Wassily Wassilyevich Leontief (Russian:Васи́лий Васи́льевич Лео́нтьев; August 5, 1905 – February 5, 1999) was a Soviet-Americaneconomist known for his research oninput–output analysis and how changes in oneeconomic sector may affect other sectors.[5]
Wassily Leontief was born on August 5, 1905, inMunich, German Empire, the son of Wassily W. Leontief (professor ofEconomics) and Zlata (German spellingSlata; later Evgenia) Leontief (née Becker).[6][7] Wassily Leontief Sr. belonged to a family of Russianold-believer merchants living inSt. Petersburg since 1741.[8] Evgenia (Genya) Becker belonged to a wealthyJewish family fromOdessa.[9] At 15 in 1921, Wassily Jr. enteredPetrograd State University in present-daySt. Petersburg. He earned his Learned Economist degree (equivalent toMaster of Arts) in 1925 at the age of 19.
Leontief sided with campaigners for academic autonomy, freedom of speech and in support ofPitirim Sorokin. As a consequence, he was detained several times by theCheka. In 1925, he was allowed to leave the USSR, mostly because the Cheka believed that he was mortally ill with asarcoma, a diagnosis that later proved false.[8] He continued his studies at theFriedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin and, in 1928, earned a Ph.D. degree in economics under the direction ofWerner Sombart, writing his dissertation onThe Economy as Circular Flow (original German title:Die Wirtschaft als Kreislauf).
From 1927 to 1930, he worked at theInstitute for the World Economy of theUniversity of Kiel. There he researched the derivation of statistical demand and supply curves. In 1929, he traveled to China to assist its ministry of railroads as an advisor.
Leontief joinedHarvard University's department of economics in 1932 and in 1946 becameprofessor of economics there.
In 1949, Leontief used an early computer at Harvard and data from theU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics to divide the U.S. economy into 500 sectors. Leontief modeled each sector with a linear equation based on the data and used the computer, theHarvard Mark II, to solve the system, one of the first significant uses of computers for mathematical modeling,[11][12][13][14] along withGeorge W. Snedecor's usage of theAtanasoff–Berry computer.
Leontief set up the Harvard Economic Research Project in 1948 and remained its director until 1973. Starting in 1965, he chaired theHarvard Society of Fellows.
In 1975, Leontief joinedNew York University and founded and directed the Institute for Economic Analysis. He taught graduate and undergraduate classes.
In 1932, Leontief married the poet Estelle Marks (1908–2005). Their only child,Svetlana Leontief Alpers, was born in 1936. Estelle wrote a memoir,Genia and Wassily,[9] of their relations with his parents after they came to the US as émigrés.
As hobbies Leontief enjoyedfly fishing, ballet, and fine wines. He vacationed for years at his farm inWest Burke, Vermont, but after moving to New York in the 1970s moved his summer residence toLakeville, Connecticut.[15][10]
Leontief died in New York City on Friday, February 5, 1999, at the age of 93.[16]
Leontief is credited with developing early contributions toinput–output analysis and was awarded theNobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his development of its associated theory. He has also made contributions in other areas of economics, such asinternational trade where he documented theLeontief paradox. He was also one of the first to establish the composite commodity theorem.
Leontief was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in economics for his work on input–output tables. Input–output tables analyze the process by which inputs from one industry produce outputs for consumption or for inputs for another industry. With the input–output table, one can estimate the change in demand for inputs resulting from a change in production of the final good. The analysis assumes that input proportions are fixed; thus the use of input–output analysis is limited to rough approximations rather than prediction. Input–output was novel and inspired large-scale empirical work; in 2010 its iterative method was recognized as an early intellectual precursor toGoogle'sPageRank.[17][18][19]
Leontief used input–output analysis to study the characteristics of trade flow between the U.S. and other countries, and found what has been namedLeontief's paradox; "this country resorts to foreign trade in order to economize itscapital and dispose of itssurplus labor, rather than vice versa", i.e., U.S. exports were relatively labor-intensive when compared to U.S. imports. This is the opposite of what one would expect, considering the fact that the U.S.'s comparative advantage was in capital-intensive goods. According to some economists, this paradox has since been explained as due to the fact that when a country produces "more than two goods, the abundance of capital relative to labor does not imply that the capital intensity of its exports should exceed that of imports."[20]
Leontief was also a very strong proponent of the use of quantitative data in the study of economics. Throughout his life Leontief campaigned against "theoretical assumptions and non-observed facts".[20] According to Leontief, too many economists were reluctant to "get their hands dirty" by working with raw empirical facts. To that end, Wassily Leontief did much to make quantitative data more accessible, and more indispensable, to the study of economics.
1925:Баланс народного хозяйства СССР. ("Balans narodnogo khozyaystva SSSR") inPlanovoe Khozyaystvo [ru]; translated into Italian in Spulber N.(Ed.) as "Il Bilancio dell'economia nazionale dell'URSS." inLa Strategia Sovietica per Sviluppo Economico 1924–1930, Giulio Einaudi ed., Torino [discussing the Soviet "Balance of the National Economy", 1923–24]
1928:Die Wirtschaft als Kreislauf, Tübingen: Mohr: re-published asThe economy as a circular flow, pp. 181–212 in: Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Volume 2, Issue 1, June 1991; this translation is abridged to avoid controversial statements.
Wassily W. Leontief (Aug 1937). "Interrelation of Prices, Output, Savings and Investment: A Study in Empirical Application of Economic Theory of General Interdependence".Review of Economics and Statistics.19 (3):109–132.doi:10.2307/1927343.JSTOR1927343.
1941:Structure of the American Economy, 1919–1929
1953:Studies in the Structure of the American Economy
Wassily W. Leontief (Aug 1967). "An Alternative to Aggregation in Input-Output Analysis and National Accounts".Review of Economics and Statistics.49 (3):412–419.doi:10.2307/1926651.JSTOR1926651.
Wassily W. Leontief (Aug 1970). "Environmental repercussions and the economic structure: an input-output approach".Review of Economics and Statistics.52 (3):262–271.doi:10.2307/1926294.JSTOR1926294.
Wassily W. Leontief (1970). "The Dynamic Inverse". In A.P. Carter and A. Brody (ed.).Contributions to Input-Output Analysis: Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Input-Output Techniques (1). North-Holland Publishing Company. pp. 17–46.
1977:Essays in Economics, II
1977:The Future of the World Economy
1983:Military Spending: Facts and Figures, Worldwide Implications and Future Outlook co-authed with F. Duchin.
1983:The Future of Non-Fuel Minerals in the U.S. And World Economy co-authed with J. Koo, S. Nasar and I. Sohn
1986:The Future Impact of Automation on Workers co-authored with F. Duchin
Leontief is listed in the Russian-American Chamber of Fame ofCongress of Russian Americans, which is dedicated to Russian immigrants who made outstanding contributions to American science or culture.[22][23][24]
Much of current academic teaching and research has been criticized for its lack of relevance, that is, of immediate practical impact. ... The trouble is caused, however, not by an inadequate selection of targets, but rather by our inability to hit squarely on them, ... by the palpable inadequacy of the scientific means with which they try to solve them. ... The weak and all too slowly growing empirical foundations clearly cannot support the proliferating superstructure of pure, or should I say, speculative economic theory.... By the time it comes to interpretations of the substantive conclusions, the assumptions on which the model has been based are easily forgotten. But it is precisely the empirical validity of these assumptions on which the usefulness of the entire exercise depends. ... A natural Darwinian feedback operating through selection of academic personnel contributes greatly to the perpetuation of this state of affairs.[25]
The role of humans as the most important factor of production is bound to diminish in the same way that the role of horses in agricultural production was first diminished and then eliminated by the introduction of tractors.[26]
^Bjerkholt, Olav, and Heinz D. Kurz (2006). "Introduction: the History of Input–Output Analysis, Leontief's Path and Alternative Tracks".Economic Systems Research.18 (4):331–33.doi:10.1080/09535310601020850.S2CID153703314.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^abKaliadina, Svetlana A.; Pavlova, Natal'ia Iu.; Wittich, Claus (2006). "The Family of W.W. Leontief in Russia".Economic Systems Research.18 (4): 335.doi:10.1080/09535310601020876.S2CID153415536.
^Leontief, W., Theoretical Assumptions and nonobserved Facts, American Economic Review, Vol. 61, No. 1 (March 1971), pp. 1–7; Presidential address to the American Economic Association 1970.
