 Distribution of Warli population in the then Bombay Presidency, 1945 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Maharashtra •Gujarat | |
| Languages | |
| Varli | |
| Religion | |
| Animism •Hinduism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
TheWarli orVarli are anindigenoustribe (Adivasi) of western India, living in mountainous as well as coastal areas along theMaharashtra-Gujarat border and surrounding areas. They have their ownanimistic beliefs, life, customs and traditions, and as a result ofacculturation they have adopted manyHindu beliefs. The Warli speak the unwritten Varli language which belongs to the southern zone of theIndo-Aryan languages.Waralis have sub castes such as Murde varli, Davar varali.
Warlis are found inJawhar,Vikramgad,Mokhada,Dahanu andTalasari talukas of the northernPalghar district, parts ofNashik andDhule as well asNavapur taluka ofNandurbar ofMaharashtra,Valsad,Dangs,Navsari andSurat districts ofGujarat,[1] and theunion territory ofDadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[2]
The Warli speak theVarli language, classified asMarathi, with some degree of influence fromBhili.
Varli is classified under Marathi by Grierson (Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India) as well as A.M. Ghatage (Warli of Thana, vol. VII of A Survey of Marathi dialects)
In the bookThe Painted World of the WarlisYashodhara Dalmia claimed that the Warli carry on a tradition stretching back to 2500 or 3000 BCE. Their mural paintings are similar to those done between 500 and 10,000 BCE in theRock Shelters of Bhimbetka, inMadhya Pradesh.
Their extremely rudimentary wall paintings use a very basic graphic vocabulary: a circle, a triangle and a square. Their paintings were monosyllabic. The circle and triangle come from their observation of nature, the circle representing the sun and the moon, the triangle derived from mountains and pointed trees. Only the square seems to obey a different logic and seems to be a human invention, indicating asacred enclosure or a piece of land. So the central motive in each ritual painting is the square, known as the "chauk" or "chaukat", mostly of two types:Devchauk andLagnachauk. Inside aDevchauk, we findPalaghata, the mother goddess, symbolizing fertility.[3] Significantly, male gods are unusual among the Warli and are frequently related to spirits which have taken human shape. The central motive in these ritual paintings is surrounded by scenes portraying hunting, fishing and farming, festivals and dances, trees and animals. Human and animal bodies are represented by two triangles joined at the tip; the upper triangle depicts the trunk and the lower triangle the pelvis. Their precarious equilibrium symbolizes the balance of the universe, and of the couple, and has the practical and amusing advantage of animating the bodies.
The pared down pictorial language is matched by a rudimentary technique. The ritual paintings are usually done inside the huts. The walls are made of a mixture of branches, earth and cow dung, making aRed Ochre background for the wall paintings. The Warli use only white for their paintings. Their white pigment is a mixture of rice paste and water with gum as a binding. They use a bamboo stick chewed at the end to make it as supple as a paintbrush. The wall paintings are done only for special occasions such as weddings or harvests. The lack of regular artistic activity explains the very crude style of their paintings, which were the preserve of the womenfolk until the late 1970s. But in the 1970s this ritual art took a radical turn, whenJivya Soma Mashe and his sonBalu Mashe started to paint, not for any special ritual, but because of his artistic pursuits. Warli painting also featured in Coca-Cola's 'Come home on Diwali' ad campaign in 2010 was a tribute to the spirit of India's youth and a recognition of the distinct lifestyle of the Warli tribe of Western India.[4]
Warli Painting is the cultural intellectual property of the tribal community. Understanding the need for intellectual property rights, the tribal non-profit Organisation "Adivasi Yuva Seva Sangh" initiated efforts to start a registration process in 2011. Now, Warli Painting is registered with aGeographical Indication under the intellectual property rights act. With the use of technology and the concept of social entrepreneurship, Tribals established the Warli Art Foundation, a non-profit company dedicated to Warli art and related activities.
The Warli were traditionally semi-nomadic. They lived together in small-scale groups with a headman leading them. However, recent demographic changes have transformed the Warli today into mainly agriculturists. They cultivate many crops like rice and wheat. Warli women wear toe-rings and necklaces as a sign of being married. Some Warli practicepolygyny.[5]
