Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム

Jump to content

West Indies Associated States

Edit links

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1967–1983 group of British-associated Caribbean island states

This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "West Indies Associated States" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

West Indies Act 1967
Dates
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title	An Act to confer on certain West Indian territories a new status of association with the United Kingdom, and to enable that status to be terminated at any time; to make provision for other matters in connection with, or consequential upon, the creation or termination of that status or other constitutional changes which may occur in relation to any of those territories; to make further provision as to grants under the Overseas Aid Act 1966; and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid.
Citation	1967 c. 4
Royal assent	16 February 1967
Status: Partially repealed
Text of statute as originally enacted
Text of the West Indies Act 1967 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, fromlegislation.gov.uk.

West Indies Associated States was the collective name for a number of islands in theEastern Caribbean whose status changed from beingBritish colonies to states infree association with the United Kingdom in 1967.^[1] The move was partly to satisfy the U.N.Special Committee on Decolonization regarding theUnited Nations list of non-self-governing territories.^[2] The states involved wereAntigua,Dominica,Grenada,Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla,Saint Lucia, andSaint Vincent.

Associated statehood between these six territories and the UK was brought about by theWest Indies Act 1967 (c. 4). Under the act each state had full control over its constitution (and thus internal self-government), while the UK retained responsibility forexternal affairs anddefence.^[3] TheBritish monarch remainedhead of state, but the Governor now had only constitutional powers, and was often a local citizen. Many moved to change their flags from modified versions of theBlue Ensign to unique designs, with three – St. Vincent, St. Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla, and Grenada – adopting blue, green and yellow flags.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

During the period of free association, all of the states participated in theWest Indies Associated States Council of Ministers,^[8] theEast Caribbean Common Market andCaribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) (now superseded by theCaribbean Community). Cooperation between the eastern Caribbean states continued after the West Indies Associated States achieved separate independence, in the form of theOrganisation of Eastern Caribbean States (the successor organisation).

Summary of West Indies Associated States
Associated state	Commencement of association	Termination of association
Antigua	27 February 1967	1 November 1981
Dominica	1 March 1967	3 November 1978
Grenada	3 March 1967	7 February 1974
Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla	27 February 1967	19 September 1983*
Saint Lucia	1 March 1967	22 February 1979
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	27 October 1969	27 October 1979

*Anguilla left the Union of St Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla officially on 29 October 1980 and remained a British territory, leaving St Kitts and Nevis to achieve independence within the Commonwealth.

Over time, the associated states moved to full independence, the first beingGrenada in 1974. This was followed by Dominica in 1978,Saint Lucia andSaint Vincent both in 1979,Antigua and Barbuda in 1981 andSaint Kitts and Nevis in 1983.

The moves towards independence were not always smooth, with separatist movements/campaigns occurring inBarbuda,Nevis andAnguilla. In Anguilla, this resulted in the secession of Anguilla from Saint Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla in 1969 and its reversion to British rule as a separate colony. During the 1970s, Nevis' local council wished to follow Anguilla's example, rather than become independent with Saint Kitts; however, the UK was opposed to Nevis becoming a separate colony and eventually the federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis became independent in 1983. In Barbuda, there was a campaign for separate independence from Antigua, but this was unsuccessful. All former associated states went on to keep the British monarchy and becameCommonwealth realms, with the exception of Dominica from 1978. All former associated states also kept theJudicial Committee of the Privy Council as the highest court of appeal, with the exception of Dominica, which abolished it as the final court of appeal in 2015 with a constitutional amendment.

Of all of these islands that were once associated states, all are now independent, except for Anguilla within the former St. Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla, which is still aBritish Overseas Territory.

References

[edit]

^Singh, Aiden (15 July 2020)."Timeline: Caribbean Political & Economic Integration".socialscience.international. Social Science Encyclopedia. Retrieved26 January 2025.
^Decolonization, Unired Nations
^Yap, Shiwen (21 January 2025)."Negotiating Greenland's Future: Associated Statehood or Co-sovereignty?".moderndiplomacy.eu. Modern Diplomacy. Retrieved26 January 2025.
^"Grenada".www.worldstatesmen.org.
^"Saint Kitts and Nevis".www.worldstatesmen.org.
^"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines".www.worldstatesmen.org.
^"West Indies".www.crwflags.com.
^Staff writer (2024)."West Indies Associated States Council of Ministers (WISA)". UIA Global Civil Society Database.uia.org. Brussels, Belgium:Union of International Associations. Yearbook of International Organizations Online. Retrieved12 January 2025.

External links

[edit]

v t e Anguilla
History	Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla West Indies Associated States Republic of Anguilla 1967 Separation referendum	Flag of Anguilla
Districts	Blowing Point East End The Farrington George Hill Island Harbour North Hill North Side The Quarter Sandy Ground Sandy Hill South Hill Stoney Ground The Valley West End
Education	Albena Lake-Hodge Comprehensive School Saint James School of MedicineAnguilla campus
Transport	Clayton J. Lloyd International Airport
Landmarks	Wallblake House
Symbols	Coat of arms Flag National song
This list is incomplete.

Antigua and Barbuda articles

Census Crime Disability Discrimination Education Health Immigration Languages Creole English People Religion Demographics Squatting Youth
Culture	Art Box hand Carnival Cuisine Black pineapple Ducana Fungee Mauby Raisin buns Sugar cake Sunday bread Ethnicity Housecoat bands Music Benna National symbols Notable Antiguans and Barbudans Public holidays

Category

Dominica articles

History

Geography

Politics

Governance	Cabinet Chief Justice Crime Elections Foreign relations Military(defunct) Parliament President Prime Minister Politics Political parties

Economy

Society

Outline

Category

Governance	Constitution Elections Foreign relations Governor-General Human rights LGBT International rankings Law enforcement Military Monarchy Parliament Politics New Jewel Movement Political parties Prime Ministers Supreme Court Chief Justice Attorney General

Economy

Society

Demographics Education Languages Religion
Culture	Anthem Coat of arms Creole English French Cuisine Flag Music Public holidays

Category

Saint Kitts and Nevis articles

Category

Crime Demographics Education Nobel laureates People from St Lucia Religion
Culture	Anthem Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Music Olympics Sports

Category

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines articles

Main islands

History

Geography

Politics

Governance	Elections Foreign relations Governors-General House of Assembly(parliament) Human rights Law enforcement Military Monarchy Politics Political parties Prime Ministers

Economy

Culture

Category

FormerBritish Empire and currentBritish Overseas Territories

Legend: Former territory; Current territory; *CurrentCommonwealth realm; ^†Current member of theCommonwealth of Nations

Europe

Corsica 1794–1796
Gibraltar since 1713
Heligoland 1807–1890
Ionian Islands 1809–1864
^†pre 1800 acts of Union Ireland
- Lordship of Ireland 1177–1542
- Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1800 de facto client state; 1719-1800 de jure dependency)(Fully annexed into the UK)
Irish Free State 1921–1931
^†Malta
- Protectorate 1800–1813
- Colony 1813–1964
Minorca 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802

Africa

Basutoland (^†Lesotho) 1868–1966
Bechuanaland (^†Botswana) 1884–1966
Cameroons¹³ 1919–1961
Cape Colony 1795–1803
Cape of Good Hope 1806–1910
Central Africa 1891–1907
East Africa 1895–1920
Egypt 1882–1922
^†The Gambia 1816–1965
Gold Coast (^†Ghana) 1874–1957
^†Kenya 1920–1963
Lagos 1862–1906
Madeira 1807–1808
^†Mauritius 1810–1968
Natal 1856–1910
Niger Coast 1884–1900
^†Nigeria 1914–1960
Northern Nigeria 1900–1914
Northern Rhodesia¹⁵ 1924–1964
Nyasaland 1891–1964
Orange River 1900–1910
^†Seychelles 1903–1976
^†Sierra Leone 1792–1961
Somaliland 1884–1960
^†South Africa 1910–1931
South-West Africa¹² 1915–1931
Southern Rhodesia¹⁴ 1923–1965 and 1979–1980
Southern Nigeria 1900–1914
^†Swaziland 1893–1968
Sudan 1899–1956
Tanganyika¹³ 1922–1961
Transvaal 1900–1910
^†Uganda 1890–1962
Zanzibar 1890–1963
Zululand 1887–1897

¹²Now^†Namibia
¹³League of Nations mandate. British Cameroons is now part of^†Cameroon andNigeria, while Tanganyika is part of^†Tanzania.
¹⁴Self-governing Southern Rhodesiaunilaterally declared independence in 1965 (asRhodesia) and continued as anunrecognised state until the 1979Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
¹⁵Now^†Zambia

Asia

Aden Colony 1839–1967
Afghanistan 1839–1842
- Protectorate 1879–1919
Akrotiri and Dhekelia since 1960 (before as part ofCyprus)
Bencoolen 1685–1824
Banka andBilliton 1812–1824
Bengal 1757–1947
Bhutan (protectorate) 1907–1949
Borneo 1874–1963
British Indian Ocean Territory since 1965 (before as part ofMauritius andSeychelles)²⁶
Burma 1824–1948
^†Brunei 1888–1984
^†Ceylon 1795–1948
^†Cyprus 1878–1960
Hong Kong 1841–1997
^†India¹⁸ 1858–1947
Java 1811–1816
Kuwait 1918–1961
Labuan 1848–1946
Malaya 1819–1826
- Federated States 1895–1946
- Unfederated States 1885–1946
- Union 1946–1948
- Federation 1948–1957
Malacca 1824–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1957
^†Maldives 1796–1965
Manila and Cavite 1762–1764
Mesopotamia¹⁹ 1920–1932
Muscat and Oman 1891–1971
North Borneo 1882–1963
- Crown Colony 1946–1963
Padang 1781–1784 and 1795–1819
Palestine¹⁹ 1923–1948
Penang 1786–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1957
Pulo Condore 1702–1705
Sarawak 1841–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1963
^†Singapore 1946–1963
South Vietnam 1945–1946
Straits Settlements 1826–1946
Transjordan 1921–1946
Trucial States 1892–1971
Weihai 1898–1930

¹⁸Now^†India,^†Pakistan and^†Bangladesh
¹⁹League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by theAnglo-Iraqi Treaty
²⁶Legitimacy of territorial establishmentdisputed

North America

Anguilla since 1650
*Antigua 1632–1860
*Antigua and Barbuda 1860–1981
^†*Bahamas 1670–1973
^†Barbados 1624–1966
Bay Islands 1643–1860
^†*Belize 1871–1981
Bermuda since 1619
British Arctic Territories 16th c.–1880
British Columbia 1858–1866
- 1866–1871
Cape Breton Island 1754–1820
^†Dominica 1763–1978
East Florida 1763–1783
^†*Grenada 1762–1974
^†*Canada
- Lower 1791–1841
- Upper 1791–1841
- Province 1841–1867
- Dominion 1867–1931
Carolina 1663–1712
Cayman Islands since 1670
Columbia District/Oregon Country 1818–1846
Connecticut 1636–1776
Delaware 1701–1776
East Jersey 1674–1702
Georgia 1733–1776
^†*Jamaica 1655–1962
Leeward Islands 1671–1816, 1833–1960
Massachusetts Bay 1629–1691
- Province, 1691–1776
Maryland 1632–1776
Montserrat since 1632
Mosquito Coast 1655–1860
Nevis 1628–1983
New Albion 1579
New Brunswick 1784–1867
New England 1686–1689
New Hampshire 1680–1776
New Haven 1637–1662
New Jersey 1665–1674 and 1702–1776
New York 1664–1776
Newfoundland 1907–1949
Newfoundland and Labrador 1583–1907
North Carolina 1712–1776
North-Western Territory 1859–1870
Nova Scotia 1713–1867
Paulet affair 1843
Prince Edward Island 1763–1873
Pennsylvania 1681–1776
Plymouth 1620–1691
Quebec 1763–1791*Queen Charlotte Islands 1853–1863
Rhode Island 1636–1776
Rupert's Land 1670–1870
Saint Croix 1625–1650
Saint Kitts 1623–1983
^†*Saint Kitts and Nevis 1882–1983
^†*Saint Lucia 1605–1979
^†*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1627–1979
Saybrook 1635–1644
South Carolina 1712–1776
Stickeen 1862–1863
^†Trinidad and Tobago 1889–1962
Turks and Caicos Islands since 1799
Vancouver Island 1849–1866
Virgin Islands since 1666
Virginia 1607–1776
West Florida 1763–1783
West Indies Federation 1958–1962
- Associated States 1967–1983
West Jersey 1674–1702
Windward Islands 1833–1960

South America
Providence Island 1631–1641 Willoughbyland 1651–1667 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands⁴ 1670–1688 ^†Guiana 1831–1966
⁴Now adepartment ofColombia

Oceania

New South Wales 1788–1901
Van Diemen's Land/Tasmania 1803–1901
Auckland Islands²⁰ 1807–1863
New Hebrides²¹ 1824–1980
Queensland 1824–1901
Swan River/Western Australia 1829–1901
South Australia 1836–1901
Pitcairn Islands since 1838
New Zealand 1841–1907
North Australia 1846–1847
Victoria 1851–1901
^†Fiji 1874–1970
Western Pacific Territories 1877–1976
British New Guinea 1884–1902
Rarotonga/Cook Islands²⁰ 1888–1901
Union Islands²⁰ 1889–1948
Gilbert and Ellice Islands²² 1892–1979
^†*Solomon Islands 1893–1978
^†Tonga 1900–1970
Niue²⁰ 1900–1974
^†*Australia 1901–1942
^†*New Zealand 1907–1947
^†Samoa 1914–1962
^†Nauru 1919–1942 and 1945–1968

²⁰Now part of the^†Realm of New Zealand
²¹Now^†Vanuatu
²²Now^†Kiribati and^†*Tuvalu

Antarctica and the South Atlantic

Saint Helena²³ since 1658
Ascension Island²³ since 1815
Tristan da Cunha²³ since 1816
Falkland Islands⁵ since 1833
^†Australian Antarctic Territory(transferred to theCommonwealth of Australia) 1841–1933
^†Ross Dependency(transferred to theRealm of New Zealand) 1841–1947
British Antarctic Territory²⁴ since 1908
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands²⁵ since 1908

⁵Occupied by Argentina during theFalklands War of April–June 1982.
²³Since 2009 part ofSaint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
²⁴Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under theAntarctic Treaty.
²⁵Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985

v t e Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)
Members	Antigua and Barbuda Dominica Grenada Montserrat St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines	Caribbean portal
Associate members	Anguilla British Virgin Islands Guadeloupe Martinique
Financial institutions	Eastern Caribbean dollar Eastern Caribbean Central Bank Eastern Caribbean Central Securities Registry Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange
Other institutions	Eastern Caribbean Civil Aviation Authority Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Eastern Caribbean Telecommunications Authority

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Indies_Associated_States&oldid=1337612449"

Categories:

Hidden categories:

[8]ページ先頭

Movatterモバイル変換

West Indies Associated States

See also

Further reading

References

External links