"The war to end war" (now commonly phrased "the war to end all wars";[1] originally from the 1914 bookThe War That Will End War byH. G. Wells) is a term for theFirst World War (1914–1918). Originally anidealistic slogan, it is now mainly usedsardonically,[2] since not only was the First World War not history's final war, but its aftermath alsoindirectly contributed to the outbreak of the even more devastatingSecond World War (1939–1945).
During August 1914, immediately after the outbreak of the war, English author and social commentatorH. G. Wells published a number of articles in London newspapers that subsequently appeared as a book entitledThe War That Will End War.[3] He blamed theCentral Powers for starting the war and argued that only the defeat of Germanmilitarism could bring about an end.[4] He used the shorter form, "the war to end war", forIn the Fourth Year (1918), in which he noted that the phrase "got into circulation" in the second half of 1914.[5] It became one of the most commoncatchphrases of the First World War.[4]
During the First World War, the phrase met with some degree of skepticism. As it became apparent that the war had not succeeded in ending war, the phrase took on a more cynical tone. The British staff officerArchibald Wavell, a futurefield marshal andviceroy of India, said despondently of theParis Peace Conference: "After the 'war to end war', they seem to have been pretty successful in Paris at making the 'Peace to end Peace'."[6] Wells himself used the phrase in an ironic way in the novelThe Bulpington of Blup (1932).[7]Walter Lippmann in 1967 noted: "The delusion is that whatever war we are fighting is the war to end war", while U.S. PresidentRichard Nixon in his "Silent Majority" speech (1969) said: "I do not tell you that the war in Vietnam is the war to end wars".[2]
Since at least the last third of the 20th century, the alternative wording "the war to end all wars" has increasingly become popular. "The War to End All Wars" has been used by authors such asEdward M. Coffman (1968),Russell Freedman (2010) andAdam Hochschild (2011).[8][9][10]