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War of the League of Cognac

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Seventh phase of the Italian Wars (1526–1530)

War of the League of Cognac

Part of theFrench–Habsburg rivalry andItalian Wars

Siege of Florence, 1530, fought during the War of the League of Cognac

Date	1526–1530
Location	Italy
Result	Habsburg victory Treaty of Cambrai (1529) End of theFlorentine Republic (1530) Transformation of Florence into ahereditary monarchy byPope Clement VII (1532)

Belligerents

Pro-Habsburg:

Holy Roman Empire
Spain
Ferrara
Genoa (1528–1530)
Mantua (1528–1530)
Papal States (1530)

League of Cognac:

Supported by:

England

Commanders and leaders

v t e War of the League of Cognac
Camollia Sienese Maremma Governolo North Italy Rome Pavia Malfi Catanzaro South Italy Naples Aversa Capo d'Orso Landriano Florence Monopoli Gavinana

v t e Italian Wars
1494–1498 1499–1504 League of Cambrai Urbino 1521–1526 League of Cognac 1536–1538 1542–1546 1551–1559
Full list of battles

v t e Franco-Spanish wars
Medieval Iberian Kingdoms 1209–1229 Sicilian Vespers 1282–1294 1284–1285 1298–1302 Hundred Years' War 1351–1369 1356–1375 1435–1442 1462–1472 1475–1479 1485–1488 1487–1491 Modern Spain Italian Wars 1495–1498 1502–1504 1512–1516 1521–1526 1526–1529 1536–1538 1542–1544 1551–1559 1580–1583 French Wars of Religion 1562–1563 1569 1572 1585–1589 1589–1594 1595–1598 1613-1617 Thirty Years' War 1618–1639 1620–1626 1625 1628–1631 1635–1648 1635–1659 1640–1659 1641–1659 1647–1648 1648–1653 1657–1659 1667–1668 1667–1675 1673–1678 1675–1678 1683–1684 1688–1697 1718–1720 Coalition Wars 1793–1795 1808–1814 1815 1823 1832–1833 1833–1840

Franco-Spanish wars

Medieval Iberian Kingdoms

Modern Spain

TheWar of the League of Cognac (1526–1530) was fought between theHabsburg dominions ofCharles V—primarily theHoly Roman Empire andSpain—and the League of Cognac, an alliance including theKingdom of France,Pope Clement VII, theRepublic of Venice, theKingdom of England, theDuchy of Milan, and theRepublic of Florence.

Prelude

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Shocked by the defeat of theKingdom of France in theItalian War of 1521, PopeClement VII, together with theRepublic of Venice, began to organize an alliance to driveCharles V from theItalian Peninsula.Francis I, having signed theTreaty of Madrid, was released from his captivity in Madrid and returned to France, where he quickly announced his intention to assist Clement. Thus, on 22 May 1526, the League of Cognac was signed in the town ofCognac, France by Francis, Clement, Venice, Florence, and theSforza ofMilan, who desired to throw off the Imperial hegemony over them.Henry VIII of England, thwarted in his requests to have the treaty signed in England, refused to join.^[1]

Initial moves

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The League quickly seized the town ofLodi, but Imperial troops marched into Lombardy and soon forced Sforza to abandon Milan.^[2] Meanwhile, the powerfulColonna family organized an attack on Rome to exploit the Papacy's moment of weakness, defeating the Papal forces and briefly seizing control of the city in September 1526. They were soon paid off and left the city.^[3]

Sack of Rome

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Further information:Sack of Rome (1527)

Charles V now gathered a force of 14,000 Germanlandsknecht mercenaries and 6,000 Spanishtercio soldiers led byGeorg Frundsberg andCharles of Bourbon; the forces combined atPiacenza and advanced on Rome.Francesco Guicciardini, now in command of the Papal armies, proved unable to resist them;^[4] and when the Duke of Bourbon was killed, the underpaid armiessacked the city, forcing the Pope to take refuge atCastel Sant'Angelo. His escape was made possible by the Swiss Guards'last stand.^{[citation needed]}

Siege of Naples

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Further information:Siege of Naples (1528)

The looting of Rome, and the consequent removal of Clement from any real role in the war, prompted frantic action on the part of the French. On 30 April 1527, Henry VIII and Francis signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging to combine their forces against Charles. Francis, having finally drawn Henry VIII into the League, sent an army underOdet de Foix andPedro Navarro, Count of Oliveto throughGenoa—whereAndrea Doria had quickly joined the French and seized much of the Genoese fleet—toNaples, where it proceeded to dig itself in for an extendedsiege.^[5]

Siege of Genoa

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Doria, however, soon deserted the French for Charles. The siege collapsed as plague broke out in the French camp, killing most of the army along with Foix and Navarro. Andrea Doria's offensive in Genoa (where he soon broke the blockade of the city and forced the surrender of the French atSavona), together with the decisive defeat of a French relief force underFrançois de Bourbon, Comte de Saint-Pol at theBattle of Landriano, ended Francis's hopes of regaining his hold on Italy.^[6]

Barcelona, Cambrai, and Bologna

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See also:Treaty of Cambrai

Following the defeat of his armies, Francis sought peace with Charles. The negotiations began in July 1529 in the border city ofCambrai; they were conducted primarily between Francis's motherLouise of Savoy for the French and her sister-in-lawMargaret of Austria for her nephew the Emperor (leading to its being known as thePaix des Dames, Peace of the Ladies), Charles himself having sailed fromBarcelona to Italy shortly before. The final terms largely mirrored those of the Treaty of Madrid three years earlier; Francis surrendered his rights toArtois,Flanders, andTournai, and was obliged to pay a ransom of two million goldenécus before his sons were to be released.^[7] Removed, however, were both the humiliating surrender ofBurgundy itself and the various points dealing with Charles de Bourbon, who, having been killed two years prior, was no longer a candidate for leading an independent Kingdom of Provence.^[8] The finalTreaty of Cambrai, signed on 3 August, removed France from the war, leaving Venice, Florence, and the Pope alone against Charles.

Charles, having arrived in Genoa, proceeded toBologna to meet with the Pope. Clement absolved the participants of the sack of Rome and promised to crown Charles. In return, he receivedRavenna andCervia; cities which the Republic of Venice was forced to surrender—along with her remaining possessions inApulia—to Charles in exchange for being permitted to retain the holdings she had won atMarignano.^[9] Finally, Francesco was permitted to return to Milan—Charles having abandoned his earlier plan to place Alessandro de' Medici on the throne, in part due to Venetian objections—for the sum of 900,000scudi.^[10]

Fall of the Florentine Republic

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Further information:Siege of Florence (1529–1530)

Alessandro de' Medici was installed as ruler ofFlorence by the victorious Imperial troops.

TheRepublic of Florence alone continued to resist the Imperial forces, which were led by thePrince of Orange. A Florentine army underFrancesco Ferruccio engaged the armies of the Emperor at theBattle of Gavinana in 1530, and, although the Prince of Orange himself was killed, the Imperial army won a decisive victory and theRepublic of Florence surrendered ten days later.Alessandro de' Medici was then installed as Duke of Florence byPope Clement VII, and from then on Florence became a hereditary realm of the powerful Medici dynasty, ending centuries of republican rule.

Notes

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^Guicciardini 1984, p. 369.
^Blockmans 2002, p. 60.
^Guicciardini 1984, pp. 372–375.
^Guicciardini 1984, p. 376.
^Blockmans 2002, p. 61.
^Blockmans 2002, p. 63.
^Blockmans 2002, p. 68;Hackett 1937, p. 356
^Blockmans 2002, p. 67.
^Norwich 1989, pp. 443–444.
^Blockmans 2002, p. 2002.

References

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Arfaioli, Maurizio (2005).The Black Bands of Giovanni: Infantry and Diplomacy During the Italian Wars (1526-1528). Edizioni Plus-Pisa University Press.ISBN 978-88-8492-231-1.
Baumgartner, Frederic J. (1996).Louis XII. Macmillan.ISBN 978-0-333-68083-4.
Black, Jeremy. "Dynasty Forged by Fire."MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 18, no. 3 (Spring 2006): 34–43.ISSN 1040-5992.
Blockmans, Wim (2002).Emperor Charles V. Arnold.ISBN 978-0-340-72038-7.
Guicciardini, Francesco (1984-06-21).The History of Italy. Princeton University Press.ISBN 978-0-691-00800-4.
Hackett, Francis (1937).Francis the First. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co.
Hall, Bert S. (1997).Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology, and Tactics. Johns Hopkins University Press.ISBN 978-0-8018-5531-3.
Hibbert, Christopher (1993).Florence: The Biography of a City. W.W. Norton & Company.ISBN 978-0-393-03563-6.
Konstam, Angus (1996-11-15).Pavia 1525: The Climax of the Italian Wars. Bloomsbury USA.ISBN 978-1-85532-504-3.
Norwich, John Julius (1989).A History of Venice. New York: Vintage Books.ISBN 0-679-72197-5.
Oman, Charles (1937).A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century. E.P. Dutton.ISBN 978-0-598-49757-4.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Phillips, Charles; Axelrod, Alan (2005).Encyclopedia of Wars. Vol. I. Facts On File.ISBN 978-0-8160-2851-1.
Phillips, Charles and Alan Axelrod.Encyclopedia of Wars. 3 vols. New York: Facts on File, 2005.ISBN 0-8160-2851-6.

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