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Warekena language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Arawakan language spoken in Brazil and Venezuela
Not to be confused withBaré language orWarekena Velha language.
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Warekena
Baniwa of Maroa, Baniwa of Guainía
Guarequena
Native toBrazil,Venezuela
Native speakers
650 (2001–2006)[1]
ca. 200 (1999)[2]
Arawakan
Dialects
  • Warekena do rio Xié
Language codes
ISO 639-3gae
Glottologguar1293
ELPGuarequena

Warekena (Guarequena), or more preciselyWarekena of Xié, is anArawakan language ofBrazil and ofMaroa Municipality inVenezuela, spoken near theGuainia River. It is one of several languages which go by the generic nameBaré andBaniwa/Baniva – in this case, distinguished asBaniva de Maroa orBaniva de Guainía.

There may be 10 speakers in Brazil and 200 in Venezuela, per Aikhenvald (1999).

Kaufman (1994) classified it in a Warekena group of Western Nawiki Upper Amazonian, Aikhenvald (1999) in Eastern Nawiki.

Personal pronouns in Warekena are formed by adding an emphatic suffix-ya to the cross-referencing personal prefixes.[3]

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]
LabialDentalAlveolarRetroflexPalatalVelar
cen.lat.
Nasalmn
Plosive/
Affricate
voicelesspttsk
voicedbddzɡ
Fricativevoicelessʂ
voicedʐ
Rhotictapɾɺ
trillr
Approximantwj

Vowels

[edit]
FrontCentralBack
Highiu
Mide
Lowa

/u/ can also range to[o].[4]

Grammar

[edit]

Unmarked constituent order is AVO, VSo, SaV, or SioV.[3]

AVO:

wa-hã

then-PAUS

waʃi

jaguar

yutʃia-hã

kill-PAUS

ema

tapir

wa-hã waʃi yutʃia-hã ema

then-PAUS jaguar kill-PAUS tapir

"Then the jaguar killed the tapir"

VSo:

ʃupe-hẽ

many-PAUS

ʃiani-pe

child-PL

ʃupe-hẽ ʃiani-pe

many-PAUS child-PL

"Children are many"

SaV:

peya

one

nu-yaɺitua

1sg-brother

wiyua

die

peya nu-yaɺitua wiyua

one 1sg-brother die

"One of my brothers dies"

SioV:

nu-yue

1sg-for

mawali

hungry

nu-yue mawali

1sg-for hungry

"I am hungry"

Indirect objects tend to be placed immediately after the predicate.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Warekena atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
  2. ^Aikhenvald (1999)The Arawak language family.
  3. ^abAikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1998). "Warekena". In Derbyshire, Desmond C.; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.).Handbook of Amazonian Languages. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 225–439.doi:10.1515/9783110822120. Cited in Bhat, D.N.S. 2004.Pronouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 25
  4. ^Socorro Sánchez, Marlene (2005).Morfología y sintaxis del Baniva (PhD thesis). Maracaibo: Universidad de los Andes.
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