| Weihnachten | |
|---|---|
 TheReichstagsgebäude decorated forChristmas | |
| Observed by |  Germany Austria Switzerland LiechtensteinPartly:  Luxembourg Belgium |
| Type | Christian |
| Significance | Commemoration of thebirth of Jesus |
| Celebrations | Gift-giving, family and other social gatherings, symbolic decoration, feasting |
| Date | 24 December – 26 December |
| Related to | Christmas,New Year's,Nikolaustag |
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Weihnachten (German:[ˈvaɪnaxtn̩]ⓘ) is the observance of what is commonly known in English asChristmas in theGerman-speaking countries such asGermany,Austria andSwitzerland. It is also widespread in countries with a German-speaking minority, such asTransylvania in Romania,South Tyrol in Italy,Eupen in Belgium, and various diasporas such as theGerman Brazilian andGerman American communities. Traditions ofWeihnachten influencedAdvent andChristmastide culture throughout the world.
In preparation for Weihnachten, many families celebrateAdvent. This is a time of religious preparation for the arrival of theChristkind (the Christ Child). Traditional advent activities include the Adventskranz (Advent wreath), which is set up on the fourth Sunday before Christmas Day, the beginning of the Advent season. Four candles adorn the wreath, and a new one is lit each Sunday. Families often singChristmas carols as they gather around the wreath to celebrate the preparation and Christmas season.
Children also enjoy theadvent calendar, which contains 24 doors, one for each day of December leading up to Christmas. Children open one door each day, and find a chocolate treat awaiting them. Many calendars also include pictures inside the doors, often Christmas-related.
A significant part of the Christmas build-up occurs on 6 December, when it isNikolaustag, the day commemoratingSt. Nikolaus (Saint Nicholas). On the evening of 5 December, children in Germany place aNikolausstiefel (a boot or a shoe) in front of the street door. Overnight, the Nikolaus, a figure similar in appearance toSanta Claus orFather Christmas, visits the house and fills the boots with sweets and sometimes even smaller presents if the children were good; otherwise they are left with only a rute (a cane composed of birch twigs).
InSwitzerland, on the evening of 6 December an empty small bag is placed in front of the door and some minutes or hours later, theSamichlaus (Swiss German for Nikolaus) with his companionSchmutzli fills the bag and enters the house.
During the Christmas period, theChristkindlesmarkt (Christmas market, also known asWeihnachtsmarkt) becomes a feature of almost every city, town, or village in the German-speaking countries, where visitors enjoy stalls, entertainment, and savour food andGlühwein (mulled wine). Traditional Christmastime treats includeLebkuchen (gingerbread),Stollen (fruit cake),Spekulatius andMarzipan (almond confectionery often made into sweets). Perhaps the most famed of these markets isthe one held inNuremberg, which attracts millions of visitors every year.
TheWeihnachtsbaum (Christmas Tree) is usually put up in the afternoon of 24 December. The trees can be bought at special traders' sites, but some families may still go into the forest and cut one themselves.
Traditionally, onHeiligabend (Christmas Eve) in Germany, a simple meal will be prepared and served before or after theBescherung ("time for exchanging gifts"), in contrast to the big meal on Christmas Day. Various polls repeatedly declare (Eintopf) or sausages (Würstchen) with potato salad to be Germany's favourite meal onHeiligabend. Further typical meals may includecarp,fondue orraclette. On Christmas Day, the most common dishes areroast goose or duck.
Many families begin the celebration onHeiligabend (literally, Holy Evening, or Christmas Eve) in the afternoon or evening. Although there are two legal holidays in Germany, [Austria], most cantons of Switzerland andLiechtenstein for Christmas, Christmas Eve is not one of them, and in Switzerland, many companies and stores are open for a half-day in the morning until 4 p.m, after which celebrations begin.
Many go to church before the celebration begins. Christmasmasses/services often last around one hour. Families with children go to a children's mass which is usually shorter and dramatised with aKrippenspiel (nativity play).
The customs held upon returning from church leading to the gift-giving vary across the German-speaking countries. Commonly, the returning children wait to enter into their locked living room until a little bell rings. This bell marks the departure of the one who is delivering gifts. In the more Catholic regions—primarily South Germany, Austria and Switzerland—the gift bearer role belongs to theChristkind, while those in North Germany commonly consider it to be theWeihnachtsmann (Santa Claus) who is exiting.
The children then enter to see the decoratedWeihnachtsbaum (Christmas tree), with all the presents beneath wrapped in colourful paper that has been prepared by an adult while they were away at church. Adults may also share gifts while the children are opening theirs. For the Bescherung in Germany, the only light comes from the Christmas tree lights (traditionally real candles, though today generally replaced by electric lights). In Switzerland, this is done after the big meal in the evening.
An alternative tradition in many homes does not include a ringing bell or presents already lying beneath the tree when children return from church. Instead (although not in the southern region) theWeihnachtsmann, usually played by a relative, appears in person, knocking at the door while the family sits together. Once he is let in, he puts his sack andrute (shepherd's crook) aside and greets the family. He then asks the child or children to perform by singing a Christmas song or reciting a poem and then asks them if they were naughty or nice. Most children admit that they have not always been nice, so theWeihnachtsmann wants the promise that they do better next year before giving all their presents. He then retreats and the family spends the rest of the evening together, enjoying their gifts and company.
On the first or second Day of Christmas (25th and 26th), many of the typical Christmas meals will be served. The most common include goose, duck,fondue (with many types of meat),raclette and game dishes. In Switzerland often small meals are offered.
The Christmas tree is disposed after the second week of January, with (genuine) trees being left outside for collection by refuse collectors. Some households, however, opt to use artificial trees instead that may be simply packed away until next year's Weihnachten.
