| Wapixana | |
|---|---|
| Wapichan | |
| Native to | Guyana,Brazil |
| Region | border |
| Ethnicity | Wapishana,Taruma |
Native speakers | (13,000 cited 2000)[1] |
Arawakan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | wap |
| Glottolog | wapi1253 |
| ELP | Wapixana |
Wapishana (Wapixana) is anArawakan language ofGuyana andBrazil. It is spoken by over 13,000 people on both sides of theGuyana-Brazil border.[2]
In Brazil the highest concentration of Wapishana speakers are in the municipalities ofCantá andBonfim, the Serra da Lua region, where it has been recognized as an official language since 2014.[3]
External pressures have diminished the use of Wapishana among younger generations, and it was not until 1987 that Wapishana was used as the teaching language in Indigenous schools of the language community. In 2009, Roraima Federal University created an extension program for learning Wapishana.[3] In Guyana, there are organizations for language preservation, such as Wapichan Wadauniinao Ati'o.[4]
Kaufman (1994) considered Wapishana,Atorada, andMapidian to be dialects.Aikhenvald (1999) separatesMawayana/Mapidian/Mawakwa (considered as a single language) from Wapishana, and she includes them in a Rio Branco branch. Ethnologue notes that Atorada has 50% lexical similarity with Wapishana and 20% with Mapidian, and that Wapishana and Mapidian share 10%.[1] Ramirez (2020) also considersAtorai to be a dialect of Wapishana.[5]: 33
Wapishana andPemon, aCariban language, have borrowed heavily from each other due to intensive mutual contact.[5]
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | ||
| voiced | b | ɖ | ɡ | ||||
| Affricate | tʃ | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||
| Fricative | s | ʐ | ʃ | ||||
| Tap | ɽ | ||||||
| Semivowel | w | j | |||||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | iiː | ɨɨː | uuː |
| Open | aaː |
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | n-/m- -na | wa- -wi |
| 2st person | ɨ-/i- -i | ɨ- -wiko |
| 3st person | ɾ(ɨ/iʔ)- -sɨ | na- -nu |
| 3rd person refl. | a- |
| thematic | -ta, -ɗa, -ɓa |
|---|---|
| present | -e |
| reciprocal | -(a)ka |
| adjectival | -ɾe, -ke |
Many plants and animals endemic to the region are only known in Wapishana, and the language has a distinct system of taxonomy. An example is the three classes of plants,karam’makau,wapaurib bau andwapananinau, which are indicative of the "cultivation criteria" of the Indigenous people.Karam’makau represents plants collected in the wild, whereaswapaurib bau is the plants that have been domesticated and often bear names based on the location or farmer of origin.Cassava, a foodstuff of major importance to Indigenous people of the region, has a "bewildering variety of names" in Wapishana.Wapananinau are plants with magical properties, and have important functions for shamans of the traditional beliefs.[3]
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