West Point, New York | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Aerial view from southwest includes theHudson River,Highland Falls (on right),Cold Spring (on left) across the river inPutnam County | |
 Location inNew York andOrange County | |
| Coordinates:41°23′42″N73°57′18″W / 41.39500°N 73.95500°W /41.39500; -73.95500 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Orange |
| Town | Highlands |
| Area | |
• Total | 19.34 sq mi (50.08 km2) |
| • Land | 18.44 sq mi (47.75 km2) |
| • Water | 0.90 sq mi (2.33 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
• Total | 7,341 |
| • Density | 398.2/sq mi (153.75/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| ZIP Codes | 10996–10997 |
| Area code | 845 |
| FIPS code | 36-80747[2] |
West Point is acensus-designated place inOrange County, New York, United States. It is the oldest continuously occupied military post in the United States.
Located on theHudson River inNew York, GeneralGeorge Washington stationed his headquarters in West Point in the summer and fall of 1779 during theAmerican Revolutionary War, and later called it "the most important Post in America" in 1781 following the war's end. West Point was also the site of GeneralBenedict Arnold's failed attempt at treason during the Revolutionary War.
West Point was first occupied by theUnited States Armed Forces in January 1778 by Brigadier GeneralSamuel Holden Parsons. Since then, West Point has been occupied by theUnited States Army. It comprises 25.1 sq mi (65 km2) land and water, including the campus of theUnited States Military Academy, which is commonly referred to as "West Point".
West Point is acensus-designated place (CDP) located in the town ofHighlands inOrange County, located on the western bank of the Hudson River. The population was 7,341 at the2020 census. It is part of theKiryas Joel–Poughkeepsie–Newburgh metropolitan area as well as the largerNew York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA Combined Statistical Area.
The site for West Point was originally picked because of the pronounced S-curve in theHudson River at that point during theAmerican Revolutionary War, and was the subject of a committee reporting on fortifications in the Hudson River in November 1775, which first recommended occupying the land.[3] Construction of the fort was begun under Captain Louis de la Radiere[4] as chief engineer of the fort, however, New York GovernorGeorge Clinton thought that Radiere was "lacking" in the knowledge needed to hold his position.[3] Thus it was completed under Polish ColonelTadeusz Kościuszko between 1778–1780; it was a key defensive fortification, overlooking the turn in the Hudson River and theGreat Chain.[5] On January 27, 1778, Brigadier GeneralSamuel Holden Parsons and his brigade, including elements ofConnecticut Colony'spatriot militia, crossed an iced over Hudson River and climbed to the plain on West Point.[6]
GeneralGeorge Washington watched the construction of the fort closely and considered the fort to be GeneralAlexander McDougall's "first priority".[3]
In 1778, Major GeneralIsrael Putnam wrote, "The place agreed upon to obstruct the navigation of Hudson river was at West Point." A fort there, Fort Clinton, named after thegovernor's brother, ColonelJames Clinton[a] (whose brigade built the main fort), was built as well. The southern and western walls were nine feet high and twenty feet thick. Three redoubts and batteries on the south were named Forts Meigs, Wyllys, and Webb.[8]: 53, 55
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West Point was staffed by a small garrison of Continental Army Soldiers from early in 1776 through the end of the war. A greatiron chain was laid across the Hudson at this point in 1778 to prevent British Navy vessels from sailing further up the Hudson River, which was never tested by the British.[9] The site comprised multipleredoubts, as well asFort Putnam, situated on a high hill overlooking the river. Named after its builder, Revolutionary War General and engineerRufus Putnam, the fort is still preserved in its original design.[10][11]
Parliament sent instructions to GeneralSir Henry Clinton to force George Washington out of West Point. Clinton decided to capture the strategically important posts Stony Point and Verplanck's Point,[12] which were twelve miles south of West Point. Clinton captured the forts on June 1, 1779. To block the British advance, Washington moved his troops further up the Hudson.[3][13]
Early on in May 1779, GeneralBenedict Arnold had met with a Philadelphia merchant named Joseph Stansbury. Afterwards, Stansbury had gone to Sir Henry Clinton, to whom he offered Arnold's "services". Clinton had been pursuing a campaign to take control of the Hudson River, so he had been interested in the plans and information of the defenses of West Point and other defenses on the Hudson River. Arnold wrote a series of letters to Clinton, one of which was written on July 12, making explicit the offer to surrender West Point to theBritish, later for a finalized offer of£20,000. On August 3, 1780, Arnold obtained command of West Point, which also gave him command of the American-controlled portion of the Hudson. Arnold then intentionally started weakening the fort's defenses, and through a letter sent to Clinton, proposed a meeting with British MajorJohn André to discuss information on West Point. A meeting was set for September 11; however, Arnold and André did not meet until September 21. Carrying the plans for West Point, André was captured on September 23 by three militiamen, and the information about West Point was found.[14] After Arnold's betrayal, the fort, which was also known as Fort Arnold at the time, was renamed to Fort Clinton after General James Clinton.[15]
After the conclusion of the American Revolution, West Point was used as a storage facility for cannon and other military property used by theContinental Army[16] and until November 28, 1779, was used as the temporary headquarters to George Washington, who called it "the most important Post in America" in 1781. Viewing a standing army as "dangerous", Congress demobilized American forces but left fewer than a hundred men at West Point.[3] However, it was still the largest post in the army in the immediate years after the Revolutionary War.[17]
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Favoring West Point due to its location and defenses,Henry Knox andAlexander Hamilton made the first official recommendation to establish a military academy at West Point in 1790. However,Congress rejected the proposal, although earlier in 1790, New York merchant and American Revolution patriot Stephen Moore sold his estate (known as "Moore's Folly") to the United States, following an Act of Congress that solidified the sale[18] on September 10, 1790, for $11,085,[19] which meant Congress had gained full possession of the fort.[3] TheUnited States Military Academy was established at West Point in 1802.[20][21] It is the nation's oldest service academy,[22] and is metonymically called "West Point" as well.[23] West Point has the distinction of being the longest continuously occupied United States military installation.[7]
West Point is located at 41° 23′ 42" N 73° 57' 18" W (41.395° N 73.955° W). According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 25.1 sq mi (65 km2); 24.3 sq mi (63 km2) land and 0.7 sq mi (1.8 km2) water. It is located in the town ofHighlands and is inOrange County.[24][25] West Point and the contiguous village ofHighland Falls are on the western bank of theHudson River.[26]
West Point has ahumid continental climate (KöppenDfa),[27] with four distinct seasons.[28] Summers are hot and humid, while winters are cold with moderate snowfall.[29] The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 27.5 °F (−2.5 °C) in January to 74.1 °F (23.4 °C) in July.[30] The average annual precipitation was approximately 51.47 in (1,310 mm) from 1991–2020; snow averaged at 35.7 in (91 cm) from 1991–2020, although this total may vary considerably from year to year.[31] Extremes in temperature range from 106 °F (41 °C) on July 22, 1926, down to −7 °F (−22 °C) on January 22, 1984.[30]
| Climate data for West Point, New York (1991–2010 normals, extremes 1890–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 71 (22) | 77 (25) | 86 (30) | 96 (36) | 97 (36) | 102 (39) | 106 (41) | 105 (41) | 105 (41) | 92 (33) | 82 (28) | 72 (22) | 106 (41) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 35.8 (2.1) | 38.9 (3.8) | 47.4 (8.6) | 60.4 (15.8) | 71.5 (21.9) | 79.9 (26.6) | 85.2 (29.6) | 83.3 (28.5) | 76.0 (24.4) | 63.4 (17.4) | 51.4 (10.8) | 40.7 (4.8) | 61.2 (16.2) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 28.2 (−2.1) | 30.6 (−0.8) | 38.5 (3.6) | 50.4 (10.2) | 61.1 (16.2) | 69.8 (21.0) | 75.3 (24.1) | 73.6 (23.1) | 66.4 (19.1) | 54.5 (12.5) | 43.5 (6.4) | 33.9 (1.1) | 52.1 (11.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 20.7 (−6.3) | 22.4 (−5.3) | 29.5 (−1.4) | 40.5 (4.7) | 50.6 (10.3) | 59.8 (15.4) | 65.4 (18.6) | 63.9 (17.7) | 56.7 (13.7) | 45.6 (7.6) | 35.5 (1.9) | 27.1 (−2.7) | 43.1 (6.2) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −15 (−26) | −17 (−27) | −2 (−19) | 8 (−13) | 25 (−4) | 40 (4) | 40 (4) | 35 (2) | 28 (−2) | 20 (−7) | 5 (−15) | −16 (−27) | −17 (−27) |
| Averageprecipitation inches (mm) | 3.82 (97) | 2.95 (75) | 4.04 (103) | 4.00 (102) | 3.84 (98) | 4.61 (117) | 4.57 (116) | 4.96 (126) | 4.57 (116) | 5.29 (134) | 4.23 (107) | 4.59 (117) | 51.47 (1,307) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 11.1 (28) | 7.1 (18) | 9.6 (24) | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.5 (1.3) | 7.0 (18) | 35.7 (91) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.01 in) | 9.8 | 8.3 | 9.3 | 10.5 | 11.8 | 11.4 | 9.8 | 9.6 | 8.2 | 9.6 | 9.0 | 10.4 | 117.7 |
| Average snowy days(≥ 0.1 in) | 3.8 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 10.5 |
| Source: NOAA[32][30] | |||||||||||||
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | 6,763 | — | |
| 2020 | 7,341 | 8.5% | |
| U.S. Decennial Census[33] | |||
As of thecensus of 2020, there were 7,341 people, and 860 households residing in the CDP, with the average household size being 3.79 persons per household. The population density was 398.2 inhabitants per square mile (153.7/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 69.3%white, 5.4%African American, 0.2%Native American, 4.4%Asian, 0.2%Pacific Islander, and 10.3% from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino of any race were 12.0% of the population. The age distribution is 23.5% under the age of 18, and 0.4% who were 65 years of age or older.[34]
There were 860 households, out of which 79.5% were amarried couple family household, 16.4% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 3.3% had a male householder with no spouse present.[35] The average household size was 3.79. The median income for a household in the CDP was $121,219.[34]
About 2.3% of the population is below thepoverty line.[34]
In 1937, the West Point Bullion Depository was constructed and, in 1938, opened to store silverbullion.[36] In 1988, it became theWest Point Mint, as a branch of theUnited States Mint[37] and gained official status as abranch of the United States Mint on March 31 of that year.[38] The West Point Mint has a deep storage of 54,067,331.379 fine troy ounces of gold.[39] It sits on a 4-acre (1.6 ha) parcel of land.[40]
U.S. Route 9W, combined withNY Route 218 run north-south through West Point. New York Route 293 also runs northeast-southwest through the post. Running through the lower portion of the town isU.S. Route 6, combined with the upper extent of thePalisades Interstate Parkway.
TheNew York Central Railroad well into the 1950s operated several passenger trains a day on theWest Shore Railroad through the academy's Gothic style station; both the limited stop trains bound for Albany and the local trains to Newburgh and Kingston made stops at the station. Service finally ended in 1958.[47][48][49]
Highland Falls-Fort Montgomery Central School District is the local school district.[50]James I. O'Neill High School is its high school.[51]
TheDepartment of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) maintains elementary and middle schools for children of military personnel on-post at USMA,[52] but sends high school aged students who are dependents of on-base military personnel to O'Neill.[51] In March 2022 USMA's contract with O'Neill was renewed.[53]
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Municipalities and communities ofOrange County, New York,United States | ||
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