TheVarini,Warni orWarini were one or moreGermanic peoples who originally lived in what is now northeastern Germany, near theBaltic Sea.
They are first named in theRoman era, and appear to have survived into theMiddle Ages. It is proposed that inOld English they were calledWerns orWarns.
Tacitus spelled the name asVarini,Pliny the Elder asVarinnae,Ptolemy asViruni (Ούίρουνοι),Procopius asVarioi (Οὐάρνων). Later attestations includeWærne orWerne in the Old EnglishWidsith, andWarnii in theLex Thuringorum.
The name supposedly meant either "defenders" or "living by the river" (from the Indo-European root*uer- "water, rain, river").[1]
The earliest mention of this tribe appears inPliny the Elder'sNatural History (published about 77 AD). He wrote that there were five Germanic races, and one of these were theVandals. These included theBurgodiones, theVarinnae, theCharini (not known from any other record) and theGutones (Goths).[2]
Tacitus (about AD 56 – 120) gave more information about the early Varini in hisGermania. In contrast to Pliny he mentioned them as one of a group of remoteSuevian peoples, living beyond (east and possibly also north of) theSemnones andLangobardi who lived near theElbe, and apparently close to the "Ocean" (which could be the Baltic Sea). He did not mention that they were Vandili.
| (English translation) | (Original Latin) |
|---|---|
| "Next come theReudigni, theAviones, theAnglii, the Varini, theEudoses, theSuardones, andNuithones who are fenced in by rivers or forests. | "Reudigni deinde et Aviones et Anglii et Varini et Eudoses et Suarines et [2] Nuitones fluminibus aut silvis muniuntur. |
| None of these tribes have any noteworthy feature, except their common worship ofErtha [the Latin saysNerthus], or mother-Earth, and their belief that she interposes in human affairs, and visits the nations in her car. | nec quicquam notabile in singulis, nisi quod in commune Nerthum, id est Terram matrem, colunt eamque intervenire rebus hominum, invehi populis arbitrantur. |
| In an island of the ocean there is a sacred grove, and within it a consecrated chariot, covered over with a garment. Only one priest is permitted to touch it. | est in insula Oceani castum nemus, dicatumque in eo vehiculum, veste contectum; [3] attingere uni sacerdoti concessum. |
| He can perceive the presence of the goddess in this sacred recess, and walks by her side with the utmost reverence as she is drawn along by heifers. | is adesse penetrali deam intellegit vectamque bubus feminis multa cum veneratione prosequitur. |
| It is a season of rejoicing, and festivity reigns wherever she deigns to go and be received. | laeti tunc dies, festa loca, quaecumque [4] adventu hospitioque dignatur. |
| They do not go to battle or wear arms; every weapon is under lock; peace and quiet are known and welcomed only at these times, till the goddess, weary of human intercourse, is at length restored by the same priest to her temple. | non bella ineunt, non arma sumunt; clausum omne ferrum; pax et quies tunc tantum nota, tunc tantum amata, donec idem sacerdos satiatam [5] conversatione mortalium deam templo reddat. |
| Afterwards the car, the vestments, and, if you like to believe it, the divinity herself, are purified in a secret lake. Slaves perform the rite, who are instantly swallowed up by its waters. | mox vehiculum et vestis et, si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur. servi ministrant, quos statim idem lacus haurit. |
| Hence arises a mysterious terror and a pious ignorance concerning the nature of that which is seen only by men doomed to die. | arcanus hinc terror sanctaque ignorantia, quid sit illud quod tantum perituri vident. |
| This branch indeed of the Suevi stretches into the remoter regions of Germany." | Et haec quidem pars Sueborum in secretiora Germaniae porrigitur" |
Surviving versions of a third source, the second centuryGeography byPtolemy, included theViruni (GreekΟύίρουνοι) in their description of easternGermania, but these are difficult to interpret and have apparently become corrupted. These describe the Viruni as being near the otherwise unknownTeutonoari.Gudmund Schütte suggested that this name is an error combining theTeutones and "Aoaroi", and would equate the later to the Varini (Ouarni) as a doubling-up error.[5] Together these two peoples were surrounded by:[6]
The three accounts appear to describe a similar area, east of the Elbe. It is perhaps in the area ofMecklenburg, where one of the main rivers is called theWarnow and a town is calledWarnemünde.[8]
Ptolemy also plotted the position of a town namedVirunum at 40°30' longitude and 55° latitude using his system. This can however be interpreted as east of the Chalusus River, between the "Suevus" and "Viadua" rivers, which both lay between the Chalusus and theVistula according to him. The townΟὐιρουνον (Virunum) has been identified as somewhere near modern-dayDrawsko Pomorskie.[citation needed][9]
From the time ofTheoderic the Great andClovis I, a letter has been preserved which Theoderic wrote to the kings of the Warni,Heruls and Thuringians.
The Warini were mentioned byProcopius in the 6th century, implying that the Varini had a very large territory in his time. Procopius situates theVarni bordering the Franks, with only the riverRhine between them, but also stretching to the coast. Their king Hermegisclus had made a strategic alliance with the Frankish rulerTheudebert I (ruler Austrasia 533-547), marrying his sister Theudechild. However, in contrast he had engaged his son with the sister of the Anglian ruler. Before his death he expressed the wish to have his son married to his stepmother Theudechild instead. As a result when king Hermegisclus died, the Warinis compelled his son Radigis to marry his stepmother. The maiden, who is not named in the story, did not accept this, and crossed the North Sea with an army of 400 ships and 100,000 men, seeking retaliation. After a battle won by the Anglians, Radigis was caught hiding in a wood not far from the mouth of the Rhine and had no other choice than to marry his fiancée.[10]
He also wrote in passing that when theHeruls (Eruli) had been defeated by theLombards, some of them moved toScandinavia (which he calledThule). When other Heruls sought to find them years later, they crossed theDanube (Ister), went through the lands of theSlavs (Sclaveni) and after a barren region, they came to the land of the Warni. After these Warni they passed through the land of theDanes, and then crossed the sea from there to Scandinavia, where they found them living with theGeats (Gautoi).[11]
Others, however, question Procopius's reliability for this northern region.[12] Modern scholars claim that the area north of the Rhine may have been under Frankish control during the greater parts of the 6th and 7th centuries, at least since the defeat of the Danish sea-kingHygelac in 526.[13]
According to the chronicle ofFredegar theVarni orWarni rebelled against the Merovingian Franks in 594 and were bloodily defeated byChildebert II in 595 (the year he died) "so that few of them survived".[14] Many modern historians believe that this is likely to refer to the Thuringians.
The Warini also appear in the title of a 9th-century legal codex,Lex Angliorum et Werinorum hoc est Thuringorum (Law of the Angles and Warini, that is, of the Thuringians), which has much in common with Frankish, Frisian and Saxon law codes.
Recent research suggests that they were part of a Thuringian federation, which dominated Northern Germany fromAttila's death in 453 to the middle of the 6th century when they were crushed by the Franks. Their military fame might explain why the names of the Warini and Thuringians have been mentioned in a much wider area, extending even beyond the Rhine.[15][16] Their home country seems to have been the district between the rivers Saale and Elster, which was calledWerenofeld (aroundEisleben).
When the region east of the Elbe becameSlavic-speaking, a group in this region continued to be calledWarnabi, perhaps representing assimilated Varni.
The Warini are mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon poemWidsith as theWærne orWerne.
| lines 24–27: | |
| Þeodric weold Froncum, þyle Rondingum, | Theodric ruled theFranks, Thyle theRondings, |
| Breoca Brondingum, Billing Wernum. | Breoca theBrondings, Billing theWerns. |
| Oswine weold Eowum ond Ytum Gefwulf, | Oswine ruled theEow and Gefwulf theJutes, |
| Fin Folcwalding Fresna cynne. | Finn Folcwalding theFrisian-kin. |
The name Billing, mentioned inWidsith, might be related to the ancestors of the SaxonBillung-family.
