The wordwat is borrowed from theSanskritvāṭa (Devanāgarī: वाट), meaning "enclosure".[1][2] The term has varying meanings in each region, sometimes referring to a specific type of government-recognised or large temple, other times referring to any Buddhist or Hindu temple.
Kalawar Church, a Catholic church in Bangkok, is also commonly calledWat Kalawar
Usage of the term inThailand beyond Buddhist temples
InBuddhism, awat is a Buddhist sacred precinct withvihara, a temple, an edifice housing a large image of Buddha and a facility for lessons. A site without a minimum of three residentbhikkhus cannot correctly be described as a wat although the term is frequently used more loosely, even for ruins of ancient temples. As a transitive or intransitive verb,wat means to measure, to take measurements; comparetemplum, from whichtemple derives, having the same root astemplate.
InCambodia, awat is any place of worship. "Wat" generally refers to a Buddhist place of worship, but the precise term isvôtt pŭtthsasnéa (វត្តពុទ្ធសាសនា) meaning "Buddhist pagoda". "Angkor Wat" (អង្គរវត្តângkôr vôtt) means 'city of temples'.
According to Thai law, there are two types of Thai Buddhist temples:
Wats (วัด;wat) are temples which have been endorsed by the state and have been grantedVisungkhamsima (วิสุงคามสีมา), or the land for establishingcentral hall, by the king. These temples are divided into:[3]
Royal temples (Thai:พระอารามหลวง;RTGS: phra aram luang): established or patronised by the king or his family members.
Public temples (Thai:วัดราษฎร์;RTGS: wat rat): established by private citizens. Despite the term "private", private temples are open to the public and are sites of public religious activities.
Samnak song (Thai:สำนักสงฆ์): are temples or monasteries without state endorsement andwisungkhamasima. For example,Wat Tham Krabok inPhra Phutthabat was established as asamnak song in 1975 and was granted awat status in 2012.[4]
Bot (Thai:โบสถ์) orubosot (Lao:ອຸໂປສົດ;Thai:อุโบสถ; fromPaliuposatha) orsim (Lao:ສິມ): the holiest prayer room, also called the "ordination hall" as it is where new monks take their vows. Architecturally it is similar to the vihara. The main difference is the eight cornerstones placed around the bot to ward off evil. The bot is usually more decorated than the wihan. In Cambodia nowadays, this type of building is considered to beVihear. It was previously calledUbaosathakea orRorng Ubaosoth (Khmer:ឧបោសថាគារ ឬ រោងឧបោសថ).
Chedei (Khmer:ចេតិយ) orChedi (Thai:เจดีย์;Lao:ເຈດີ) fromSanskrit:chaitya, temple orthat (Lao:ທາດ): It is also known as aStupa (Thai:สถูป). Usually conical or bell-shaped buildings, but many Cambodian stupas are constructed in the style of temple shrine. They often contain relics of Buddha. The urns containing the ashes of the cremated dead are kept here and serve as memorials for those ancestors.
Chantakhara (Thai:ชันตาฆร): a room in which fire and water are kept.
Kappapiya Kudi (Thai:กัปปิยกุฎี) utility and storage room.
Kod (Khmer:កុដិ), Kut, Kutti, Kuti or Kati (Lao:ກຸຕິ, ກະຕິ;Thai:กุฏิ): the living quarters of monks (bhikkhus) separated from the sacred buildings.
Mondop (Khmer:មណ្ឌប;Thai:มณฑป; from Sanskrit:Mandapa): usually an open, square building with four arches and a pyramidal roof, used to worship religious texts or objects.
Pond (Khmer:ស្រះ -Srah;Lao:ສະນ້ໍາSa Nam;Thai:สระน้ำSa Nam): is rectangular in shape and sometimes decorated withlotus flowers, the emblematic flower of Buddhism. In addition, some wats illustrate the figure ofBuddha being sheltered by a seven headednaga, namedMucalinda (Khmer:មុជ្ជលិន្ទ), in the middle of the pond. The pond itself is called Mucalinda Pond.
Sala (Khmer:សាលា;Lao:ສາລາ;Thai:ศาลา; from the Sanskrit wordशाला (IAST: śālā), cognate ofHindi शाल, meaning hall, large room or shed.[5] A pavilion for relaxation and miscellaneous activities. In Cambodia, the sala also serves as the Buddhist educational center in a wat, but not every wat has one. It can be found outside the wat proper.
Oupadthan Sala or Sala Bonn (Khmer:ឧបដ្ឋានសាលា ឬ សាលាបុណ្យ) or Sala Wat (Thai:ศาลาวัด): a hall for people gathering together to make a donation or for ceremonies.
Sala Baley or Sala Putthikakseksa (Khmer:សាលាបាលី ឬ សាលាពុទ្ធិកសិក្សា): literally means 'Pali school' or 'Buddhist educational school', is the place to teach BuddhistDharma and other subjects in bothPali andKhmer languages. Sala Baley is divided into three levels. They are: Buddhist elementary school (Khmer:ពុទ្ធិកបឋមសិក្សាPutthikakpathamaseksa); Buddhist high school (Khmer:ពុទ្ធិកវិទ្យាល័យ -Putthikakvityealay); and Buddhist university (Khmer:ពុទ្ធិកសកលវិទ្យាល័យPutthikaksakalvityealay). Beside Buddhist Dharma, Buddhist university includes subjects such as philosophy, science, information technology,Sanskrit, and other foreign languages. These schools may be constructed outside the wat and laypersons are also permitted to study there.
Sala Chhann (Khmer:សាលាឆាន់), Sala Bat (Thai:ศาลาบาตร), or Ho Chan (Thai:หอฉัน): cafeteria for monks.
Sala Chhatean (Khmer:សាលាឆទាន), Sala Klang Yan (Thai:ศาลากลางย่าน) or Sala Rong Tham (Lao:ສາລາໂຮງທໍາ;Thai:ศาลาโรงธรรม): is usually smaller than other halls and can be built outside the wat, especially along the roads or even in the center of villages. It is used to celebrate Buddhist events as well as for dining and relaxation.
Sala Song (Thai:ศาลาสรง): the room where monks receive holy water blessings.
Sala Thormmasaphear or Thormmasala (Khmer:សាលាធម្មសភា ឬ ធម្មសាលា), Sala Fang Tham (Thai:ศาลาฟังธรรม):Dharma assembly pavilion, however some assume this hall to be Sala Bonn.
Vihear (Khmer:វិហារ) or wihan (Lao:ວິຫານ;Thai:วิหาร) from Sanskrit:vihara: a meeting and prayer room.
Wachak Kod (Khmer:វច្ចកុដិ) or Watcha Kudi (Thai:วัจจกุฎี) orthan (Lao:ຖານ;Thai:ถาน): toilet.
Almost all Buddhist temples in Cambodia were built inKhmer architectural style. Most temples were finely decorated with a spiked tower (bosbok) (Khmer:បុស្បុក)(some temples have three or five spiked towers; some have none) on the rooftop along withpediments,naga heads, and chovear (Khmer:ជហ្វា) (a decorative ridge-piece that is placed at each topmost edge of the roof, just above the tip of each pediment). Below the edge of the roof and at the top of external columns,garuda orkinnari figures are depicted supporting the roof. There are a pair of guardian lions and one head or several (three, five, seven, or nine).naga sculptures are beside each entrance of the temple. Inside the main temple (vihara) and the multipurpose hall (lunch hall), mural paintings depict the life ofGautama Buddha and his previous life.
The roofs of Thai temples are often adorned withchofas.
At the end of 2017, there were 4,872 wats with 69,199 Buddhist monks supportingBuddhism in Cambodia.[6] By 2019, it was illustrated that 97.1 percent of the Cambodian population was Buddhist,[7] making Cambodia to be one of the most predominant Buddhist nations in the world.
As of 2016[update] Thailand had 39,883 wats. Three hundred-ten were royal wats, the remainder were private (public). There were 298,580 Thai Buddhist monks, 264,442 of theMaha Nikaya order and 34,138 of theDhammayuttika Nikaya order. There were 59,587 Buddhist novice monks.[9]
^Baird, Ian G. (2013).The monks and the Hmong: The special relationship between the Chao Fa and the Tham Krabok Buddhist Temple in Saraburi Province, Thailand. In Vladimir Tikhonov and Torkel Brekke (eds.), Violent Buddhism – Buddhism and Militarism in Asia in the Twentieth Century. London: Routledge. pp. 120–151.
^"sala".Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary. Retrieved11 June 2012.
^26th annual Buddhist monk summit of Cambodia in Chaktomuk conference hall, Phnom Penh, December 2017.
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