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Wendell Meredith Stanley

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
American biochemist, virologist, and Nobel laureate (1904–1971)
Wendell Meredith Stanley
Stanley in 1946
Born(1904-08-16)August 16, 1904
DiedJune 15, 1971(1971-06-15) (aged 66)
Alma materEarlham College
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
AwardsNewcomb Cleveland Prize (1936)
Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1946)
William H. Nichols Medal (1946)
Willard Gibbs Award (1947)
Franklin Medal (1948)
Order of the Rising Sun (1966)
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry
InstitutionsRockefeller Institute
University of California, Berkeley

Wendell Meredith Stanley (August 16, 1904 – June 15, 1971) was an Americanbiochemist,virologist andNobel laureate.[1] Stanley's work contributed tolepracidal compounds, diphenylstereochemistry, and the chemistry of the sterols. His research on thevirus causing themosaic disease intobacco plants led to the isolation of anucleoprotein which displayedtobacco mosaic virus activity.[2]

Biography

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Stanley was born inRidgeville, Indiana, and earned a BSc in chemistry atEarlham College inRichmond, Indiana. He then studied at theUniversity of Illinois, gaining an MS in science in 1927 followed by aPhD in chemistry two years later. His later accomplishments include writing the book "Chemistry: A Beautiful Thing" and being aPulitzer Prize nominee.

Research

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Although a member ofNational Research Council, he moved toMunich for temporary academic work withHeinrich Wieland before he returned to theUnited States in 1931. On return he was approved as an assistant atThe Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. He remained with the Institute until 1948, becoming an Associate Member in 1937, and a Member in 1940.[3] In 1948, he became Professor of Biochemistry at theUniversity of California, Berkeley and built the Virus Laboratory and a free-standing Department of Biochemistry building, which is now called Stanley Hall.

In 1935, Stanley managed to produce crystals fromtobacco mosaic virus particles. The discovery was widely publicized, appearing for example on the front page of theNew York Times of June 28, 1935, as people at the time were surprised that living-like creatures such as viruses could form crystals. It was also the first time that a virus could be "seen" in some form, which was notable since viral particles were originally found and characterized as an infectious agent which was exceedingly small and able to penetrate the most narrow ceramic filters.[4]: 114 [5] Individual viral particles would only be truly seen for the first time in 1942 after the invention of theelectron microscope due to the work byThomas F. Anderson andSalvador Luria onbacteriophages.[4]: 35 

Stanley was elected to theAmerican Philosophical Society in 1940 and the United StatesNational Academy of Sciences in 1941.[6][7] He was awarded a ¼ share[2] in theNobel Prize in Chemistry for 1946. In 1949, he was elected to theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences.[8] His other notable awards included the Rosenburger Medal, Alder Prize, Scott Award, the Golden Plate Award of theAmerican Academy of Achievement[9] and theAMA Scientific Achievement Award. He was also awardedhonorary degrees by many universities both American and foreign, includingHarvard,Yale,Princeton and theUniversity of Paris. Most of the conclusions Stanley had presented in his Nobel-winning research were soon shown to be incorrect (in particular, that thecrystals of mosaic virus he hadisolated were pure protein, and assembled byautocatalysis).[10][11]

Personal life

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Stanley married Marian Staples (1905–1984) in 1929 and had three daughters (Marjorie, Dorothy and Janet) and a son (Wendell Meredith Junior). Stanley Hall at UC Berkeley (now Stanley Biosciences and Bioengineering Facility) and Stanley Hall at Earlham College are named in his honor. His daughter, Marjorie, marriedRobert Albo, physician to theGolden State Warriors basketball team as well as theOakland Raiders football team. He died inSalamanca, Spain on June 15, 1971.[2]

References

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  1. ^Colvig, R (February 1972)."Wendell M, Stanleyf, PhD, (1905-1971)".Cancer.29 (2):541–2.doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197202)29:2<541::AID-CNCR2820290246>3.0.CO;2-T.PMID 4552137.
  2. ^abc"Wendell M. Stanley Facts".Nobel Foundation. RetrievedFebruary 3, 2025.
  3. ^The Franklin Institute."Wendell Meredith Stanley". RetrievedJuly 27, 2015.
  4. ^abJudson, Horace (1996).Eight Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology.ISBN 0879694785.
  5. ^"Crystals Isolated at Princeton Believed Unseen Disease Virus".New York Times. June 28, 1935.
  6. ^"APS Member History".search.amphilsoc.org. RetrievedMay 3, 2023.
  7. ^"Wendell M. Stanley".www.nasonline.org. RetrievedMay 3, 2023.
  8. ^"Wendell Meredith Stanley".American Academy of Arts & Sciences. February 9, 2023. RetrievedMay 3, 2023.
  9. ^"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement".www.achievement.org.American Academy of Achievement.
  10. ^Pennazio, S; Roggero P (2000). "The discovery of the chemical nature of tobacco mosaic virus".Riv. Biol.93 (2):253–81.PMID 11048483.
  11. ^Kay, L E (September 1986). "W. M. Stanley's crystallization of the tobacco mosaic virus, 1930-1940".Isis; an International Review Devoted to the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences.77 (288):450–72.doi:10.1086/354205.PMID 3533840.S2CID 37003363.

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