbaijan uses "the propaganda of a “Western Azerbaijan” in place of the Republics of Armenia andArtsakh."[20]
Within Azerbaijani historiography, theErivan Khanate has undergone the same type of transformation like the historic entity ofCaucasian Albania before it.[3] Azerbaijani historiography regards the Erivan Khanate as an "Azerbaijani state" which was populated by autochthonous Azerbaijani Turks, and its soil is sacralised, as Broers adds, "as the burial ground of semi-mythological figures from theTurkic pantheon".[3] Within the same Azerbaijani historiography, the terms "Azerbaijani Turk" and "Muslim" are used interchangeably, even though contemporary demographic surveys differentiate "Muslims" intoPersians,Shia andSunniKurds and Turkic tribes.[3]
According to Broers, catalogues of "lost Azerbaijani heritage" portray an array of "Turkic palimpsest beneath almost every monument and religious site in Armenia – whether Christian or Muslim".[3] Additionally, from around 2007, standard maps of Azerbaijan started to show Turkic toponyms printed in red underneath the Armenian ones on the major part of Armenia which it shows.[3] In terms of rhetoric, as Broers narrates, the Azerbaijani palimpsest beneath Armenia "reaches into the future as a prospective territorial claim".[3] The Armenian capital ofYerevan is particularly focused by this narrative; theYerevan Fortress andSardar Palace, which had been demolished by the Soviets during their building of the city, have become "widely disseminated symbols of lost Azerbaijani heritage recalling the fetishised contours of a severed body part".[21] Similarly,Lake Sevan is also often targeted, wherein its referred to by its Azerbaijani nameGöyçə.[21]
From the mid-2000s, the concept of a "Western Azerbaijan" was merged into renewed interest of thekhanates of the Caucasus, in, what Broers explains as "wide-ranging fetishisation" of the Erivan Khanate as a "historically Azerbaijani entity".[3]Azerbaijani nationalism has been redefined to include viewing Armenian territory as Azerbaijani "ancestral lands."[22] In 2003, Azerbaijani Defense MinisterSafar Abiyev said "The Armenian state was created on the occupied Azeri lands with the area of 29,000 square kilometers.”[23] The Azerbaijani Defense Ministry spokesman Colonel Ramiz Melikov made more extreme comments in 2004: “In the next 25–30 years there will be no Armenian state in the South Caucasus. This nation has been a nuisance for its neighbors and has no right to live in this region. Present-day Armenia was built on historical Azerbaijani lands. I believe that in 25–30 years these territories will once again come under Azerbaijan's jurisdiction.”[23]
In 2005, an organization called "Return to Western Azerbaijan" led by Rizvan Talybov, was created and declared that it would lobby for the creation of an autonomous republic on Armenian territory and later the creation of a government in exile.[24] The Azerbaijani government has produced publications and videos that depict modern-day Armenia as "Western Azerbaijan":[25][26][27] for instance, a 2007 catalogue produced by the Azerbaijani Ministry of Culture and Tourism opens with a map of “The Ancient Turkish–Oghuz land—Western Azerbaijan (Present-Day Republic of Armenia).”[25][26] In 2018, the Azerbaijani government started to promote the idea that the capital of Armenia has Azerbaijani origins. Aliyev said "The younger generation, and the entire world, should know about [the history of Erivan]. I am glad that scientific work is being done, films are being produced, exhibitions are organized about the history of our ancestral lands. In the years ahead we must be more active in this direction, and presentations and exhibitions should be organized in various corners of the world."[27]
Since the end of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, Azerbaijan has increasingly promoted irredentist claims to Armenian territory which it describes as "Western Azerbaijan".[28][29][30][15] These manufactured territorial claims are part of Azerbaijan's strategy to weaken Armenia's requests for a special status for Armenians living in Artsakh/Nagorno-Karabakh.[14] Benyamin Poghosyan, an analyst and head of the Center for Political and Economic Strategic Studies in Yerevan wrote “Azerbaijan uses this concept as a stick to force Armenia to drop its demands for international presence in Nagorno-Karabakh.”[14][31]
AfterAzerbaijan attacked Armenia in September 2022,[32] pro-government media and certain Azerbaijani and Turkish officials briefly promoted the irredentist concept of the "Goycha-Zangazur Republic [ru]" which claims all of southern Armenia and whose aim is "to reunite the Turkish world."[15][16] Azerbaijani member of parliament Hikmat Babaoghlu condemned the idea, arguing that it weakens Azerbaijan's public case to create the Zangezur corridor.[15] According to Broers, Azerbaijan's irredentism has shifted the focus of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict from self-determination and majority-minority relations to inter-state relations.[22]
In 2020, Gafar Chahmagli, an ethnically Azerbaijani professor of the University of Kayseri, said "the main goal of the Republic of Western Azerbaijan (Irevan) [...] is return [to Azerbaijan] all historic lands, including Yerevan, Zangebasar, Goichu, Zangezur, Gyumri, Drlayza [Daralageaz?], and all remaining historical lands within the border of Armenia."[33][34][35]
In July 2021, Azerbaijan reorganized the organization of its internal economic regions which included a new region, bordering Syunik (Armenia), named “Eastern Zangezur,” which implied that there is a “Western Zangezur” — that is Syunik. This was confirmed by President Aliyev in a speech a few days later: “Yes, Western Zangezur is our ancestral land […] we must return there and we will return. No one can stop us."[22][36] In December 2022, the Azerbaijan government inaugurated its "Great Return" program, which ostensibly promotes the settlement of ethnic Azerbaijanis who once lived in Armenia and Nagorno-Karbakh.[8][9] As part of this program, a natural gas pipeline will be built between Agdam and Stapanakert which will begin operation in 2025 which is also when the Russian peacekeeping forces' mandate in Nagorno-Karbakh ends.[37]
On March 10, 2023, Azerbaijani President Aliyev said that “Armenia lost its chance to become an independent state,” alleging that Armenia had committed acts of aggression against Azerbaijan.[38]
On March 16, 2023, Azerbaijani President Aliyev made a speech in which he repeatedly described Armenian territory as "Western Azerbaijan" during the summit of the Heads of State of theOrganization of Turkic States. Aliyev also said that "The decision of the Soviet government in November 1920 to separate West Zangezur, our historical land, from Azerbaijan and hand it over to Armenia led to the geographical separation of the Turkic world."[39] The Armenian Foreign Ministry responded by describing the speech as "a clear manifestation of territorial claims against the Republic of Armenia and the preparation of another aggression."[40][41]
.gif)
The present-day territory ofArmenia, along with the western part ofAzerbaijan, includingNakhchivan were historically part of theArmenian highlands andEastern Armenia.[43][44]The toponym "Zangezur" that Azerbaijan uses is derived from the name of a district created by the Russian Empire in 1868 as part of the Yelizavetpol governorate.[22] The term covers an area including what is today the southern part of Armenia. Syunik, the Armenian name, is an older term dating back to antiquity.[22]
The area formed part of the ancientKingdom of Armenia after the fall of theAchaemenid Empire, with control over the region later being contested by theRoman Empire and in turn theParthian andSassanid Empires in Persia. In theMiddle Ages, the area was controlled variously byOghuz TurkicSeljuks,Qara Qoyunlu andAq Qoyunlu before eventually falling into the hands of theSafavid Empire.
Under the Iranian Safavids, the area that constitutes the bulk of the present-day Republic of Armenia, was organized as theErivan Province. The Erivan Province also hadNakhchivan as one of its administrative jurisdictions. A number of the Safavid era governors of the Erivan Province were of Turkic origin. Together with theKarabagh province, the Erivan Province comprisedIranian Armenia.[45][46]
Iranian rulerNader Shah (r. 1736–1747) later established theErivan Khanate (i.e. province); from then on, together with the smallerNakchivan Khanate, these two administrative entities constituted Iranian Armenia.[47] In the Erivan Khanate, the Armenian citizens had partial autonomy under the immediate jurisdiction of the melik of Erevan.[48] In the Qajar era, members of the royalQajar dynasty were appointed as governors of the Erivan khanate, until the Russian occupation in 1828.[49] The heads of the provincial government of the Erivan Khanate were thus directly related to the central ruling dynasty.[50]
In 1828, per theTreaty of Turkmenchay, Iran was forced to cede the Erivan and Nakhchivan Khanates to theRussians. These two territories, which had constituted Iranian Armenia prior to 1828, were added together by the Russians and then renamed into the "Armenian Oblast".
According to journalistThomas de Waal, a few residents of Vardanants Street recall a small mosque being demolished in 1990.[51] Geographical names of Turkic origin were changed en masse into Armenian ones,[52] a measure seen by some as a method to erase from popular memory the fact that Muslims had once formed a substantial portion of the local population.[53] According to Husik Ghulyan's study, in the period 2006–2018, more than 7700 Turkic geographic names that existed in the country have been changed and replaced by Armenian names.[54] Those Turkic names were mostly located in areas that previously were heavily populated by Azerbaijanis, namely inGegharkunik,Kotayk andVayots Dzor regions and some parts ofSyunik andArarat regions.[54]
Until the mid-fourteenth century, Armenians had constituted a majority inEastern Armenia.[44] At the close of the fourteenth century, afterTimur's campaigns, Islam had become the dominant faith, and Armenians became a minority in Eastern Armenia.[44] After centuries of constant warfare on the Armenian Plateau, many Armenians chose to emigrate and settle elsewhere. FollowingShah Abbas I's massive deportation (seeGreat Surgun) of predominantly Armenians in 1604–05,[55] their numbers dwindled even further.
In 1829 some 80% of the population of Erivan Khanate, part ofIranian Armenia, were Muslims (Persians,Turkics, andKurds) whereas ChristianArmenians constituted a minority of about 20%.[56] As a result of theTreaty of Gulistan (1813) and theTreaty of Turkmenchay (1828), Iran was forced to cede Iranian Armenia (which also constituted the present-dayRepublic of Armenia), to the Russians.[47][57]
After the Russian administration took hold of Iranian Armenia, the ethnic make-up shifted, and thus for the first time in more than four centuries, ethnic Armenians started to form a majority once again in one part of historic Armenia.[58] The new Russian administration encouraged the settling of ethnic Armenians from Iran proper andOttoman Turkey. As a result, by 1832, the number of ethnic Armenians had matched that of the Muslims.[56] Only after theCrimean War and theRusso-Turkish War of 1877–1878, which brought another influx of Turkish Armenians, were ethnic Armenians once again the solid majority inEastern Armenia.[59] Nevertheless, the city of Yerevan remained having a Muslim majority up to the twentieth century.[59] According to the travellerH. F. B. Lynch, the city of Erivan was about 50% Armenian and 50% Muslim (Tatars[a] i.e. Azeris and Persians) in the early 1890s.[48]
According to the Russian census of 1897, about 300,000 Tatars populated the Russian Empire'sErivan Governorate[62] (roughly corresponding to most of present-day centralArmenia,Iğdır Province ofTurkey, present-day AzerbaijaniNakhchivan, but excludingSyunik and most of northern Armenia). They formed the majority in four of the governorate's seven districts (includingIgdyr andNakhchivan, which are not part of Armenia today andSharur-Daralayaz which is mostly in Azerbaijan) and were nearly as many as the Armenians in Yerevan (42.6% against 43.2%).[63] At the time, Eastern Armenian cultural life was centered more around the holy city ofEchmiadzin, seat of theArmenian Apostolic Church.[64]
Several organizations and political analysts have condemned Azerbaijan's territorial claims, stating that they post a threat to security in the region or to the Armenian people.
European Parliament – issued two resolutions in 2021 and 2022, condemningAzerbaijan's ongoing invasion of Armenia in which they described the aggressive and irredentist territorial statements by Azerbaijani authorities referring to Armenian territory as ancestral land as "worrying" and "undermin[g] the efforts towards security and stability in the region."[65] The European Parliament also encouraged Armenia to seek alternative security alliances considering CSTO's inaction during Azerbaijan's invasion.[66][67]Council of Europe – issued a report in which it described Azerbaijan as "a party keen to employ hate rhetoric and even denying Armenia’s territorial integrity."[68]"Erivan is our historical land, and we, Azerbaijanis, must return to these lands. This is our political and strategic goal, and we must gradually approach it".
Azerbaijanis should gradually approach their strategic goal of "returning" Yerevan to themselves, Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev said. 'Yerevan is our historical land, and we Azerbaijanis must return to these lands. This is our political and strategic goal, and we must gradually approach it,' Aliyev said at the VI Congress of the ruling Yeni Azerbaijan Party.
An Azerbaijani historiographic tradition suggesting Armenians arrived in the Caucasus only in the 19th century, specifically onto 'Azerbaijani lands', has been gathering pace in school curricula, maps, and official speeches for at least a decade, and has become mainstream over the last two years
Professor of Armenian Studies at Harvard University Christina Maranci explained Azerbaijan's wider goals: 'If one follows the rhetoric that has come out for years now from the government of Azerbaijan – including the postage stamps celebrating the 'extermination' of Armenians from the region, the propaganda of a 'western Azerbaijan' in place of the Republics of Armenia and Artsakh, and the erasure of Armenian cultural heritage in now-captured lands – it follows that the goal is complete elimination of Armenian presence in the region, as human rights organizations including Genocide Watch began to signal already last year.'
