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Water industry

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Drinking and wastewater services

"Water utility" redirects here. For hot water utilities, seedistrict heating.

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Thewater industry providesdrinking water^[1] andwastewater services (includingsewage treatment) to residential, commercial, and industrial sectors ofthe economy. Typicallypublic utilities operatewater supply networks. Thewater industry does not include manufacturers and suppliers ofbottled water, which is part of the beverage production and belongs to thefood sector.

The water industry includeswater engineering, operations, water and wastewater plant construction, equipment supply and specialist water treatment chemicals, among others.

The water industry is at the service of other industries, e.g. of the food sector which produces beverages such as bottled water.^[2]

Organizational structure

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There are a variety of organizational structures for the water industry, with countries usually having one dominant traditional structure, which usually changes only gradually over time.^[3]

Ownership of water infrastructure and operations

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local government - the most usual structure worldwide,public utility
national government - in many developing countries, especially smaller ones
private ownership - more common in the developed world, see for exampleWater privatisation in England and Wales
co-operative ownership and related NGO structures, public utility

Operations

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local government operating the system through a municipal department, municipal company, or inter-municipal company
local governmentoutsources operations toprivate sector, i.e.private water operators
national government operations
private water operators own the system
- BOTs - private sector building parts of a water system (such as awastewater treatment plant) and operating it for an agreed period before transferring topublic sector ownership and operation.
cooperation and NGO operators

Functions

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Integrated water system (water supply,sewerage (sanitation) system, and wastewater treatment)
Separation by function (e.g.Dutch system where sewerage run by city, water supply by municipal orprovincial companies, and water treatment bywater boards), though some Water Supply Companies havemerged beyond municipal or provincial borders.
Other separation (e.g.Munich, separated into three companies for bulk water supply, water and wastewater network operations, and retail)

Standards

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Water quality standards and environmental standards relating to wastewater are usually set by national bodies.

In England, theDrinking Water Inspectorate and theEnvironment Agency.
In the United States, drinking water standards forpublic water systems are set by theUnited States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) pursuant to theSafe Drinking Water Act.^[4] EPA issueswater pollution control standards in conjunction with state environmental agencies, pursuant to theClean Water Act.^[5]
For countries within the European Union, water-relatedEuropean Union directives are important forwater resource management and environmental and water quality standards. Key directives include theUrban Waste Water Treatment Directive 1992 requiring most towns and cities to treat their wastewater to specified standards, and theWater Framework Directive 2000, which requires water resource plans based on river basins, including public participation based onAarhus Convention principles.^[6]
International Standards (ISO) on water service management and assessment are under preparation within Technical Committee ISO/TC 224.

Global companies

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Using available data only, and during 2009 - 2010, the ten largest water companies active globally were (largest first):^[7]Veolia Environnement (France),Suez Environnement (France),ITT Corporation (US),United Utilities (UK),Severn Trent (UK),Thames Water (UK),American Water Works Company (US),GE Water (US),Kurita Water Industries (Japan),Nalco Water (US).

References

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^"Information about Public Water Systems". 21 September 2015.
^"About Bottled Water Safety".
^"Characteristics of well - performing public water utilities"(PDF).ppp.worldbank.org.
^United States. Safe Drinking Water Act.Pub. L. 93–523; 88 Stat. 1660;42 U.S.C. § 300fet seq. Approved 1974-12-16.
^United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.Pub. L. 92–500 Approved 1972-10-18.
^"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2005-04-08. Retrieved2004-12-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Watertime - the international context. Section 2
^"World's 10 Largest Water Companies".etcgroup.orgETC Group. 2012-01-18. Archived fromthe original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved6 June 2021.

External links

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Truth from the Tap "Water Industry Facts"Water Industry Facts - Truth from the Tap Archived 2020-11-01 at theWayback Machine
Lowi, Alvin Jr.Avoiding the Grid: Technology and the Decentralization of Water
WaterWorld Magazine (see Water & Wastewater Industry Report e-newsletter)
Global Water Intelligence
Industrial WaterWorld^{[permanent dead link]}
Water & Wastewater International^{[permanent dead link]}
Water Procurement Portal
National Association of Clean Water Agencies
Industrial Doctorate Centre for the Water Sector
"Water Industry Journal".

Majorindustries byeconomic sector

Primary sector or ′Natural sector′(raw materials)

Biotic

Agriculture	Arable farming Cereals Legumes Vegetables Fiber crops Oilseeds Sugar Tobacco Permanent crops Apples et al. Berries Citrus Stone fruits Tropical fruit Viticulture Cocoa Coffee Tea Nuts Olives Medicinal plants Spices Horticulture Flowers Seeds Animal husbandry Beef cattle Dairy farming Fur farming Horses Other livestock Pig Wool Poultry Beekeeping Cochineal Shellac Silk Hunting Fur trapping
Forestry	Silviculture Bamboo Logging Firewood Rattan Tree tapping Frankincense Gum arabic Gutta-percha Maple syrup Mastic Natural rubber Palm sugar,syrup, &wine Pine resin Wild mushrooms Fungiculture Truffles
Aquatic	Fishing Anchovies Herring Sardines Cod Haddock Pollock Mackerel Shark Swordfish Tuna Crabs Lobsters Sea urchins Squid Whaling Aquaculture Carp Catfish Tilapia Abalone Mussels Oysters Pearls Microalgae Seaweed Both Clams Sea cucumbers Scallops Salmon Shrimp

Geological

Secondary sector or ′Industrial sector′(goods manufacturing)

Manufacturing

Light industry	Food Animal feed Baking Canning Dairy products Flour Meat Prepared Preserved Sweets Vegetable oils Beverages Beer Bottled water Liquor Soft drinks Wine Textiles Carding Dyeing Prints Spinning Weaving Carpets Lace Linens Rope Clothing Accessories Dressmaking Furs Hatmaking Sewing Shoemaking Tailoring Printing Bookbinding Embossing Engraving Secure Typesetting Media reproduction Cassette tapes Phonographs Optical discs Metal fabrication Boilermaking Builders' &household hardware Cutlery Gunsmithing Locksmithing Machining Othersmithing Powder metallurgy Prefabrication Surface finishing Other fabrication 3D printing Blow molding Drawing Extrusion Glassblowing Injection moulding Pottery Sintering Stonemasonry Woodworking Furniture Other goods Baggage Bicycles Jewellery Medical supplies Musical instruments Office supplies Outdoors & sports equipment Personal protective equipment Toys
Electrical & optical	Electronics Components Circuit boards Semiconductors Computers Computer systems Parts & peripherals Blankstorage media Communications equipment Mobile phones Network infrastructure Consumer electronics Televisions Video game consoles Instrumentation Clocks and watches GPS devices Scientific instruments Medical imaging systems Optical instruments Cameras Gun &spotting scopes Laser construction Lens grinding Microscopes Telescopes Electrical equipment Batteries Electrical &fiber optic cables Electric lighting Electric motors Home appliances Transformers
Chemicals	Coal &oil refining Bitumen Coke Diesel fuel Fuel oil Gasoline Jet fuel Kerosene Mineral oil Paraffin wax Petrochemicals Petroleum jelly Propane Synthetic oil Tar Commodity chemicals Fertilizers Industrial gases Pigments Pure elements Speciality chemicals Adhesives Agrochemicals Aroma compounds Cleaning products Cosmetics Explosives Fireworks Paints &inks Perfumes Soap Toiletries Fine chemicals Pharmaceuticals Antibiotics Blood products Chemical & hormonalcontraceptives Generic drugs Illegal drugs Supplements Vaccines
Materials	Leather Liming &deliming Tanning Currying &oiling Wood Drying Sawmilling Engineered Lumber Composite Paper Sizing Cardboard Pulp Tissue Rubber Tires Vulcanized rubber Plastics Commodity Engineered Specialty Pellets Synthetic fibers Thermoplastics &thermosets Glass Borosilicate Fused quartz Soda-lime Float glass Glass fiber Glass wool &fiberglass Safety glass Ceramics Brick Earthenware Porcelain Refractory Tile Cement Mortar Plaster Ready-mix concrete Other mineral Abrasives Carbon fibers &advanced materials Mineral wool Synthetic gems Metal refining Iron Aluminum Copper Alloys Steel Formed metal Rolled Forged Cast metal
Heavy industry	Machinery Conveyors Heavy Hydraulic Machine tools Power &wind turbines Automobiles Other heavyvehicles Aerospace &space Rail vehicles Ships &offshore platforms Weapons

Utilities

Construction

Tertiary sector or ′Service sector′(services)

Sales	Retail Car dealership Consumer goods General store Grocery store Department store Mail order E-commerce Online shopping Specialty store Wholesale Auction Brokerage Distribution
Transport & Storage	Cargo Air cargo Intermodal Mail Moving company Rail Trucking Passenger transport Airlines Car rentals Passenger rail Ridesharing Taxis Warehousing Self storage
Hospitality	Food service Drink service Cafés Catering Fast food Food delivery Restaurants Teahouses Hotels
Asset management	Financial services Banking Credit Financial advice Holding company Money transfer Payment cards Risk management Securities Insurance Health Life Pension funding Property Reinsurance Real estate Brokerage Property management
Professional	Accounting Assurance Audit Bookkeeping Tax advice Architecture &engineering Inspection Surveying Physical,product, &system testing Design Fashion Interior Product Legal services Management Consulting Public relations Marketing Advertising Creative Language Research and development Basic research
Healthcare	Medicine Dentist offices Hospitals Nursing Residential care Veterinary medicine
Entertainment &leisure	Audio-visual Film Music Video games Broadcasting News Radio Television Sport Travel Business travel Cruise lines Tourism Gambling Online Venues Arcades Amusement parks Fairgrounds Nightclubs Tabletop games
Publishing &Mass media	Written Books Periodicals Software Internet Hosting Social networks Streaming Websites
Education	Primary Secondary Tertiary Vocational school University Testing Tutoring
Other	Administrative Customer service Leasing Renting Staffing Private investigation &security Maintenance Janitors Landscaping Repairs Personal services Beauty Dry cleaning Funeral Maid service Pet care Sex Poverty

Classification standards	Production-based ANZSIC ISIC NACE NAICS SIC UKSIC Market-based GICS ICB TRBC Other Aftermarket Generic OEM
Inputs &outputs	Externalities Community Crime Culture Pollution Well-being Funding Goods Commodities Final Intermediate Raw material Innovation Primary inputs Labor Natural resources Physical capital Services Technology
Organization	Centralization Cartel Conglomerate Horizontal integration Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Monopsony Vertical integration Decentralization Enforced breakup Freelancing Homesteading Outsourcing Putting-out system Spinning-off Temporary work Ownership Cooperative Joint-stock company Nationalization Nonprofit organization Partnership Privatization Sole proprietorship State-owned enterprise