Welayah orWalaya (Arabic:وَلاية, meaning "guardianship" or "governance") is a general concept of theIslamic faith and a key word inShia Islam that refers, among other things, to the nature and function of theImamate.[1]
Welayah is something that can be granted to a person, community, or country that confers authority/guardianship to thewali (a person who haswelayah) that they can exercise on behalf of someone else. For example, infiqh, a father iswali of his children. The term wali holds a special importance in Islamic spiritual life and it is used with various meanings that relate to its different functions, including:
In Islam, the phraseولي اللهwalīyu l-Lāh[2] can denote one vested with the "authority of God":
إِنَّمَا وَلِيُّكُمُ اللّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُواْ الَّذِينَ يُقِيمُونَ الصَّلاَةَ وَيُؤْتُونَ الزَّكَاةَ وَهُمْ رَاكِعُونَ
"Only God is yourwali and his messenger and those who believe, establish worship, and pay the poor due while bowing down (in prayer)."[Quran 5:55]
Two nouns are derived from theroot W-L-Yولي—walayah andwilayah—which means to be near to something, to be a friend of someone, or to have power.[3] The term welayah is also related to the wordawlia, a term for people who are "beloved of Allah."[4] The term wali is derived the W-L-Y root based on the principles ofArabic morphology.[5] Accordingly, walayah sometimes represent the sense of assistance, alliance ornusrah, while wilayah invariably denotes the idea of power, authority, orsultan.[6]
Wali in the most literal form of the word means "a person, community, or country that is under the direction and rule of another." The word holds a special importance in Islamic spiritual life and it is used with various meanings, which relate to its different functions, which include: "next of kin, ally, friend, helper, guardian, patron, and saint."[7] The eternal prophetic reality has two aspects:exoteric andesoteric.
In its connotation of sainthood, the word describes an innate sense of selflessness and separation from one's own wants in favor of awareness of being "under the dominion of the all-living, self-subsistent one and of the need to acquire nearness to the necessarily existent being – which is God."[8]
There are several kinds of walayah:
According toHamid Algar, the first definition of wali came fromAbu’l-Qāsem Qošayrī (d. 467Hijri/1074–1075CE), who said that wali has two kinds of meanings: passive and active:
On the other hand, some mystics, such asNajm-al-dīn Dāya, define welayah according to the concept of love and friendship. Or, one can use the other meaning for wali, "closeness" as in "one who is close."[11]
A wali is an elected man among believers because of his spiritual proximity to God.[11] Walayah has a close relation toimamate; in other words there is inseparable linkage betweenimamiyyah (belief in the imamate) and walayah, which included five pillars such as love and devotion to thepeople of the household of the Prophet or Imams, following them in religion, being obedient to their commands, and abstaining from what they prohibited, imitating their actions and conduct, and recognizing of their rights and belief in their imamate.[12]
In wila of leadership or authority over religious matters one requiresIsmah. The leader's speech and actions are an example for others, as is seen in verses33:21,3:31 of theQu'ran,[13] and whatever he says is a divine proof.[14]Imams orawliya all make up the long chain of the Friends of God who carry and transmit the divine covenant orwelayah.[1] According to an esoteric interpretation, during the World of the Pact ('âlam* al-mîthâq)—a world with the "pure beings" in the form of particles or shadows—one can see four oaths, including oaths of love and fidelity (walâya) towardMuhammad and his prophetic mission toward theImams and their sacred cause, and toward theMahdi as universal savior at the end of the world.[15]
Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi believes that it is the very word welayah itself that denotes the ontological-theological status of theImam.[16] It is said that walâya has a quite simple translation along with two independent and complementary meanings. First, it applies to the imams of different prophets and also refers to their ontological status or their sacred initiatory mission. The second meaning is the "chief," the master of believers par excellence. In this interpretation, walî is a synonym ofwasî, "the inheritor" or "the heir." According to second meaning, walaya applied to the faithful of the imams.[clarification needed] It also denotes the unfailing love, faith, and submission that the initiated owe to their holy initiating guide.[17] The Shia believe that every great prophet is accompanied by one or more imams in their mission.[1]
Spiritual walayah concerns changing people's ability to act and making the people approach divine nearness.[18] Thewali has a kind of creative power over the world and its inhabitants.[19] Corbin states that walayah is the foundation of the prophecy and the mission of the messenger;[20] it concerns the esoteric dimension of the prophetic reality.[21] Abu al-Hasan Sharif Isfahani, a student of Muhammad Baqir Majlisi, by manyhadith argues that "the walayah is the inner, esoteric meaning (batin) of the Qur'anic Revelation."[22]
Mulla Sadra states that the genealogical descendants ofMuhammad and his spiritual heirs areAwliya.[23] Dakake describes walayah as a spiritual inheritance, an esoteric knowledge that imams inherit from the prophets,[24] which expresses the spiritual and political authority ofahl al-Bayt.[25] Tabatabaei regards walayah as the esoteric dimension of the immamate, which does not just guide man, but conveys man to the truth.[26]
According to verse42:23 and the hadith of Ghadir, the prophet called the Muslims to love his pure, sinless family.Al-Tabari,Az-Zamakhshari, and Fakhru'd-Din ar-Razi state that verse5:55 was revealed aboutAli.[27] The verse implies that Allah and His prophet is the wali and hold authority over the Muslims, and the believers must accept their wila.[28] This bond of love further requires that the Muslims follow their speeches, deeds, behaviors. In the Quran, the term walayah is used in conjunction with nusrah, and it is not only used in relation to God but also for those who have perfect devotion to God.[29] The verse7:172 deals with the primordial pact (mithaq) that God has taken for himself and the walayah to the prophet and the ahl al-Bayt.[30] In the Quran, the term shows a link between faithfulness to God and devotion to the members of the community.[31] Tabatabaei claims that, wherever the Quran ascribes the guardianship for the prophet, it means authority and devotion.[32] Per verse5:55, he claims that as the word walayah once is used for Allah and His messenger and those who have believed, though the believers are under His Guardianship, and ultimately he proves that the prophet's obedience is God's obedience.[33]
Ar-Razi quotes from az-Zamakhshari that the Prophet said:
Whosoever died in the love of the Household of Muhammad has died a martyr; Whosoever died in the love of the Household of Muhammad has died in forgiveness; Whosoever died in the love of the Household of Muhammad has died a believer and in the perfection of his faith. Whosoever dies in enmity to the family of Muhammad, dies a disbeliever. Whosoever dies in enmity of the family of Muhammad will not smell the scent of Paradise."[34]
An al-Baqir hadith states that "Islam is built upon five [pillars]: prayer, alms-giving, fasting, pilgrimage, and walayah; and not one of them was proclaimed, the way walayah was proclaimed."[35][36] Hasan ibn Ali states that, after professing tawhid and the mission of the prophets, nothing is more important than professing to thewalayah of imams.[37]Ja'far al-Sadiq said that imam separates the people of the heaven from the hell, without any judgement, because their love for the imam is their Heaven or Hell respectively.[38] The prophet tellsAli that he heard Allah say to him: "I wrote thy name and his name on My Throne before creating the creatures because of my love of you both. Whoever loves you and takes you as friends numbers among those drawn-nigh to Me. Whoever rejects your walayah and separates himself from you numbers among the impious transgressors against Me."[39] Al-Baqir states that "...There was never a prophet nor an angel who did not profess the religion of our love."[40]
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InShia tradition, walayah is not only one of the pillars of Islam; it is the religion itself.[41] For Shia, the imamate is bound with the walayah. This entails believing their imamate and loving them, and following and obeying them in religion and in deeds.[42] Shia argue that salvation comes though practice of walayah to theahl al-Bayt,[43] and an intention of love is required for the acceptance of every religious act. Many hadith from imams state that "the first thing about which a man is questioned after his death is his love for ahl al-Bayt. If he has professed this love (walayah) and died professing it, then his deeds are acceptable to Allah. If he has not professed this love, then none of his works will be capable of being accepted by Allah."Muhammad Baqir Majlisi states that all imams agree that deeds without love for imams are empty formality and Allah's approval is conditioned to imams.[22] TheʾUlu al-ʿAzm got this title by accepting thewalayah of the prophet, the imams, and theMahdi.[44] The prophet established the religion and imams to preserve Islam and to lead people by divine guidance (walayah), which imams inherited through the prophet.[45] A hadith states, "He who knows himself knows his Lord,"[46] but withouttheophanic form (mazhar) and the Face of Allah, through whom Allah displays Himself, even to speak of Allah is impossible. Without the knowledge of Allah and divine revelation, man will be trapped inta'til (agnosticism) andtashbih (anthropomorphism).[47]
According to Shia belief, the end of prophecy was the beginning of walayah, which is prophecy's esoteric dimension and is complementary to it. Walayah embraces both the idea of knowledge (ma'rifah) and the idea of love (mahabbah). While prophecy is the exoteric (zahir) dimension of religion, walayah is its esoteric (batin) dimension; they are concurrent.[10] Walayah is the esoteric dimension ofShariah, which renews man and religion spiritually in all times and purifies society without any need for a new religion.[48] Wali carries the Muhammadan light that has existed in all the prophets.[49] By this Muhammadan light, the imam leads society, propagates the religion, and guides spiritual life.[50] Shi'ites believe that the cycle of prophecy is succeeded by the cycle of imamah, of which walayah is an essential component, for example, "the esoteric aspect of prophecy." The Friends of Allah (awliya' Allah) receive the divine secrets through the divine inspiration and. on this basis. God make them the human guides.[51] The prophet reveals theshariah (zahir) and the imam brings thehaqiqah (batin) of the religion, so the batin is not separate from the zahir.[52]
Walayah is the foundation of the prophecy (nubuwah) and the messengership (risalah), which brings believers nearer to God.[20] Because wali is concerned with guiding the community's spiritual life, the wali's presence in the community is not effective.[53]
The concept of walayah is present at the early Shia history, which indicates the legitimacy ofAlids and an allegiance toahl al-Bayt. The term derives froma statement of the Prophet at Ghadir Khumm, in which he reportedly designated Ali as the mawla or wali of the believers.[54]
During theImamate ofal-Baqir andal-Sadiq, the concept of walayah, as a prerequisite for membership in the Shia community, became a fundamental concept in the Shia discourse and was reinterpreted.[55] Walayah implies a state of full devotion to ahl al-Bayt and a recognition of their exclusive right to legitimate leadership of the community.[56] Shia Islam argues that perfecting the religion depends on practicing walayah.[57] Walayah as one of the fundamentals of Islam, derived from Ghadir Khum traditions byal-Baqir, originates at this time[58] and it is presented as the essence of the religion in this period.[41] At the Time ofal-Sadiq, the focus on the term walayah changed to imamah,[59] linking the ideas of imamah and walayah.[60] Later on, imam or imamate replaced the term walayah.[61] By theFirst Civil War, the word is used along the word enmity (adawah, orTabarra) reflecting loyalty to the Shia community (Tawalla).[62]
ForSufism, there is a problem regarding the definition of wali and its attributes when wali is compared to the prophet. It seems that the notion of wali was superior to nabi early on, but scholars such as Abū Bakr Ḵarrāz (d. 286hijri/899CE) and, following him, Ḥakīm Termeḏī (d. between 295 hijri/907 CE and 310 hijri/922 CE) refuted this superiority. They believed that the prophethood has superiority over wali. However, they maintained that there are many different categories for welayah. Ḥakīm Termeḏī divided wali into two categories: welāya ʿāmma, which embraces all believers, and welāya ḵāṣṣa, which pertains exclusively to the spiritual elect.[11]
Ibn Arabi also refers to a relation betweennabi andwali. He believed that, although the prophet is indeed superior to wali, nabi is himself a wali besides being prophet. Ibn Arabi also mentioned[citation needed] that the wali-aspect of the nabi's being is superior to the nabi-dimension.Syed Ahmad Khan agreed withIbn Arabi's view and explained it.[11]
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Walayah or walayat is a pillar of Shia Islam specifically inIsma'ilism andDruze denoting: "love and devotion forGod, the Prophets, theImam and thedai."
One should have walayat (guardianship of the faith) on the wali. If someone has been made wali, then they have full walayat (guardianship of faith) of them.Dawoodi Bohras believe walayah to be the most important of the seven pillars ofIsma'ilism. It is the acceptance of guardianship ofAllah, through HisDa'i, Imam, Wasi (Wali),Ali and prophetMuhammad. To accept that Ali is wali of Allah is doing walayat of Ali. For Shia, walayat of Ali (and his further representatives) is a requirement.
There is a famous incident mentioned amongst the writings of Dawoodi Bohra that confirms howIsmaili interpret the principle ofwalayah. An order was issued by the 19thDa'i al-Mutlaq, SyednaIdris Imad al-Din, to hisWali al-Hind, Moulai Adam, to follow a person named Sakka. Moulai Adam, along with his followers, willingly performed prayer behind Sakka, who was a simple water carrier by trade. This showed that Adam had full walayah for his Da'i and had willingly accepted his guardianship and followed his order.[63]
Qadi al-Nu'man, a famous Muslim jurist of theFatimid period, identifies walaya, the concept that God's authority must always have a representative in creation, as the most important pillar of Islam, that "imbues all other pillars with meaning and efficacy." In his workThe Foundation of Symbolic Interpretation (Asas al-Tawil) he talks about the history ofwalaya throughout the lives of theprophets and the succession ofimams from the time ofAdam toMuhammad.[64]
Individuals that have attained this level are believed to be both favored and live in a state of nearness with God. The first step in sainthood is indicated in theQur'an verse (2:257):
God is He Who loves, guards and directs those who believe; He has led them out of all kinds of darkness into the light, and keeps them firm therein.
and also in (10:62):
Know well that the confidants (saintly servants) of God—there will be no reason for them to fear (both in this world and the next, for they shall always find My help and support with them), nor shall they grieve.[8]
One who has been favored with sainthood is called awali or waliullah, meaning a saint.[8] Waliullah may also be translated as a word used to describe a certain group of people selected by God from among millions of others to be "His friends" because of their closeness to God. Thus, a saint, or a friend to God, is thought to have favor in the eyes of the Lord.[8]
For an individual to achieve walaya, or sainthood, a person must first become—and remain—a pristine example of a truly religious person, an example for all other Muslims to look up to. Upon these individuals, the peace and blessing of God have been placed.[8] In the Qur'an, walaya is expressed in theSura al-Kahf's fable of the rich but immoral owner of two gardens and his poor but pious companion. The rich man ends up a loser despite his prosperity and power, for ultimately, thewalayah belongs to God (18:44).[65]
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