Walter Raleigh | |
|---|---|
 Portrait of Raleigh, 1588 | |
| Government offices | |
| 1584–1603 | Lord Warden of the Stannaries |
| 1585–1603 | Vice-Admiral of Devon |
| 1587–1603 | Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall |
| 1586–1592 1597–1603 | Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard |
| 1598–1603 | Custos Rotulorum of Dorset |
| 1600–1603 | Governor of Jersey |
| Parliamentary offices | |
| 1584–1585 1586–1587 | Member of Parliament forDevonshire |
| 1597–1598 | Member of Parliament forDorset |
| 1601 | Member of Parliament forCornwall |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1553 |
| Died | (1618-10-29)29 October 1618 (agedc. 65) London, England |
| Cause of death | Execution bybeheading |
| Spouse | Elizabeth Throckmorton |
| Children | Damerei Walter "Wat"[1] Carew |
| Alma mater | Oriel College, Oxford |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Battles/wars | Second Desmond Rebellion French Wars of Religion Spanish Armada |
| Writing career | |
| Notable works | |
Sir Walter Raleigh[a] (/ˈrɔːli,ˈrɑːli,ˈræli/;c. 1553 – 29 October 1618) was an English statesman, soldier, writer and explorer. One of the most notable figures of theElizabethan era, he played a leading part inEnglish colonisation of North America, suppressed rebellion inIreland, helped defendEngland against theSpanish Armada and held political positions underElizabeth I.
Raleigh was born to alanded gentry family ofProtestant faith inDevon, the son of Walter Raleigh and Catherine Champernowne. He was the younger half-brother of SirHumphrey Gilbert and a cousin of SirRichard Grenville. Little is known of his early life, though in his late teens he spent some time inFrance taking part in thereligious civil wars. In his 20s he took part in the suppression of rebellion in thecolonisation ofIreland; he also participated in thesiege of Smerwick. Later, he became a landlord of property in Ireland and mayor ofYoughal in eastMunster.
He rose rapidly in the favour of QueenElizabeth I and was knighted in 1585. He was granted aroyal patent to exploreVirginia, paving the way for future English settlements. In 1591, he secretly marriedElizabeth Throckmorton, one of the Queen'sladies-in-waiting, without the Queen's permission, for which he and his wife were sent to theTower of London. After his release, they retired to his estate atSherborne,Dorset.
In 1594, Raleigh heard of a "City of Gold" inSouth America and sailed to find it, publishing an exaggerated account of his experiences in a book that contributed to the legend of "El Dorado". After Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, Raleigh was again imprisoned in the Tower, this time for being involved in theMain Plot againstKing James I, who was not favourably disposed towards him. In 1616, he was released to lead a second expedition in search of El Dorado. During the expedition, men led by his top commander sacked a Spanish outpost, in violation of both the terms of his pardon and the1604 peace treaty with Spain. Raleigh returned to England and, to appease the Spanish, he was arrested and executed in 1618.
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Little is known about Sir Walter Raleigh's birth[2] but he is believed to have been born on 22 January 1552 (or possibly 1554[3]). He grew up in the house of HayesBarton[4] (in the parish ofEast Budleigh), in EastDevon. He was the youngest of the five sons of Walter Raleigh (1510–1581) (or Rawleigh) ofFardel Manor (in the parish ofCornwood),[5] in South Devon. His mother, Katherine (Catherine) Champernon (Champernowne), was born before 1518 and died on April 19, 1594. Her mother's maiden name was Carew.[6] Raleigh's family is generally assumed to have been a junior branch of the Raleigh family, 11th-century lords of themanor of Raleigh, Pilton[7] in North Devon, although the two branches are known to have borne entirely dissimilar coats of arms,[b] adopted at the start of the age ofheraldry (c. 1200–1215).
His mother was Katherine Champernowne, the third wife of Walter Raleigh senior. She was the fourth daughter of Sir Philip Champernowne (1479–1545),lord of the manor ofModbury, Devon, by his wife Catherine Carew, a daughter of Sir Edmund Carew (d. 1513) ofMohuns Ottery (in the parish ofLuppitt), Devon,.[8] Katherine was the widow of Otes Gilbert (1513–1546/7) ofGreenway (in the parish ofBrixham) and ofCompton Castle (in the parish ofMarldon), both in Devon. (The coat of arms of Otes Gilbert and Katherine Champernowne survives in a stained glass window inChurston Ferrers Church, near Greenway.)
Katherine Champernowne's paternal aunt wasKat Ashley, governess of Queen Elizabeth I, who introduced Raleigh and his brothers to the court.[9] Raleigh's maternal uncle was SirArthur Champernowne (c. 1524–1578), aMember of Parliament,Sheriff of Devon andAdmiral of the West.
Walter Raleigh junior's immediate family included his full brotherCarew Raleigh, and half-brothers John Gilbert,Humphrey Gilbert and Adrian Gilbert. As a consequence of their kinship with the Champernowne family, all of the Raleigh and Gilbert brothers became prominent during the reigns ofElizabeth I andJames I.
Raleigh's family was highlyProtestant in religious orientation and had a number of near escapes during the reign ofRoman Catholic QueenMary I of England. In the most notable of these, his father had to hide in a tower to avoid execution. As a result, Raleigh developed ahatred of Roman Catholicism during his childhood, and proved himself quick to express it after Protestant Queen Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558. In matters of religion, Elizabeth was more moderate than her half-sister Mary.[10]
In 1569, Raleigh went to France to serve with theHuguenots in the French religious civil wars.[2] In 1572, Raleigh was registered as an undergraduate atOriel College, Oxford, but he left in 1574 without a degree.[11] Raleigh proceeded to finish his education in theInns of Court.[2] In 1575, he was admitted to theMiddle Temple, having previously been a member ofLyon's Inn, one of theInns of Chancery.[12] At his trial in 1603, he stated that he had never studied law.[13] Much of his life is uncertain between 1569 and 1575, but in hisHistory of the World, he claimed to have been an eyewitness at theBattle of Moncontour (3 October 1569) in France. In 1575 or 1576, Raleigh returned to England.[14]
In 1577 and again in 1579 Raleigh made voyages with his half-brotherSir Humphrey Gilbert in attempts to find aNorthwest Passage.[11] They failed to find a passage, but succeeded in raiding Spanish ships.[11]
From 1579 to late 1580, Raleigh took part in the suppression of theDesmond Rebellions. He was present at thesiege of Smerwick, where he led the party that beheaded some 600 Spanish and Italian soldiers who had surrendered.[16][17] In September 1584,Queen Elizabeth I had the land surveyed to be divided amongst her "undertakers" (people she appointed to undertake supervision of colonization of the region) to colonize.[18][19]
In 1585, Raleigh received 40,000 acres (16,000 ha) (approximately 0.2% of Ireland) in theMunster Plantation, including the coastal walled town ofYoughal and, further up theBlackwater River, the village ofLismore.[18][19]
The place most commonly associated with Raleigh in Ireland is the town ofYoughal,County Cork. He was mayor of Youghal for one year (1588/1589) although his duties were fulfilled by a deputy[20] suggesting absenteeism and it would appear Raleigh ran his various estates from London.[21]
Raleigh encouraged veterans of the earlier attempts of theRoanoke Colony settle in Ireland, includingThomas Hariot andJohn White from the 1585 trip. (He was the governor of the 1587 Roanoke trip, but returned with the delivery ship to acquire additional supplies.) Raleigh is credited with introducing potatoes to England and Ireland,[11] though potatoes are more likely to have arrived through the Irish trade with Spain;[22] they were known asAn Spáinneach Geal (the bright Spaniard) before his time. A potato crop failure in the nineteenth century would lead to theGreat Famine when they were the only crop not exported in bulk to Britain from 1840 to 1852, a time when potatoes across the continent were destroyed by a gigantic outbreak of blight known as theEuropean potato failure.[23]
Amongst Raleigh's acquaintances in Munster was another Englishman who had been granted land in the Irish colonies, poetEdmund Spenser.[18][19] Raleigh's management of his Irish estates ran into difficulties which contributed to a decline in his fortunes. In 1602, he sold the lands toRichard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, who subsequently prospered under kingsJames I andCharles I.[24]
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On March 25, 1584, Queen Elizabeth granted Raleigha royal charter authorising him to explore, colonise and rule any "remote, heathen and barbarous lands, countries and territories, not actually possessed of any Christian Prince or inhabited by Christian People", in return for one-fifth of all the gold and silver that might be mined there.[25][26] This charter specified that Raleigh had seven years in which to establish a settlement, or else lose his right to do so. Raleigh and Elizabeth intended that the venture should provide riches from the New World and a base from which to sendprivateers on raids against the treasure fleets ofSpain. The charter was originally given toSir Humphrey Gilbert who pitched the idea toQueen Elizabeth I and died at sea while attempting to accomplish it.
On April 27, 1584, thePhilip Amadas andArthur Barlowe expedition set sail from England on an exploratory mission to determine what resources were available in North America.[27][28] They returned with two of the local inhabitants, Manteo and Wanchese, in August 1584, and reported of their findings.[26] The region (the majority of the east coast) received the name "Virginia" for the VirginQueen Elizabeth I, which is the origin of the name of the modern-daystate.[11]
In 1585, he sent a militarized group to North America to set up a fort to raid Spanish ships and become the first English colony in North America.[29][28] The voyage was led bySir Richard Grenville and the colony onRoanoke Island was governed byRalph Lane.[30] The colony ran out of food after clashes with the local inhabitants and eventually left withSir Francis Drake in June 1586 after resupply attempts failed.[11] Sir Richard Grenvile arrived shortly after the Lane colony left with Drake. He left supplies and 15 men on Roanoke Island and returned to England.[31] They were never seen again.
On July 22, 1587, Raleigh attempted a second expedition, again establishing a settlement on Roanoke Island.[28] This time,a more diverse group of settlers was sent, including some entire families,[32] under the governance ofJohn White.[33] After a short while in America, White returned to England to obtain more supplies for the colony, planning to return in a year. Unfortunately for the colonists at Roanoke, one year became three. The first delay came when Queen Elizabeth I ordered all vessels to remain at port for potential use against theSpanish Armada. After England's 1588 victory over the Spanish Armada, the ships were given permission to sail.[34]
The second delay came after White's small fleet set sail for Roanoke and his crew insisted on sailing first towardsCuba in hopes of capturing treasure-laden Spanish merchant ships. Enormous riches described by their pilot, an experiencedPortuguese navigator hired by Raleigh, outweighed White's objections to the delay.[34]
When the supply ship arrived in Roanoke, three years later than planned, the colonists had disappeared.[35] The only clue to their fate was the word "CROATOAN" and the letters "CRO" carved into tree trunks. White had arranged with the settlers that if they should move, the name of their destination be carved into a tree or corner post. This suggested the possibility that they had moved toCroatoan Island, but a hurricane prevented John White from investigating the island for survivors.[35] Other speculation includes their having assimilated into the pre-existing local population[36], starved, or been swept away or lost at sea during the stormy weather of 1588. No further attempts at contact were recorded for some years. Whatever the fate of the settlers, the settlement is now remembered as the "Roanoke Colony", later known as the "Lost Colony".[37]
Raleigh himself never visited North America, although he led expeditions in 1595 and 1617 to theOrinoco river basin inSouth America in search of the golden city ofEl Dorado. These expeditions were funded primarily by Raleigh and his friends but never provided the steady stream of revenue necessary to maintain a colony in America.
In 1580 Raleigh went to fight in Ireland against the2nd Desmond Rebellion.[11] In December 1581, he returned to England.[11] He took part in court life and became a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I because of his efforts at increasing the Protestant Church in Ireland.[38] In 1585, Raleigh was knighted and was appointedwarden of the stannaries, that is of thetin mines of Cornwall and Devon,Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall andvice-admiral of the two counties. He was a member of parliament forDevonshire in 1585 and 1586.[24] He was also granted the right to colonise America.[38]
Raleigh commissioned shipbuilder R. Chapman ofDeptford to build a ship for him. She was originally calledArk but becameArk Raleigh, following the convention at the time by which the ship bore the name of her owner.The Crown (in the person of Queen Elizabeth I) purchased the ship from Raleigh in January 1587 for £5,000 (£1.1 million in 2015).[39] This took the form of a reduction in the sum that Sir Walter owed the queen; he receivedExchequer tallies but no money. As a result, the ship was renamedArk Royal.[40]
In 1586 one of Raleigh's expeditions caught Spanish explorerPedro Sarmiento de Gamboa. Raleigh held Gamboa prisoner in his house and had long conversations with him. Gamboa passed messages to the Spanish ambassador who forwarded them toKing Philip II. Raleigh wanted to defect to Spain and sell his ship theArk. Philip refused to buy the ship, but encouraged the passing of information from Raleigh.
In 1588, Raleigh had some involvement with defence against theSpanish Armada at Devon. The ship that he had built, offered to sell to Spain, and later sold to the crown, theArk Royal, was Lord High AdmiralHoward's flagship.[41]
In 1592, Raleigh was given many rewards by the Queen, includingDurham House inthe Strand and the estate of Sherborne, Dorset. He was appointedCaptain of the Yeomen of the Guard. However, he had not been given any of thegreat offices of state.[41]
In 1591, Raleigh secretly marriedElizabeth "Bess" Throckmorton (or Throgmorton). She was one of the Queen'sladies-in-waiting, 11 years his junior, and was pregnant at the time. She gave birth to a son, believed to be named Damerei, who was given to awet nurse at Durham House, and died of plague in October 1592. Bess resumed her duties to the queen. The following year, the unauthorised marriage was discovered and the Queen ordered Raleigh to be imprisoned and Bess dismissed from court. Both were imprisoned in the Tower of London in June 1592. He was released from prison in August 1592 to manage a recently returned expedition and attack on the Spanish coast. The fleet was recalled by the Queen, but not before itcaptured an incredibly rich prize—a merchant ship (carrack) namedMadre de Deus (Mother of God) offFlores. Raleigh was sent to organise and divide the spoils of the ship. He was sent back to the Tower, but by early 1593 had been released and become a member of Parliament.[42]
It was several years before Raleigh returned to favour,[clarification needed] and he travelled extensively in this time. Raleigh and his wife remained devoted to each other. They had two more sons, Walter (known as Wat) in 1593 andCarew in 1605.[43]
Raleigh was elected a burgess ofMitchell, Cornwall, in the parliament of 1593.[3] He retired to his estate at Sherborne, where he built a new house, completed in 1594, known then as Sherborne Lodge. Since extended, it is now known asSherborne New Castle. He made friends with the localgentry, such as Sir Ralph Horsey ofClifton Maybank and Charles Thynne ofLongleat. During this period at a dinner party at Horsey's, Raleigh had a heated discussion about religion with Reverend Ralph Ironsides. The argument later gave rise to charges ofatheism against Raleigh, though the charges were dismissed. He was elected to Parliament, speaking on religious and naval matters.[44]
In 1594, he came into possession of a Spanish account of a great golden city at the headwaters of theCaroní River. A year later, he explored what is nowGuyana andeastern Venezuela in search ofLake Parime and Manoa, the legendary city. Once back in England, he publishedThe Discovery of Guiana[45] (1596), an account of his voyage which made exaggerated claims as to what had been discovered. The book can be seen as a contribution to theEl Dorado legend.Venezuela hasgold deposits, but no evidence indicates that Raleigh found any mines. He is sometimes said to have discoveredAngel Falls, but these claims are considered far-fetched.[46]
In 1596, Raleigh took part in thecapture of Cádiz, where he was wounded. He also served as the rear admiral (a principal command) of theIslands Voyage to theAzores in 1597.[47] On his return from the Azores, Raleigh helped England defend itself against the major threat of the3rd Spanish Armada during the autumn of 1597. The Armada was dispersed in the Channel and later was devastated by a storm off Ireland.Lord Howard of Effingham and Raleigh were able to organise a fleet that resulted in the capture of a Spanish ship in retreat carrying vital information regarding the Spanish plans.
In 1597 Raleigh was chosen as member of parliament forDorset and in 1601 forCornwall.[24] He was unique in the Elizabethan period in sitting for three counties.[3]
From 1600 to 1603, as governor of theChannel Island ofJersey, Raleigh modernised its defences. This included the construction of a new fort protecting the approaches toSaint Helier, Fort Isabella Bellissima, orElizabeth Castle.[48]
Royal favour with Queen Elizabeth had been restored by this time, but his good fortune did not last; the Queen died on 24 March 1603. Raleigh was arrested on 19 July 1603 at what is now the Old Exeter Inn inAshburton, charged withtreason for his involvement in theMain Plot against Elizabeth's successor,James I, and imprisoned in theTower of London.[49]
Raleigh's trial began on 17 November in the convertedGreat Hall ofWinchester Castle. Raleigh conducted his own defence. The chief evidence against him was the signed and sworn confession of his friendHenry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham. Raleigh repeatedly requested that Cobham be called to testify. "[Let] my acuser come face to face, and be deposed. Were the case but for a smallcopyhold, you would have witnesses or good proof to lead the jury to a verdict; and I am here for my life!" Raleigh argued that the evidence against him was "hearsay", but the tribunal refused to allow Cobham to testify and becross-examined.[50][51] Raleigh's trial has been regularly cited as influential in establishing acommon law right to confront accusers in court.[52][53][54][55] Raleigh was convicted, but King James spared his life.[56]
While imprisoned in the Tower, Raleigh wrote his incompleteThe History of the World.[57] Using a wide array of sources in six languages, Raleigh was fully abreast of the latest continental scholarship. He wrote not about England, but of the ancient world with a heavy emphasis on geography. Despite his intention of providing current advice to the King of England, King James I complained that it was "too sawcie in censuring Princes".[58][59] Raleigh remained imprisoned in the Tower until 1616.[60] His son, Carew, was conceived and born (in 1604 or 1605) while Raleigh was imprisoned in the Tower.[61]
In 1617, Raleigh was pardoned by the King and granted permission to conduct a second expedition to Venezuela in search of El Dorado. During the expedition, a detachment of Raleigh's men under the command of his long-time friendLawrence Kemys attacked the Spanish outpost ofSanto Tomé de Guayana on theOrinoco river, in violation of peace treaties with Spain and against Raleigh's orders. A condition of Raleigh's pardon was avoidance of any hostility against Spanish colonies or shipping. In the initial attack on the settlement, Raleigh's son, Walter, was fatally shot. Kemys informed Raleigh of his son's death and begged for forgiveness, but did not receive it, and at once committed suicide. On Raleigh's return to England, an outragedCount Gondomar, the Spanish ambassador, demanded that Raleigh's death sentence be reinstated by King James, who had little choice but to do so. Raleigh was brought to London fromPlymouth by SirLewis Stukley, where he passed up numerous opportunities to make an effective escape.[62][63]
Raleigh was beheaded in theOld Palace Yard at thePalace of Westminster on 29 October 1618. "Let us dispatch", he said to his executioner. "At this hour myague comes upon me. I would not have my enemies think I quaked from fear." After he was allowed to see the axe that would be used to behead him, he mused: "This is a sharp Medicine, but it is a Physician for all diseases and miseries." According to biographers, Raleigh's last words, spoken to the hesitating executioner, were: "What dost thou fear? Strike, man, strike!"[64][65]
Having been one of the people to popularise tobacco smoking in England, he left a smalltobacco pouch, found in his cell shortly after his execution. Engraved upon the pouch was aLatin inscription:Comes meus fuit in illo miserrimo tempore ("It was my companion at that most miserable time").[66][67]
Raleigh's head was embalmed and presented to his wife. His body was to be buried in the local church inBeddington,Surrey, the home of Lady Raleigh, but was finally laid to rest inSt. Margaret's, Westminster, where his tomb is located.[68] "The Lords", she wrote, "have given me his dead body, though they have denied me his life. God hold me in my wits."[69] It has been said that Lady Raleigh kept her husband's head in a velvet bag until her death.[70] After Raleigh's wife's death 29 years later, his head was removed to his tomb and interred at St. Margaret's Church.[71] Although Raleigh's popularity had waned considerably since his Elizabethan heyday, his execution was seen by many, both at the time and since, as unnecessary and unjust, as for many years his involvement in the Main Plot seemed to have been limited to a meeting withLord Cobham.[72] One of the judges at his trial later said: "The justice of England has never been so degraded and injured as by the condemnation of the honourable Sir Walter Raleigh."[73]
Raleigh's poetry is written in the relatively straightforward, unornamented mode known as the plain style.C. S. Lewis considered Raleigh one of the era's "silver poets", a group of writers who resisted theItalian Renaissance influence of dense classical reference and elaborate poetic devices. His writing contains strong personal treatments of themes such as love, loss, beauty, and time. Most of his poems are short lyrics that were inspired by actual events.[2]
In poems such as "What is Our Life" and "The Lie", Raleigh expresses acontemptus mundi (contempt of the world) attitude more characteristic of theMiddle Ages than of the dawning era of humanistic optimism. But his lesser-known long poem "The Ocean's Love to Cynthia" combines this vein with the more elaborate conceits associated with his contemporariesEdmund Spenser andJohn Donne, expressing a melancholy sense of history. The poem was written during his imprisonment in the Tower of London.[2]
Raleigh wrote a poetic response toChristopher Marlowe's "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" of 1592, entitled "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd". Both were written in the style of traditionalpastoral poetry and follow the structure of six four-line stanzas employing arhyme scheme ofAABB, with Raleigh's an almost line-for-line refutation of Marlowe's sentiments.[75] Years later, the 20th-century poetWilliam Carlos Williams would join the poetic "argument" with his "Raleigh Was Right".
All finished, and some unfinished, poems written by Raleigh or plausibly attributed to him:[c]
In 1845, Shakespeare scholarDelia Bacon first proposed that a group of authors had actually written the plays later attributed toWilliam Shakespeare, the main writer being Walter Raleigh.[76][77] Later, George S. Caldwell asserted that Raleigh was actually the sole author.[78] These claims have been supported by other scholars throughout subsequent years, includingAlbert J. Beveridge andHenry Pemberton, but are rejected by the majority of Shakespearean scholars today.[d]
In 2002, Raleigh was featured in the BBC poll of the100 Greatest Britons.[79]
Agalliard was composed in honour of Raleigh by eitherFrancis Cutting orRichard Allison.[80]
The state capital ofNorth Carolina, its second-largest city, was namedRaleigh in 1792, after Sir Walter, sponsor of theRoanoke Colony. In the city, a bronze statue, which has been moved around different locations within the city, was cast in honour of the city's namesake. The "Lost Colony" is commemorated at theFort Raleigh National Historic Site onRoanoke Island, North Carolina.[81]
Raleigh County, West Virginia, is named after him.[82]
Mount Raleigh in thePacific Ranges of theCoast Mountains inBritish Columbia, Canada, was named for him,[83] with related features the Raleigh Glacier[84] and Raleigh Creek[85] named in association with the mountain.Mount Gilbert, just to Mount Raleigh's south, was named for his half-brother, Sir Humphrey.[86]
Raleigh has been widely speculated to be responsible for introducing thepotato to Europe, and was a key figure in bringing it to Ireland. However, modern historians dispute this claim, suggesting it impossible for Raleigh to have discovered the potato in the places he visited.[87]
Due to Raleigh's role in the popularisation ofsmoking,John Lennon humorously referred to him as "such a stupidgit" in the song "I'm So Tired" onThe Beatles (White Album) in 1968.[88]
Various colourful stories are told about him, such as laying his cloak over a puddle for the Queen, but they are probably apocryphal.[89][90][91] The story of Raleigh's trial is included inJohn George Phillimore's 1850 bookThe History and Principles of Evidence, and his commentary on the story is included in many law school textbooks on evidence incommon law countries.
The authorGeorge Garrett's historical fiction novelDeath of the Fox explores Raleigh's relationships with Elizabeth I and her successor James I.
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Many people claim descent from Sir Walter Raleigh, but nearly all have no basis in fact. The only authentic lines of descent are as follows:
Raleigh's only surviving child,Carew Raleigh, had three surviving children—Walter (d. 1660), Anne (d. 1708) and Philip (d. 1705).
The elder son, Walter Raleigh, was knighted in June 1660, but died two months later. He was buried at West Horsley. He left three surviving children – Elizabeth, Philippa and Anne. Philippa (who married Oliver Weekes, of Tortingdon, Sussex) and Anne (who married William Knight, of Barrells, Warwickshire) left descendants. It was Philippa Weekes' daughter, Elizabeth Elwes, who seems to have owned the main store of Raleigh memorabilia and was consulted by William Oldys in 1735 when he was writing hisLife of Raleigh.[92]
Anne Raleigh married Sir Peter Tyrrell, Bt. of Castlethorpe, Bucks. Their son Thomas Tyrrell, 2nd Bt. left two daughters – Christobella, who married as her third husband,Richard Fiennes, 6th Viscount Saye & Sele, but died without surviving issue in 1789. The younger daughter, Harriet, married Francis Mann, of Kidlington, Oxfordshire, and died in 1785, having had a daughter, Harriet, who married Capt. Joseph Mead and died in 1784, leaving issue.[93]
Philip Raleigh championed his grandfather's cause, publishing several of his hitherto unpublished papers. He had a family of four sons and three daughters. The youngest son, Carew Raleigh, page of honour to William III, was serving as a captain's servant onHMS Breda when he died of fever in the West Indies in 1697, aged seventeen. The second son, Lieut. Brudenell Raleigh, was also serving in the navy in the West Indies when he died of fever in June 1698, aged 22. The eldest son, Captain Walter Raleigh, Grenadier Guards, was page of honour to Queen Mary, and was killed at the siege of Schellenberg in 1704, aged 31. He was unmarried. After Walter's death, his father was granted a pension by the crown, 'in consideration of his 3 sons being slain in the late and present war'.[94] The third son, Captain-Lieutenant Grenville Raleigh, served in theDuke of Marlborough's army throughout theWar of the Spanish Succession and died of fever in 1717, while guarding the prisoners at Chester after the 1715Jacobite rising. He had married and had two sons and a daughter, Mary. On the death of his daughter in Bath in 1783, it was noted that she was 'the only surviving descendant in the direct line of Sir Walter Raleigh'.[95]
Of Philip Raleigh's daughters, Anne and Elizabeth both died unmarried.[96] The eldest daughter, Frances, married William Honywood, eldest son ofSir William Honywood, of Evington Place, Elmsted, Kent and died in 1730. Her many descendants include the presentLord Mountbatten and the actorHugh Grant.[97]
extensive crown-sponsored surveying of his lands began in September, 1584
In 1585, he sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island (now North Carolina).
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