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Waymo

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Autonomous car technology company

Waymo LLC
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryAutonomous cars
PredecessorGoogle Self-Driving Car Project
Founded
  • 2004; 22 years ago (2004) (as Stanford Self-Driving Car Team)
  • January 17, 2009; 17 years ago (January 17, 2009) (as the Google Self-Driving Car Project)
  • December 13, 2016; 9 years ago (2016-12-13) (as Waymo)
Founder
Headquarters,
United States
Area served
Key people
Number of employees
2,500 (2025)[1]
Parent
Websitewaymo.com
WaymoChrysler Pacifica Hybrid undergoing testing in the San Francisco Bay Area (2017)

Waymo LLC (/wm/WAY-moh), formerly known as theGoogle Self-Driving Car Project, is an Americanautonomous driving technology company headquartered inMountain View, California. It is a subsidiary ofAlphabet Inc.,Google's parent company. Waymo operates commercialrobotaxi services available to the public inPhoenix, theSan Francisco Bay Area,Los Angeles,[2]Atlanta,Austin[3], andMiami[4]. As of December 2025[update], it operates over 450,000 rides per week, and by February 2026 had logged 200 million miles on public roads driven fully autonomously.[5][6]

The company traces its origins to the Stanford Racing Team, whichcompeted in the 2005 and 2007Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)Grand Challenges.[7] Google's development of self-driving technology began in January 2009. After almost two years of road testing, the project was revealed in October 2010.[8][‡ 1][9] In December 2016, the project was renamed Waymo and spun out of Google as part of Alphabet.[‡ 2] In October 2020, Waymo became the first company to offer service to the public without safety drivers in the vehicle.[10][11][12][13]

Waymo is run by co-CEOsTekedra Mawakana andDmitri Dolgov.[14] The company raised US$5.5 billion in multiple outside funding rounds[15] by 2022 and raised $5.6 billion funding in 2024.[16] In February 2026, Waymo raised a $16 billion funding round that valued the company at $126 billion.[17]

In January 2026, TheNational Transportation Safety Board andNHTSA opened investigations into Waymo's robotaxis for recurring incidents of illegally passing stopped school buses, and one incident where a Waymo hit a child who ran out from behind a parked SUV in a school zone.[18][19][20]

History

[edit]
AToyota Prius modified to operate as a Google driverless car, navigating a test course[‡ 3] (2011)

Ground work

[edit]

Google's development of self-driving technology began on January 17, 2009,[‡ 4] atGoogle X lab, run by co-founderSergey Brin.[21] The project was launched at Google bySebastian Thrun, the former director of theStanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL) andAnthony Levandowski, founder of 510 Systems and Anthony's Robots.[22][23]

The initial software code andartificial intelligence (AI) design of the effort started before the team worked at Google, when Thrun and 15 engineers, includingDmitri Dolgov, Mike Montemerlo, Hendrik Dahlkamp, Sven Strohband, andDavid Stavens, built Stanley and Junior, Stanford's entries in the 2005 and 2007DARPA Challenges. Later, aspects of this technology were used in a digital mapping project for SAIL called VuTool.[24][25][8] In 2007, Googleacqui-hired the entire VuTool team to help advance Google'sStreet View technology.[24][25][‡ 1][26]

As part of Street View development, 100Toyota Priuses[23] were outfitted withTopcon digital mapping hardware developed by 510 Systems.[27][25][23]

In 2008, the Street View team launched project Ground Truth,[28] to create accurate road maps by extracting data from satellites and street views.[29]

Pribot

[edit]

In February 2008, aDiscovery Channel producer for the documentary seriesPrototype This! phoned Levandowski.[25][30] The producer requested to borrow Levandowski's Ghost Rider, the autonomous two-wheeled motorcycle Levandowski'sBerkeley team had built for the2004 DARPA Grand Challenge[7] that Levandowski had later donated to theSmithsonian.[31] Since the motorcycle was not available, Levandowski offered to retrofit a Toyota Prius as a self-drivingpizza delivery car for the show.[25]

As a Google employee, Levandowski askedLarry Page and Thrun whether Google was interested in participating in the show. Both declined, citing liability issues.[7] However, they authorized Levandowski to move forward with the project, as long as it was not associated with Google.[25][32] Within weeks Levandowski founded Anthony's Robots to do so.[24] He retrofitted the car withlight detection and ranging technology (lidar), sensors, and cameras. The Stanford team behind theStanley car provided its code base to the project.[7] The ensuing episode depicting Pribot delivering pizza across theSan Francisco Bay Bridge under police escort aired in December 2008.[33][22][32][34]

The project success led Google togreenlight Google's self-driving car program in January 2009.[7] In 2011, Google acquired 510 Systems (co-founded by Levandowski, Pierre-Yves Droz and Andrew Schultz), and Anthony's Robots for an estimated US$20 million.[27][24][33][22][35] Levandowski's vehicle and hardware, and Stanford's AI technology and software, became the nucleus of the project.[7]

A Firefly self-driving Waymo car (2017)

Project Chauffeur

[edit]

After almost two years of road testing with seven vehicles, theNew York Times revealed the existence of Google's project on October 9, 2010.[8] Google announced its initiative later the same day.[9]

Starting in 2010, lawmakers in various states expressed concerns over how to regulate autonomous vehicles. A relatedNevada law went into effect on March 1, 2012.[36] Google had been lobbying for such laws.[37][38][39] A modified Prius was licensed by theNevada Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) in May 2012.[40] The car was "driven" byChris Urmson with Levandowski in the passenger seat.[40] This was the first US license for a self-driven car.[36]

In January 2014[41] Google was granted a patent for a transportation service funded by advertising that included autonomous vehicles as a transport method.[42] In late May, Google revealed an autonomousprototype, which had no steering wheel, gas pedal, or brake pedal.[‡ 5][43] In December, Google unveiled a Firefly prototype that was planned to be tested onSan Francisco Bay Area roads beginning in early 2015.[44][45]

A self-driving car with the previous Google branding (2016)

In 2015, Levandowski left the project. In August 2015, Google hired formerHyundai Motor executive,John Krafcik, as CEO.[46] In fall 2015, Google for the first time to non-employees provided a ride in a fully autonomous vehicle inAustin, Texas. The passenger was a blind man. It was the first entirely autonomous trip on a public road. It was not accompanied by a test driver or police escort.[47][48] The car had no steering wheel or floor pedals.[49] By the end of 2015, Project Chauffeur had covered more than a million miles.[27]

Google spent $1.1 billion on the project between 2009 and 2015. For comparison, the acquisition ofCruise Automation byGeneral Motors in March 2016 was for $500 million, and Uber's acquisition ofOtto in August 2016 was for $680 million.[50]

Waymo

[edit]

In May 2016, Google and Stellantis announced an order of 100Chrysler Pacificahybrid minivans to test the self-driving technology.[51] In December 2016, the project changed its name to Waymo and spun out of Google as part of Alphabet.[‡ 2] The name was derived from "a new way forward in mobility".[52] In May 2016, the company opened a 53,000-square-foot (4,900 m2) technology center inNovi, Michigan.[‡ 6]

In February 2017, Waymo suedUber and its subsidiary self-driving trucking company,Otto, allegingtrade secret theft and patent infringement. The company claimed that three ex-Google employees, includingAnthony Levandowski, had stolen trade secrets, including thousands of files, from Google before joining Uber.[53] The alleged infringement was related to Waymo's proprietary lidar technology,[54][55] Google accused Uber of colluding with Levandowski.[56] Levandowski allegedly downloaded 9 gigabytes of data that included over a hundred trade secrets; eight of which were at stake during the trial.[57][58] An ensuing settlement gave Waymo 0.34% of Uber stock,[53] the equivalent of $245 million. Uber agreed not to infringe Waymo's intellectual property.[59] Part of the agreement included a guarantee that "Waymo confidential information is not being incorporated in Uber Advanced Technologies Group hardware and software."[60] In statements released after the settlement, Uber maintained that it received no trade secrets.[61] In May, according to an Uber spokesman, Uber had fired Levandowski, which resulted in the loss of roughly $250 million of his equity in Uber, which almost exactly equaled the settlement.[53] Uber announced that it was halting production of self-driving trucks through Otto in July 2018, and the subsidiary company was shuttered.[62] In 2020, Levandowski pled guilty to one of 33 charges, and was sentenced to 18 months in prison.[63]

Waymo began testing minivans without a safety driver on public roads inChandler, Arizona, in October 2017.[64] In 2017, Waymo unveiled new sensors and chips that are less expensive to manufacture, cameras that improve visibility, and wipers to clear thelidar system.[65] At the beginning of the self-driving car program, they used a $75,000 lidar system fromVelodyne.[66] In 2017, the cost decreased approximately 90 percent, as Waymo converted to in-house built lidar.[67] Waymo has applied its technology to various cars including the Prius,Audi TT,Chrysler Pacifica, andLexus RX450h.[68][69] Waymo partners withLyft on pilot projects and product development.[70]

Waymo started testing in Phoenix without safety drivers in November 2017.[71]

Waymo-operated Jaguar I-Pace in San Francisco (2023)

In March 2018, Jaguar Land Rover announced that Waymo had ordered up to 20,000 of itsI-Pace electric SUVs at an estimated cost of more than $1 billion.[72][73] In late May 2018, Alphabet announced plans to add up to 62,000 Pacifica Hybrid minivans to the fleet.[74][75] Also in May 2018, Waymo established Huimo Business Consulting subsidiary in Shanghai.[76]

In October 2018, theCalifornia Department of Motor Vehicles issued a permit for Waymo to operate cars without safety drivers. Waymo was the first company to receive a permit for day and night testing on public roads and highways. Waymo announced that its service would include Mountain View, Sunnyvale, Los Altos, and Palo Alto.[77] In July 2019, Waymo received permission to transport passengers.[78]

In December 2018, Waymo launched Waymo One in Phoenix, transporting passengers. The service used safety drivers to monitor some rides, with others provided in select areas without them. In November 2019, Waymo One became the first autonomous service worldwide to operate without safety drivers.[79][80][81] Waymo One launched in San Francisco, beginning with a "trusted tester" rollout.[82] In March 2022, Waymo began offering rides for Waymo staff in San Francisco without a safety driver.[83]

In April 2019, Waymo announced plans for vehicle assembly in Detroit at the former American Axle & Manufacturing plant, bringing between 100 and 400 jobs to the area. Waymo used vehicle assemblerMagna to turnJaguar I-PACE electric SUVs andChrysler Pacifica Hybrid minivans into WaymoLevel 4 autonomous vehicles.[84][85] Waymo subsequently reverted to retrofitting existing models rather than a custom design.[86]

2020s

[edit]

In March 2020, Waymo Via was launched after the company's announcement that it had raised $2.25 billion from investors.[87] In May 2020, Waymo raised an additional $750 million.[88] In July 2020, the company announced an exclusive partnership with auto manufacturerVolvo to integrate Waymo technology.[89]

In April 2021, Krafcik was replaced by two co-CEOs: Waymo's COO Tekedra Mawakana andCTO Dmitri Dolgov.[90] Waymo raised $2.5 billion in another funding round in June 2021,[91][92] with total funding of $5.5 billion.[15] Waymo launched a consumer testing program in San Francisco in August 2021.[93][94]

In May 2022, Waymo started a pilot program seeking riders in downtownPhoenix, Arizona.[93][94] In May 2022, Waymo announced that it would expand the program to more areas of Phoenix.[95] In 2023, coverage of the Waymo One area was increased by 45 square miles (120 km2), expanding to include downtown Mesa, uptown Phoenix, and South Mountain Village.[96][97][98]

In June 2022, Waymo announced a partnership with Uber, under which Waymo will integrate its autonomous technology into Uber's freight truck service.[99] Plans to expand the program to Los Angeles were announced in late 2022.[100] On December 13, 2022, Waymo applied for the final permit necessary to operate fully autonomous taxis, without a backup driver present, within the state of California.[101]

In January 2023,The Information reported that Waymo staff were among those affected by Google's layoffs of around 12,000 workers.TechCrunch reported that Waymo was set to kill its trucking program.[102]

In July 2024, Waymo began testing its sixth-generation robotaxis which are based on electric vehicles by Chinese automobile companyZeekr, developed in a partnership first announced in 2021.[103][104] They were anticipated to reduce costs, at a time when Waymo was operating at a loss.[103]

Sixth generationZeekr vehicles.

In October 2024, Waymo closed a $5.6 billion funding round led by Alphabet, aimed at expanding its robotaxi services, bringing its total capital to over $11 billion.[16] Around that time, the New York Times described Waymo as being "far ahead of the competition", in particular afterCruise had to suspend its operations after an accident in 2023.[103]

Also in November 2025, the permit area in Northern California was expanded to includeSanta Rosa and Sacramento. The Southern California permit area was expanded to stretch from the Mexican border toVentura County.[105] These new permit areas were approved by the California Department of Motor Vehicles.[106] The permit area of the DMV is larger than the operating area. The operating area is slated to get expanded to cover San Diego in mid-2026.[106]

In February 2026, Waymo raised a $16 billion funding round that valued the company at $126 billion, to fund further expansion into new markets.[17]

Lobbying

[edit]

Waymo regularly lobbies public officials and regulators throughout US cities and states, to encourage updates to laws so self-driving vehicles can operate in those locations.[107][108] In 2024, Waymo spent $1.7 million on lobbying in the US.[107] As of January 2026, Waymo has spent $1.8 million since 2019 on lobbying efforts in the State of New York.[109]

In February 2026, Waymo company representatives spoke to theUnited States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and requested that the federal government create uniform nationwide standards for autonomous vehicle deployment.[6] The company stated that unless the US reduces regulations that hamper innovation, US companies will lose the trillion dollar global AV market to Chinese companies.[6]

Services

[edit]

In 2017, Waymo highlighted four specific business uses for its autonomous tech: robotaxis, trucking and logistics, urban public transportation, and passenger cars.[110]

Robotaxis

[edit]
The interior of a Waymo Jaguar I-Pace robotaxi as it autonomously drives through San Francisco

Waymo currently serves select cities in theUnited States, and has announced future expansion intoJapan and theUnited Kingdom.

The service is accessed in most locations by using the Waymo iOS app[111] or Android app[112]; Waymo service in Austin and Atlanta is optionally available from Uber. Once a Waymo vehicle is provided, riders push a button to "start ride", and have optional "help", "lock", and "pull over" buttons, if needed. The ride usually completes without pressing any button after starting the ride. The car’s steering wheel turns as the car makes turns, and a passenger may sit in the right-front passenger seat, if desired. Passengers see on a screen a display of some of the stream of information gathered by the car's sensors, including pedestrians.[113]

As of November 2025[update], Waymo has 2,500 robotaxis in service.[114] As of December 2025[update], Waymo provided 450,000 paid rides per week.[5] By the end of 2026, Waymo aims to increase this to 1 million taxi rides a week. The company is laying the groundwork to expand to over 20 cities, including London and Tokyo, up from the current six.[115]

United States

[edit]
Service areas in the United States[‡ 7]
StateMetro areaStatusLaunch dateArea served[‡ 8]Ref.
ArizonaPhoenixFull commercial serviceOctober 8, 2020[‡ 9]
CaliforniaLos AngelesFull commercial serviceNovember 12, 2024[‡ 10]
SacramentoService announced[‡ 11][116][117]
San DiegoService announcedMid-2026[‡ 12][118][119]
San Francisco Bay AreaFull commercial serviceJune 25, 2024[‡ 13]
ColoradoDenverService announced[‡ 14][120][121]
FloridaMiamiWaitlist service2026[‡ 15][122][123]
OrlandoService announced2026[‡ 16][124][125]
TampaTesting[‡ 17][126][127]
GeorgiaAtlantaFull commercial service withUberJune 24, 2025[128]
LouisianaNew OrleansTesting[‡ 18][126][129]
MarylandBaltimoreTesting[‡ 19][130][131]
MassachusettsBostonService announced[‡ 20][132][133]
MichiganDetroitService announced2026[‡ 21][118][134]
MinnesotaMinneapolisTesting[‡ 22][126][135]
MissouriSt. LouisTesting[‡ 23][131][136]
NevadaLas VegasService announcedSummer 2026[‡ 24][118][137]
New JerseyNew YorkTesting[138][139]
New YorkBuffaloTesting[‡ 7][140][141]
New YorkTesting[‡ 25][142][143]
PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaTesting[‡ 26][144][145]
PittsburghTesting[‡ 27][131][146]
TennesseeNashvilleService announced2026[‡ 28][147][148]
TexasAustinFull commercial service withUberMarch 4, 2025[‡ 29]
DallasService announced2026[‡ 30][‡ 16][149][150]
HoustonService announced[‡ 16][151][152]
San AntonioService announced2026[‡ 16][153][154]
WashingtonSeattleTesting[‡ 31][120][155]
Washington, D.C.Service announced2026[‡ 32][156][157]
Airport service in the United States
StateAirportStatusLaunch dateRef.
ArizonaPhoenix Sky Harbor International AirportFull commercial serviceNovember 1, 2022[‡ 33]
CaliforniaSan Francisco International AirportWaitlist service2026[‡ 34][158][159]
San Jose International AirportFull commercial serviceDecember 1, 2025[‡ 35][‡ 36]
FloridaMiami International AirportTesting[‡ 37][160][161]
New JerseyNewark Liberty International AirportTesting[138][139]
TexasDallas Love FieldTesting[‡ 38]
San Antonio International AirportTesting[‡ 38]

Other potential expansion:

Japan

[edit]
Service areas in Japan[‡ 7]
CityStatusLaunch dateRef.
TokyoTesting2026[‡ 40][166][167]

United Kingdom

[edit]
Service areas in the United Kingdom[‡ 7]
CountryCityStatusLaunch dateRef.
EnglandLondonTestingSeptember 2026[‡ 41][168][169]

Potential expansion to other countries

[edit]

Public transit

[edit]

In September 2025, Waymo and the city ofChandler, Arizona announced that Waymo would be integrated into Chandler's publicmicrotransit service.[174][175][176][177]

Trucking

[edit]

In 2020 Waymo launched a self-driving truck development division designated asWaymo Via, to work with OEMs to integrate its technology into commercial vehicles.[178][87][‡ 42] The company began testingClass 8 tractor-trailers[179] in 2018 in Atlanta,[179] expanding in 2019 to southwest shipping routes across Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California.[178] The company opened a trucking hub inDallas, Texas in 2021.[180] It partnered with Daimler to integrate autonomous technology into a fleet ofFreightliner Cascadia trucks.[181] Waymo operated 48 Class 8 autonomous trucks with safety drivers.[182]

Waymo tested its technology in commercial delivery vehicles withUnited Parcel Service.[183][184] In July 2020 Waymo andStellantis expanded their partnership, including the development ofRam ProMaster delivery vehicles.[185]

In July 2023, Waymo announced that it was moving away from commercial development of self-driving trucks to focus on the ride-hailing Waymo business, and shuttered the Waymo Via trucking program. The vast majority of employees who were on Waymo's trucking team moved to other roles within the company.[186]

Delivery

[edit]

Waymo has partnered withUber Eats andDoorDash to deliver food.[‡ 43][187][188][189][190]

Technology

[edit]

Google has invested heavily inmatrix multiplication andvideo processing hardware such as theTensor Processing Unit (TPU) to augmentNvidia'sgraphics processing units (GPUs) andIntelcentral processing units (CPUs).[191] Much of this is kept as trade secrets, buttransformer technology is likely involved.[192]

Waymo manufactures a suite of self-driving hardware developed in-house.[193] This includes sensors and hardware-enhanced vision system,radar, andlidar.[71][193] Sensors give 360-degree views while lidar detects objects up to 300 metres (980 ft) away.[71] Short-range lidar images objects near the vehicle, while radar is used to see around other vehicles and track objects in motion.[71]

Waymo'sdeep-learning architecture VectorNet predicts vehicle trajectories in complex traffic scenarios. It uses agraph neural network to model the interactions between vehicles and has demonstrated state-of-the-art performance on several benchmark datasets for trajectory prediction.[194]

Waymo Carcraft is a virtual world in which Waymo simulates driving conditions.[195][196] The simulator was named after the video gameWorld of Warcraft.[195][196] With Carcraft, 25,000 virtual self-driving cars navigate through models of Austin, Texas;Mountain View, California; Phoenix, Arizona, and other cities.[195]

As of November 2025[update], most of Waymo's robotaxis are customizedJaguar I-Pace cars. Waymo plans to introduceHyundai Ioniq 5 andZeekr Ojai cars in the future.[197][198]

According to Dolgov, customizing the vehicles adds up to $100,000 to vehicle costs.[103] Other costs include technicians that monitor rides, service personnel, and real estate for storing and charging the vehicles.[103]

During testimony to the United States Senate, Waymo's chief safety officer confirmed that the company employs remote assistance workers in the United States and the Philippines for times when its robotaxis encounter problems they cannot solve on their own.[199] The company stated that the remote workers do not drive the vehicles, and only provide guidance to the robotaxi, which can accept or reject the guidance.[199]

Operations, efficiency, and safety

[edit]

FromCalifornia Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) data[200], as of September 2025, Waymo delivered 4.75 millionPassenger Miles Traveled (PMT) monthly, which required 6.57 millionVehicle Miles Traveled (VMT). This is over a 3 fold growth from September 2024 in both PMT and VMT, with the ratio staying roughly equal.

In ~70% of the trips, only 1 passenger is in the car, while 4.6% of requested trips are cancelled. ~56% of vehicle distance traveled contains one or more passengers, while ~44% of miles the AVs are empty. Together, this results in an average passenger occupancy of ~0.75.[200]

In 2024, Waymo published a study they did with insurance companySwiss Re which found that by the end of 2024, when Waymo's robotaxis had autonomously driven 25 million miles, the company was facing two potential claims for bodily injury (accidents where the Waymo was at fault).[201][202] The two companies estimated that over the same number of miles, human drivers, in the same locations that Waymo has been operating, would have generated 26 bodily injury claims, a 90% reduction.[201][202] For property damage claims, the reduction was similar: Waymo logged nine vs. an estimated 78 for human drivers.[201][202] Experts have noted that the sample size (25M miles driven) is very small, (less than 1%) of the 3 trillion miles logged annually by human drivers in the US.[202]

Incidents and controversies

[edit]

Accidents

[edit]

As of December 15, 2025[update], the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has logged 1,512 accidents involving Waymo vehicles in autonomous mode.[203] The NHTSA requires Waymo to report any accidents which result in injury or property damage that occur within 30 seconds of the vehicle operating in autonomous mode.[204] From July 2021, when the NHTSA started requiring autonomous vehicle companies to report their accidents, to January 2025, Waymo's vehicles have been involved in about 30 accidents with injuries, though the NHTSA reports do not ascribe fault.[205]

Some examples of Waymo accidents:

  • In May 2023, a Waymo hit and killed a dog which ran out into the street in front of the car.[206][204] According to Waymo, its car detected the dog, while the human safety driver did not, and that whether the vehicle would take evasive maneuvers or not depends on the expected trajectory of the dog.[204] Waymo compares the performance of its autonomous systems to a theoretical Non-Impaired, with Eyes Always ON the conflict (NIEON) human driver's expected performance.[204]
  • On December 11, 2023, two Waymo cars hit a tow truck minutes apart from each other; Waymo recalled its software in response.[207][208]
  • On February 6, 2024, a Waymo hit and injured a cyclist who was obstructed behind an oncoming truck.[209][210]
  • On May 21, 2024, a Waymo hit a utility pole; Waymo recalled its software in response.[211][212][213]
  • On January 19, 2025, an empty Waymo was stopped in a line of cars when a speeding driver rear-ended the line, killing a passenger and a dog in another car; this was the first fatal crash involving Waymo.[205][214]
  • On February 16, 2025, a cyclist was hospitalized after beingdoored by a Waymo passenger; the cyclist sued Waymo, alleging that it had stopped in an unsafe location and failed to warn the passengers before exiting.[215][216]
  • On October 27, 2025, a Waymo inSan Francisco hit and killedKitKat, a localbodega cat, after he darted under the car as it was pulling away.[217] In response, SupervisorJackie Fielder called for the state to pass legislation allowing local governments to ban self-driving cars.[218]
  • On November 30, 2025, a Waymo hit and killed a dog.[219][220] According to the dog's owner, Waymo failed to notice what had happened and continued on after the collision.[220]
  • On December 8, 2025, two Waymos collided.[221][222]
  • On January 23, 2026, a Waymo hit a child crossing the street, who suffered minor injures. The NHTSA opened an investigation into Waymo. According to Waymo, the child was hidden behind an SUV, and the Waymo car braked as soon as the child became visible but was unable to avoid contact.[223][224][225]

Legal and political disputes

[edit]
  • In January 2022, Waymo sued theCalifornia Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) to prevent data on driverless crashes from being released to the public. Waymo maintained that such information constituted atrade secret.[226] According toThe Los Angeles Times, the "topics Waymo wants to keep hidden include how it plans to handle driverless car emergencies, what it would do if a robot taxi started driving itself where it wasn't supposed to go, and what constraints there are on the car's ability to traverse San Francisco's tunnels, tight curves and steep hills."[227] The court ruled some details regarding safety records do not have to be released.[228]
  • In January 2024, the city attorney of San Francisco attempted to sue to prevent expansion of driverless vehicles including Waymo into San Francisco.[229] TheSan Mateo County government soon after also sent a letter to regulators opposing expansion to its county.[230]
  • In May 2024, the NHTSA launched an investigation into potential flaws in Waymo vehicles, focusing on 31 incidents that included Waymo vehicles ramming into a closing gate, driving on the wrong side of the road, and at least 17 crashes or fires.[231] Waymo recalled its self-driving software in May 2025.[232][233] The investigation was closed in July 2025 with no further action taken.[234]
  • In July 2025, anti-Waymo protestors inBoston were joined by city officials, who expressed concerns over safety and the impact onrideshare drivers.[235] Eight city councillors proposed an ordinance to restrict self-driving car services in Boston, with one provision requiring safety drivers.[236]
  • In September 2025, police inSan Bruno, California pulled over a Waymo after it made an illegal U-turn.[237][238][239]
  • In October 2025, the NHTSA launched an investigation into Waymo cars illegally passing stoppedschool buses.[240]
    • In September, a Waymo inAtlanta was recorded illegally passing a stopped school bus.[241][242] Georgia State RepresentativeClint Crowe and State SenatorRick Williams criticized Waymo, with Williams stating his support for higher fines for self-driving cars.[243]
    • Austin Independent School District (AISD) revealed that Waymo cars had illegally passed its school buses 20 times from the start of the school year to December 1,[244] and asked Waymo to stop its operations during school drop-off and pick-up hours, but Waymo refused.[245]
    • Atlanta Public Schools later revealed six illegal passing incidents.[246]
    • Waymo recalled its self-driving software on December 8.[247][248]
    • As of January 15, 2026[update], AISD has reported four violations since the recall.[249]
    • The NHTSA launched a second investigation on January 23.[250]
  • In November 2025, a man sued Waymo after he was falsely identified as a terrorist on theSpecially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List and denied access to Waymo.[251][252]
  • In November 2025,New Jersey State SenatorAndrew Zwicker proposed a bill to require a three-year pilot project for self-driving cars, with a safety driver present at all times; Waymo opposes the bill.[253]
  • In November 2025,San Diego City Council memberSean Elo-Rivera opposed Waymo expansion, citing the impact on taxi and rideshare drivers.[254] In January 2026, the board of theSan Diego Metropolitan Transit System passed a resolution opposing Waymo expansion.[255]
  • In November 2025, the city ofSanta Monica, California banned Waymo from charging its vehicles between 11PM and 6AM, claiming that two of their charging stations arepublic nuisances, due to complaints from residents nearby about noise and light pollution.[256][257][258] Waymo continued using the stations, and instead sued the city to ask a court to declare their operations not a nuisance, while the city responded with a countersuit saying that they are a nuisance.[259][258][260][257]
  • In December 2025, several members of theMinneapolis City Council opposed Waymo expansion, citing the impact on taxi and rideshare drivers.[261]

Vandalism

[edit]

In 2018, after thedeath of Elaine Herzberg — the first recorded case of a pedestrian fatality involving a self-driving car — there were several cases of Waymo cars being vandalized.[262]

In 2023, the San Francisco groupSafe Street Rebel used a practice called "coning" to trap Waymo and Cruise cars with traffic cones as a form of protest after claiming that the cars had been involved in hundreds of incidents.[263]

In February 2024, duringLunar New Year celebrations inChinatown, San Francisco, a mob of vandals attacked, graffitied, and set fire to a Waymo car. No one was injured.[264][265]

In February 2024, a pair of Waymo passengers described an attack by an onlooker who attempted to cover the car's sensors.[266]

In July 2024, Waymo sued two people who allegedly vandalized their cars.[267]

During theJune 2025 Los Angeles protests against mass deportation, several Waymo cars were set on fire when riots broke out. Officials including California GovernorGavin Newsom and Los Angeles MayorKaren Bass condemned the destruction, attributing it to extremists infiltrating otherwise-peaceful protests. Use of Waymo camera footage by police has been cited as a possible reason for the targeting of Waymo cars.[268]

Other incidents

[edit]
  • In 2021, it was noted that Waymo cars kept routing through theRichmond District of San Francisco, with up to 50 cars each day driving to adead end street before turning around.[269][270][271]
  • In August 2024, residents of San Francisco'sSoMa district began to complain about noise pollution from Waymo vehicles honking at each other in a local parking lot. Residents reported that the car horns could be heard daily, with varying levels of activity, usually peaking at around 4 AM and during evening rush hour. The honking appears to have been triggered by the self-driving cars backing in and out of the lot.[272][273] The story caught attention after a resident began live streaming the cars. Waymo apologized and admitted that it was a snag up that will be addressed with software updates.[274]
  • In December 2024, a Waymo car drove in circles around a parking lot with a passenger inside, which took several minutes to resolve remotely. Waymo claims to have fixed the issue.[275][276]
  • In April 2025:
    • A Waymo car got stuck in adrive-thru.[277][278][279]
    • A Waymo passenger reported being trapped in the car after it drove the wrong way and stopped in the middle of the road. According to Waymo, one of the passengers pressed the "pull over" button, and the passengers could have unlocked the doors by pulling twice.[280][281][282]
  • In November 2025, a Waymo car drove right next to an ongoingfelony traffic stop.[283][284][285] The vehicle was given command by a police officer in how to proceed, however it did not comply with the directions of the officer.[283]
  • In December 2025:
    • A Waymo passenger found a person hiding in the trunk of the car; Waymo was criticized for not having a system to detect this.[286][287]
    • A Waymo car got stuck on a bridge in theVenice Canal Historic District during a parade.[288][289][290]
    • A Waymo car drove the wrong way on a one-way street.[291][292][293]
    • Waymo cars became inoperable during a large-scalepower outage in San Francisco, blocking traffic and intersections. In response, Waymo temporarily halted ride-hailing services until power was restored.[294][295] Authorities expressed concern that similar behavior during a disaster would block emergency responders and residents fleeing danger.[296]
  • In January 2026, a Waymo car drove on newly-builtlight rail tracks.[297][298][299]


See also

[edit]

References

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  168. ^Topham, Gwyn; Booth, Robert (October 18, 2025)."Driverless cars are coming to the UK – but the road to autonomy has bumps ahead".The Guardian. RetrievedJanuary 31, 2026.
  169. ^Kleinman, Zoe (January 28, 2026)."Driverless taxis set to launch in UK as soon as September".BBC. RetrievedJanuary 31, 2026.
  170. ^Wilson, Cam (October 28, 2025)."Waymo in talks to start testing self-driving taxis in Australia".Crikey. RetrievedNovember 8, 2025.
  171. ^Wilson, Cam (January 15, 2026)."Waymo plans to test self-driving cars in Australia this year, documents reveal".The Sizzle. RetrievedJanuary 27, 2026.
  172. ^Kennedy, David (October 31, 2025)."Waymo eyes Canadian expansion, hires lobbyists to engage with B.C., Ontario, federal governments".Automotive News. RetrievedNovember 7, 2025.
  173. ^Shankar, Bradly (December 2, 2025)."Toronto looking into allowing Waymo self-driving taxis".MobileSyrup. RetrievedDecember 3, 2025.
  174. ^"The City of Chandler partners with Waymo and Via to bring AVs to Chandler Flex". City of Chandler. September 18, 2025. RetrievedSeptember 25, 2025.
  175. ^"Waymo and Via to offer robotaxis for public transit, starting with Arizona".Reuters. September 18, 2025. RetrievedJanuary 22, 2026.
  176. ^Hawkins, Andrew J. (September 18, 2025)."Robotaxis as public transit? Waymo thinks so".The Verge. RetrievedJanuary 22, 2026.
  177. ^Reagan, Kevin (September 23, 2025)."Here's how $1 Waymo rides are being offered throughout Chandler".KPNX. RetrievedJanuary 22, 2026.
  178. ^ab"Waymo Targets Southwest Freight Corridor for Autonomous Truck Tests".Transport Topics. June 30, 2020. RetrievedJuly 2, 2020.
  179. ^abHawkins, Andrew J. (March 9, 2018)."Waymo's self-driving trucks will start delivering freight in Atlanta".The Verge. RetrievedJune 27, 2018.
  180. ^Ohnsman, Alan (August 25, 2020)."Waymo Taps Texas As Its Robot Truck Hub With Dallas Depot".Forbes. RetrievedSeptember 14, 2020.
  181. ^Hawkins, Andrew (October 27, 2020)."Waymo and Daimler are teaming up to build fully driverless semi trucks – 'A broad, global, strategic partnership'".The Verge. RetrievedOctober 27, 2020.
  182. ^Shepardson, David (April 12, 2023)."US union opposes driverless trucks waiver for Waymo, Aurora".Reuters. RetrievedApril 12, 2023.
  183. ^McFarland, Matt (January 29, 2020)."UPS teams up with Waymo to test self-driving delivery vans".CNN. RetrievedJuly 22, 2020.
  184. ^"How the Waymo Driver is revolutionizing shipping – It's not only more efficient. Delivery networks, energy conservation, warehouse design, and more will all be affected—for the better".Fast Company. July 28, 2020. RetrievedJuly 29, 2020.
  185. ^Gitlin, Jonathan (July 22, 2020)."Waymo worked on autonomous Ram ProMaster Vans for goods deliveries".Ars Technica. RetrievedJuly 22, 2020.
  186. ^Korosec, Kirsten (July 26, 2023)."Waymo puts the brakes on self-driving trucks program".TechCrunch. RetrievedDecember 3, 2025.
  187. ^Shaban, Bigad (April 3, 2024)."Uber Eats now uses Waymo's self-driving cars to offer driverless deliveries".KNTV. RetrievedJanuary 29, 2026.
  188. ^Koller, Alex (April 3, 2024)."Waymo self-driving cars are delivering Uber Eats orders for first time".CNBC. RetrievedJanuary 29, 2026.
  189. ^Hawkins, Andrew J. (October 16, 2025)."DoorDash will use Waymo's robotaxis for delivery in Phoenix".The Verge. RetrievedJanuary 29, 2026.
  190. ^Korosec, Kirsten (October 16, 2025)."Waymo dips its wheels back into delivery, this time with DoorDash".TechCrunch. RetrievedJanuary 29, 2026.
  191. ^"Intel is collaborating with Waymo on self-driving car technology".Business Insider. RetrievedDecember 12, 2017.
  192. ^"Waymo shows off its next truly driverless prototype car". November 17, 2022. RetrievedNovember 6, 2023.
  193. ^abGibbs, Samuel (November 7, 2017)."Google sibling Waymo launches fully autonomous ride-hailing service".The Guardian. RetrievedJune 13, 2018.
  194. ^Walz, Eric (June 20, 2020)."Waymo Develops a Machine Learning Model to Predict the Behavior of Other Road Users for its Self-Driving Vehicles". Archived fromthe original on March 31, 2023. RetrievedMarch 31, 2023.
  195. ^abcMadrigal, Alexis C. (August 23, 2017)."Inside Waymo's Secret World for Training Self-Driving Cars".The Atlantic. RetrievedJune 13, 2018.
  196. ^abSeppala, Timothy J. (August 23, 2017)."'Carcraft' is Waymo's virtual world for autonomous vehicle testing".Engadget. RetrievedJune 13, 2018.
  197. ^"Waymo and Hyundai enter multi-year, strategic partnership". Waymo. October 4, 2024. RetrievedNovember 18, 2025.
  198. ^"Scaling our fleet through U.S. manufacturing". Waymo. May 5, 2025. RetrievedNovember 18, 2025.
  199. ^abVaziri, Aidin."Waymo says its robotaxis get help from remote workers in the Philippines".San Francisco Chronicle. Archived fromthe original on February 7, 2026. RetrievedFebruary 8, 2026.
  200. ^ab"Quarterly Reporting".www.cpuc.ca.gov. RetrievedNovember 23, 2025.
  201. ^abcLee, Timothy (March 27, 2025)."After 50 million miles, Waymos crash a lot less than human drivers - Waymo has been in dozens of crashes. Most were not Waymo's fault".Ars Technica.
  202. ^abcdShaban, Bigad (December 19, 2024)."Waymo's robotaxis surpass 25 million miles, but are they safer than humans? - The NBC Bay Area Investigative Unit got a first-look at Waymo's new safety report, which explores how the company's fleet of autonomous vehicles compares to human drivers".NBC.Some traffic safety experts have repeatedly cautioned about drawing definitive safety comparisons between autonomous vehicles and human drivers in light of the relatively small number of miles self-driving vehicles have traveled. For example, while Waymo has logged more than 25 million driverless miles since 2018, it represents less than 1% of the more than 3 trillion miles humans travel each year on U.S. roads.
  203. ^"Standing General Order on Crash Reporting". NHTSA. RetrievedJanuary 15, 2026.
  204. ^abcdBellan, Rebecca (June 6, 2023)."A Waymo self-driving car killed a dog in 'unavoidable' accident".TechCrunch. RetrievedSeptember 8, 2025.
  205. ^abShaban, Bigad (January 20, 2025)."While Waymo not blamed in multi-car wreck, it's the first fatal collision involving a driverless car".KNTV. RetrievedSeptember 8, 2025.
  206. ^Horowitch, Rose (June 7, 2023)."Self-driving Waymo car kills dog amid increasing concern over robotaxis".The Guardian. RetrievedSeptember 8, 2025.
  207. ^Valdes-Dapena, Peter (February 14, 2024)."Waymo recalls software after two self-driving cars hit the same truck".CNN. RetrievedSeptember 8, 2025.
  208. ^"ADS Software Error May Cause Crash". NHTSA. February 13, 2024. RetrievedDecember 11, 2025.
  209. ^"Waymo robotaxi accident with San Francisco cyclist draws regulatory review".Reuters. February 7, 2024. RetrievedSeptember 8, 2025.
  210. ^"Waymo driverless car hit bicyclist in SF intersection, company says".KGO-TV. February 7, 2024. RetrievedSeptember 8, 2025.
  211. ^Reagan, Kevin (May 21, 2024)."Waymo vehicle involved in Phoenix crash".KPNX. RetrievedSeptember 8, 2025.
  212. ^Feng, Victoria (June 13, 2024)."Waymo recalls software in all its cars after its robotaxi crashes into a pole".NBC News. RetrievedSeptember 8, 2025.
  213. ^"ADS Software Error May Cause Crash". NHTSA. June 10, 2024. RetrievedDecember 11, 2025.
  214. ^"Person and dog killed, several hurt in San Francisco multi-car crash, authorities say".KGO-TV. January 20, 2025. RetrievedSeptember 8, 2025.
  215. ^"San Francisco bicyclist sues over crash involving 2 Waymo cars".The Mercury News. June 10, 2025. RetrievedSeptember 8, 2025.
  216. ^Gafni, Matthias (June 20, 2025)."Suit by S.F. cyclist 'doored' by driverless Waymo says safety system failed".San Francisco Chronicle. RetrievedSeptember 8, 2025.
  217. ^Rothman, Stephanie; Smith, Tor (October 30, 2025)."Waymo pledges donation after beloved San Francisco corner store cat struck, killed".KRON-TV. RetrievedOctober 31, 2025.
  218. ^Swan, Rachel (November 3, 2025)."A Waymo robotaxi killed a beloved S.F. cat. Now a city supervisor wants driverless car reform".San Francisco Chronicle. RetrievedNovember 3, 2025.
  219. ^Vaziri, Aidin (December 1, 2025)."Waymo robotaxi hits dog in San Francisco weeks after killing beloved cat".San Francisco Chronicle. RetrievedDecember 2, 2025.
  220. ^abBaker, Alex (December 9, 2025)."Dog hit by Waymo in SF put down by family after suffering 'severe pelvic trauma'".KRON-TV. RetrievedDecember 10, 2025.
  221. ^Swan, Rachel (December 8, 2025)."Waymo traffic jam goes viral: Robotaxis butt heads on dead-end S.F. street".San Francisco Chronicle. RetrievedDecember 8, 2025.
  222. ^Fernandez, Lisa; Kafton, Christien (December 9, 2025)."Waymo standoff in San Francisco goes viral, company responds".KTVU. RetrievedJanuary 22, 2026.
  223. ^Shepardson, David (January 29, 2026)."US opens probe after Waymo self-driving vehicle strikes child near school, causing minor injuries".Reuters. RetrievedJanuary 29, 2026.
  224. ^O'Kane, Sean (January 29, 2026)."Waymo robotaxi hits a child near an elementary school in Santa Monica".TechCrunch. RetrievedJanuary 29, 2026.
  225. ^Kolodny, Lora (January 29, 2026)."A Waymo hit a child near an elementary school. The NHTSA is investigating".CNBC. RetrievedJanuary 29, 2026.
  226. ^Hawkins, Andrew J. (January 28, 2022)."Waymo sues California DMV to keep driverless crash data under wraps".The Verge. RetrievedJanuary 25, 2023.
  227. ^Mitchell, Russ (January 28, 2022)."Waymo sues state DMV to keep robotaxi safety details secret".Los Angeles Times. RetrievedJanuary 25, 2023.
  228. ^Hawkins, Andrew J. (February 23, 2022)."Waymo wins bid to keep some of its robotaxi safety details secret".The Verge. RetrievedJanuary 25, 2023.
  229. ^"SF sues state regulators for robotaxi expansion".San Francisco Examiner. January 24, 2024. RetrievedOctober 30, 2024.
  230. ^"San Mateo County opposes Waymo's driverless-car expansion".The Mercury News. February 15, 2024. RetrievedFebruary 17, 2024.
  231. ^Thadani, Trisha; Duncan, Ian (May 24, 2024)."Major robotaxi firms face federal safety investigations after crashes".The Washington Post.ISSN 0190-8286. RetrievedMay 26, 2024.
  232. ^"Software May Cause Vehicle to Hit Roadway Barrier". NHTSA. May 12, 2025. RetrievedDecember 11, 2025.
  233. ^Shepardson, David; Sophia, Deborah Mary (May 14, 2025)."Waymo recalls 1,200 self-driving vehicles in US after minor collisions". Reuters. RetrievedDecember 11, 2025.
  234. ^Shepardson, David (July 25, 2025)."US closes probe into Waymo self-driving collisions, unexpected behavior". Reuters. RetrievedSeptember 13, 2025.
  235. ^Wintersmith, Saraya (July 24, 2025)."Driverless cars run into resistance at Boston City Council".WGBH-TV. RetrievedSeptember 14, 2025.
  236. ^Maher, Emily (October 28, 2025)."Labor unions form coalition as Boston City Council considers driverless car regulation".WCVB-TV. RetrievedOctober 30, 2025.
  237. ^Vaziri, Aidin (September 27, 2025)."Waymo driverless car stopped by Bay Area police during DUI operation".San Francisco Chronicle. RetrievedSeptember 29, 2025.
  238. ^Fang, Tim (September 29, 2025)."Bay Area police officers pull over Waymo robotaxi during DUI operation".CBS News. RetrievedSeptember 29, 2025.
  239. ^Murphy Marcos, Coral (September 29, 2025)."California police stumped after trying to ticket driverless car for illegal U-turn".The Guardian. RetrievedSeptember 29, 2025.
  240. ^Shepardson, David; Sriram, Akash (October 20, 2025)."US probes Alphabet unit Waymo robotaxis over school bus safety". Reuters. RetrievedOctober 22, 2025.
  241. ^Houle, Chase (September 28, 2025)."Waymo car recorded illegally passing school bus".WXIA-TV. RetrievedOctober 2, 2025.
  242. ^Van Cleave, Kris (October 1, 2025)."Driverless Waymo seen blowing past a school bus in Atlanta".CBS News. RetrievedOctober 2, 2025.
  243. ^Vaziri, Aidin (October 2, 2025)."'Too dangerous for our children': Lawmakers call out Waymo after school bus incident".San Francisco Chronicle. RetrievedOctober 2, 2025.
  244. ^Wiley, Kelly; Pauda, Erica (December 4, 2025)."Another Waymo driverless vehicle cited for passing a stopped school bus, AISD says".KXAN-TV. RetrievedDecember 5, 2025.
  245. ^Cross, Bettie; LeHardy, Will (December 5, 2025)."Waymo refuses AISD request to cease operations after 20th school bus violation since Aug".KEYE-TV. RetrievedDecember 6, 2025.
  246. ^Lucas, Liza (December 4, 2025)."More cases of Waymo autonomous vehicles driving around stopped Atlanta school buses as federal probe continues".WXIA-TV. RetrievedDecember 7, 2025.
  247. ^"Vehicle May Pass a Stopped School Bus". NHTSA. December 8, 2025. RetrievedDecember 11, 2025.
  248. ^"Waymo recalls, updates software for over 3000 vehicles, U.S. regulator says". Reuters. December 11, 2025. RetrievedDecember 11, 2025.
  249. ^Leonard, Karoline (January 15, 2026)."Austin ISD says Waymo robotaxis continue to pass school buses despite software recall".Austin American-Statesman. RetrievedJanuary 15, 2026.
  250. ^O'Kane, Sean (January 23, 2026)."Waymo probed by National Transportation Safety Board over illegal school bus behavior".TechCrunch. RetrievedJanuary 23, 2026.
  251. ^Myrow, Rachael (November 5, 2025)."Waymo, Alphabet Sued for Bias After AI Allegedly Mislabels SF Doctor as Terrorist".KQED. RetrievedNovember 6, 2025.
  252. ^Swan, Rachel (November 5, 2025)."Did Waymo misidentify an S.F. doctor as a terrorist? New lawsuit alleges discrimination".San Francisco Chronicle. RetrievedNovember 6, 2025.
  253. ^Rickman, Rick (November 18, 2025)."Trenton could slow down Waymo's driverless car rollout in New Jersey".WKXW. RetrievedDecember 6, 2025.
  254. ^Vara, Juliette (November 19, 2025)."Some city leaders push back on Waymo coming to San Diego".KUSI-TV. RetrievedNovember 21, 2025.
  255. ^Harff, Noelle (January 15, 2026)."San Diego MTS issues anti-Waymo proclamation".The San Diego Union-Tribune. RetrievedJanuary 16, 2026.
  256. ^Hall, Matthew (November 24, 2025)."Santa Monica Orders Waymo to Halt Overnight Operations at Charging Facilities".Santa Monica Daily Press. RetrievedNovember 24, 2025.
  257. ^ab"E&E News: Lawsuits fly in dispute over Waymo's Santa Monica charging station".subscriber.politicopro.com. RetrievedJanuary 29, 2026.
  258. ^abHernandez, Salvador (December 22, 2025)."Fight between Waymo and Santa Monica goes to court".Los Angeles Times. RetrievedDecember 22, 2025.
  259. ^Hall, Matthew (December 3, 2025)."Waymo operations persist despite Nov. 26 deadline to end overnight work in Santa Monica".Santa Monica Daily Press. RetrievedDecember 4, 2025.
  260. ^"Santa Monica calls Waymo charging sites a 'public nuisance,' asks judge to limit overnight operations".FOX 11. January 1, 2026. RetrievedJanuary 29, 2026.
  261. ^Winter, Deena (December 4, 2025)."Some Minneapolis City Council members want to stop Waymo driverless cars".Minnesota Star Tribune. RetrievedDecember 4, 2025.
  262. ^"Why Phoenix Area Residents Are Attacking Waymo's Self-Driving Fleet".NPR. January 2, 2019. RetrievedNovember 7, 2025.
  263. ^Kerr, Dana (August 26, 2023)."Armed with traffic cones, protesters are immobilizing driverless cars". NPR.
  264. ^Javaid, Maham (February 12, 2024)."San Francisco crowd sets self-driving car on fire".The Washington Post.ISSN 0190-8286. RetrievedFebruary 13, 2024.
  265. ^Quintana, Sergio (February 13, 2024)."Authorities work to identify people who set Waymo car on fire in San Francisco".NBC Bay Area. RetrievedFebruary 17, 2024.
  266. ^Pena, Luz (February 8, 2024)."SF couple describes feeling 'trapped' riding in Waymo driverless car that was being attacked".ABC7 San Francisco. RetrievedFebruary 17, 2024.
  267. ^Dave, Paresh (July 22, 2024)."Waymo Is Suing People Who Allegedly Smashed and Slashed Its Robotaxis".Wired. RetrievedNovember 7, 2025.
  268. ^de Guzman, Chad; Sutherland, Callum (June 9, 2025)."Why Waymo's Self-Driving Cars Became a Target of Protesters in Los Angeles".Time. RetrievedSeptember 13, 2025.
  269. ^Pruitt-Young, Sharon (October 16, 2021)."Self-driving Waymo cars gather in a San Francisco neighborhood, confusing residents". NPR.
  270. ^"Dead-End SF Street Plagued With Confused Waymo Cars Trying To Turn Around 'Every 5 Minutes'".CBS News. October 14, 2021. RetrievedNovember 24, 2025.
  271. ^Hawkins, Andrew J. (October 14, 2021)."Waymo's autonomous vehicles keep getting stuck in a dead-end street in San Francisco".The Verge. RetrievedNovember 24, 2025.
  272. ^Edwards, Benj (August 13, 2024)."Self-driving Waymo cars keep SF residents awake all night by honking at each other".Ars Technica. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2024.
  273. ^Goard, Alyssa (August 18, 2024)."San Francisco neighbors say Waymo honking continues, global audience follows along live".KNTV. RetrievedNovember 24, 2025.
  274. ^Larson, Amy (August 19, 2024)."Driverless Waymo cars still honking despite software fix".KRON-TV. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2024.
  275. ^"Man's ride to airport takes turn after Waymo gets stuck driving in circles".KGO-TV. January 7, 2025. RetrievedSeptember 14, 2025.
  276. ^"LA tech entrepreneur nearly misses flight after getting trapped in robotaxi".The Guardian. January 6, 2025. RetrievedSeptember 14, 2025.Waymo told the Guardian the "looping event" had been addressed by a regularly scheduled software update.
  277. ^Schlepp, Travis (April 8, 2025)."Waymo gets stuck in California Chick-fil-A drive-thru".KTLA. RetrievedSeptember 15, 2025.
  278. ^Council, Stephen (April 9, 2025)."Confused Waymo shuts down Calif. restaurant's drive-thru".SFGate. RetrievedSeptember 15, 2025.
  279. ^Korosec, Kirsten (April 9, 2025)."A Waymo robotaxi got trapped in Chick-fil-A drive-through".TechCrunch. RetrievedSeptember 15, 2025.
  280. ^Garcia, Ariana (April 21, 2025)."Passengers say they were trapped inside driverless vehicle in Austin".Chron.com. RetrievedSeptember 14, 2025.
  281. ^Willits, Mitchell (April 22, 2025)."Woman and friends trapped in driverless car, TikTok video shows. Waymo responds".Fort Worth Star-Telegram. RetrievedSeptember 14, 2025.
  282. ^McCord, Cory (April 23, 2025)."Woman says she got trapped inside driverless taxi in Austin".KHOU. RetrievedSeptember 14, 2025.
  283. ^abBlankstein, Andrew; Siemaszko, Corky (December 2, 2025)."Driverless Waymo vehicle goes through tense police stop in L.A."NBC News. RetrievedDecember 2, 2025.The robotaxi operated by Waymo was driven just a few feet away from a Los Angeles police felony stop downtown following a vehicle chase early Sunday
  284. ^"Way-No-No-No!!! Drives Into Police Standoff".TMZ. December 1, 2025. RetrievedDecember 2, 2025.
  285. ^Good, Anna (December 2, 2025).""Incredible": Waymo robotaxi casually drives into active LAPD standoff in viral video".The Daily Dot. RetrievedDecember 2, 2025.
  286. ^Swan, Rachel (December 10, 2025)."A woman's Waymo rolled up with a stunning surprise: A man hiding in the trunk".San Francisco Chronicle. RetrievedDecember 11, 2025.
  287. ^Baker, Alex (December 10, 2025)."Viral video of man hiding in trunk of Waymo raises safety concerns".KRON-TV. RetrievedDecember 11, 2025.
  288. ^Shahan, Zachary (December 16, 2025)."Waymo Gets Paralyzed By Venice Canal Parade".CleanTechnica. RetrievedDecember 19, 2025.
  289. ^Weedston, Lindsey (December 17, 2025).""Yes you can!": Venice residents cheer Waymo car stuck at a canal bridge during annual parade".The Daily Dot. RetrievedDecember 19, 2025.
  290. ^Wilkins, Joe (December 17, 2025)."Waymo Paralyzed by Parade, Blocks Traffic for 45 Minutes".Futurism. RetrievedDecember 19, 2025.
  291. ^Thompson, Kelsey (December 16, 2025)."'Just another day': Waymo caught driving wrong way on I-35 frontage road". MySA. RetrievedDecember 19, 2025.
  292. ^Landymore, Frank (December 18, 2025)."Waymo Spotted Driving Wrong Way Down Busy Street".Futurism. RetrievedDecember 19, 2025.
  293. ^Marcin, Tim (December 19, 2025)."Driverless Waymo seemingly drives straight into oncoming traffic in viral video".Mashable. RetrievedDecember 19, 2025.
  294. ^Rao, Sonia A.; Morales, Christina; Sassoon, Alessandro Marazzi (December 21, 2025)."Waymo Suspended Service in San Francisco After Its Cars Stalled During Power Outage".The New York Times. RetrievedDecember 23, 2025.
  295. ^Keane, Isabel (December 22, 2025)."Waymo suspends service in San Francisco after causing traffic jams during blackout".The Independent. RetrievedDecember 23, 2025.
  296. ^Baron, Ethan (December 22, 2025)."Waymo robotaxis blink out and block traffic in SF blackout. What happens in the next emergency?".The Mercury News. RetrievedDecember 23, 2025.
  297. ^Reagan, Kevin; Golightly, Chase (January 7, 2026)."Waymo car seen driving on light rail tracks in Phoenix".KPNX. RetrievedJanuary 11, 2026.
  298. ^Castillo, Mickaela (January 8, 2026)."Waymo passenger flees after car drives on Phoenix light rail tracks".KTVK/KPHO-TV. RetrievedJanuary 11, 2026.
  299. ^Uwaoma, Philip (January 10, 2026).""That Was Close": Passenger Flee for Safety as Waymo Robotaxi Drives onto Train Tracks".Yahoo News. RetrievedJanuary 11, 2026.

Primary sources

In the text, these references are preceded by a double dagger (‡):

  1. ^abThrun, Sebastian (October 9, 2010)."What we're driving at". The Official Google Blog. RetrievedOctober 11, 2010.
  2. ^ab"Journey".Waymo.
  3. ^"The Test Driven Google Car". April 30, 2011. RetrievedApril 30, 2011 – via YouTube.[dead YouTube link]
  4. ^Krafcik, John (January 17, 2019)."Our #tenyearchallenge has been building the world's most experienced driver. Thanks to two visionary @Google characters for getting us started & to the @Waymo One riders in #Phoenix we're serving. HBD #Waymo pic.twitter.com/Ew4fdXjM7c".John Krafcik's official Twitter account.Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2019.
  5. ^A First Drive. May 27, 2014.Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube.
  6. ^Krafcik, John (October 27, 2017)."Michigan is Waymo's winter wonderland".Medium.com. RetrievedSeptember 15, 2018.
  7. ^abcd"Where Waymo is driving". Waymo. RetrievedNovember 18, 2025.
  8. ^"Where you can go". Waymo. RetrievedJuly 29, 2025.
  9. ^"Waymo is opening its fully driverless service to the general public in Phoenix". Waymo. October 8, 2020. RetrievedJune 26, 2025.
  10. ^"Waymo One is now open to all in Los Angeles". Waymo. November 12, 2024. RetrievedJune 26, 2025.
  11. ^"Waypoint – Sacramento". Waymo. February 5, 2026. RetrievedFebruary 9, 2026.
  12. ^"Waypoint – San Diego". Waymo. November 3, 2025. RetrievedNovember 3, 2025.
  13. ^"Waymo One is now open to everyone in San Francisco". Waymo. June 25, 2024. RetrievedJune 26, 2025.
  14. ^"Waypoint – Denver". Waymo. September 2, 2025. RetrievedSeptember 2, 2025.
  15. ^"Miami, Your Waymo Ride Is Ready". Waymo. January 22, 2026. RetrievedJanuary 22, 2026.Starting today, Waymo is welcoming the first public riders into our fully autonomous ride-hailing service in Miami
  16. ^abcd"Safe, Routine, Ready: Autonomous driving in five new cities". Waymo. November 18, 2025. RetrievedNovember 18, 2025.
  17. ^"Waypoint". Waymo. November 20, 2025. RetrievedNovember 20, 2025.
  18. ^"Waypoint". Waymo. November 20, 2025. RetrievedNovember 20, 2025.
  19. ^"Waypoint – Baltimore". Waymo. December 3, 2025. RetrievedDecember 3, 2025.
  20. ^"Waypoint – Boston". Waymo. February 5, 2026. RetrievedFebruary 9, 2026.
  21. ^"Waypoint – Detroit". Waymo. November 3, 2025. RetrievedNovember 3, 2025.
  22. ^"Waypoint". Waymo. November 20, 2025. RetrievedNovember 20, 2025.
  23. ^"Waypoint – St. Louis". Waymo. December 3, 2025. RetrievedDecember 3, 2025.
  24. ^"Waypoint – Las Vegas". Waymo. November 3, 2025. RetrievedNovember 3, 2025.
  25. ^"Waypoint". Waymo. August 22, 2025. RetrievedSeptember 2, 2025.
  26. ^"Waypoint – Philadelphia". Waymo. December 3, 2025. RetrievedDecember 3, 2025.
  27. ^"Waypoint – Pittsburgh". Waymo. December 3, 2025. RetrievedDecember 3, 2025.
  28. ^"Bringing fully autonomous rides to Nashville, in partnership with Lyft". Waymo. September 17, 2025. RetrievedSeptember 17, 2025.
  29. ^"Waymo is now available in Austin, only on Uber".support.google.com. March 4, 2025. RetrievedJune 26, 2025.
  30. ^"Introducing our next city: Dallas". Waymo. July 28, 2025. RetrievedJuly 28, 2025.
  31. ^"Waypoint - Seattle". Waymo. September 2, 2025. RetrievedSeptember 2, 2025.
  32. ^"Next stop for Waymo One: Washington, D.C." Waymo. March 25, 2025. RetrievedJune 26, 2025.
  33. ^"Making air travel more convenient at Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport". Waymo. November 1, 2022. RetrievedSeptember 16, 2025.
  34. ^"Clear skies and autonomous Waymo rides at SFO". Waymo. January 29, 2026. RetrievedJanuary 29, 2026.We'll start by offering SFO access to a select number of riders and will gradually welcome all riders over the coming months.
  35. ^"Taking riders further, safely with freeways". Waymo. November 12, 2025. RetrievedNovember 12, 2025.
  36. ^"We've expanded our San Francisco service area to cover more of the bay".support.google.com. December 1, 2025. RetrievedDecember 1, 2025.
  37. ^"Delivering more for our riders in a year of incredible growth". Waymo. December 10, 2025. RetrievedDecember 10, 2025....and we recently began offering employees fully autonomous rides at Miami International Airport with plans to go fully autonomous at other major airports soon.
  38. ^ab@waymo; (January 21, 2026)."Preparing for take off at @dallaslovefield and @satairport with employee testing! 🤠✈️ We're one step closer to making autonomous airport travel the new standard. 🚘🤖". RetrievedJanuary 21, 2026 – viaInstagram.
  39. ^"Post". Waymo. November 21, 2025. RetrievedNovember 21, 2025 – via LinkedIn.
  40. ^"Partnering with Nihon Kotsu and GO on our first international road trip". Waymo. December 16, 2024. RetrievedJune 26, 2025.
  41. ^"Hello London! Your Waymo ride is arriving". Waymo. October 15, 2025. RetrievedOctober 15, 2025.
  42. ^"Waymo Via – Same Driver. Different Vehicle". Archived fromthe original on July 22, 2020. RetrievedJuly 22, 2020.
  43. ^"Phoenix residents can now experience Uber Eats delivery with the Waymo Driver". Waymo. April 3, 2024. RetrievedOctober 16, 2025.

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