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Wakhi language

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Eastern Iranian language spoken by the Wakhi people

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Wakhi
ښیکوار زیکХ̆икв̆ор зикX̌ikwor zik
Wakhi written inArabic script inNastaliq style and inCyrillic script
Native to	Afghanistan,China,Pakistan,Tajikistan
Ethnicity	Wakhi
Native speakers	(58,000 cited 1992–2012)^[1]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Northeastern Scythian Eastern Wakhi
Early forms	Scythian Saka^[2]^[3]^[4]
Writing system	Perso-Arabic,Cyrillic,Latin
Official status
Recognised minority language in	Tajikistan (inGorno-Badakhshan)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`wbl`
Glottolog	`wakh1245`
ELP	Wakhi
Linguasphere	`58-ABD-c`
Wakhi is classified as Definitely Endangered by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

Wakhi (ښیکوار زیک,Х̆икв̆ор зик, IPA:[xikwɔr zik]) is anIndo-European language in theEastern Iranian branch of the language family spoken today inWakhan District, NorthernAfghanistan, and neighboring areas ofTajikistan,Pakistan andChina.

Classification and distribution

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Wakhi is one of several languages that belong to theareal Pamir language group. It is believed to be a descendant of theScytho-Khotanese language once spoken in theKingdom of Khotan.

TheWakhi people are occasionally calledPamiris and Guhjali. It is spoken by the inhabitants of the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan, parts ofGilgit-Baltistan (the former NAs) of Pakistan, the Gorno-Badakhshan region of Tajikistan, and Xinjiang in WesternChina. The Wakhi use the self-appellation 'X̌ik' (ethnic) and suffix it with 'wor'/'war' to denote their language as 'X̌ik-wor' themselves. The noun 'X̌ik' comes from*waxša-ī̆ka- (an inhabitant of*Waxša- 'Oxus', for Wakhan, in Wakhi 'Wux̌.' There are other equivalents for the name Wakhi (Anglicised) or Wakhani (Arabic and Persian), Vakhantsy (Russian), Gojali/Gojo (Dingrik-wor/Shina), Guyits/Guicho (Burushaski), Wakhigi/Wakhik-war (Kivi-wor/Khow-wor) and Cert (Turki).

The language belongs, as yet to be confirmed according to studies and sources, to the southern group of the Pamir languages, in the Iranian group of the Indo-European family (450) of languages, where the Ishkashmi, Shighni/...nani and Wakhi languages are included. The Wakhi live in six countries. In the Gilgit-Baltistan region ofPakistan, the Wakhi people mainly live inGojal,Ishkoman, and Darkut, as well as in Chitral District'sBroghol. They live in parts ofWakhan inAfghanistan,Gorno-Badakhshan inTajikistan, and theTaxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County inChina,Russia, andTurkey.

In Afghanistan

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In theWakhan Corridor of Afghanistan, Wakhi is spoken from Putur, nearIshkashim, to the upper reaches of theWakhan River.^[5]

In Tajikistan

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In Tajikistan, the Wakhi and other communities that speak one of thePamir languages refer to themselves asPamiri or Badakhshani, and there has been a movement to separate their identity from that of the majority of Persian-speakingTajiks.Linguists universally refer to Wakhi as anEast Iranian language independent of Tajik Persian, but many Tajiknationalists insist that Wakhi and other Pamir languages are dialects of Tajik Persian.^[6]

In Pakistan

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InGilgit-Baltistan, Wakhi is spoken in the sparsely populated upper portions of five of the northernmost valleys:Hunza,Gojal,Ishkoman,Yasin,Gupis, andYarkhun. The Hunza Valley has the largest Wakhi population in Pakistan. The Wakhis of Ishkoman live primarily in the Karambar valley, the town of Imit, and beyond. InYasin, they live mainly in the vicinity of Darkot, and in Yarhkun, they are found in Baroghil and a few other small villages in the high, upper portion of the valley.

In Pakistan, the central organization of the Wakhi is theWakhi Cultural Association Pakistan (WCA). This organization is registered with theGovernment of Pakistan and collaborates with the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and Lok Virsa Pakistan. The Association is working to preserve the Wakhi language and culture and document theirpoetry andmusic.

Radio Pakistan Gilgit relays the Wakhi radio programme "Sadoyah Boomy Dunyo", the "Voice of the Roof of the World." TheWakhi Cultural Association has arranged more than twenty programmes since 1984, which include cultural shows, musical nights, and large-scale musical festivals with the collaboration of Lok Virsa Pakistan, theAga Khan Cultural Service Pakistan (AKCSP), andPakistan television. In 2000, the WCA won a "Best Programme" organizer award in theSilk Road Festival from thePresident of Pakistan,Pervez Musharraf. A computerized codification of the Pakistani version of the Wakhi script has been released, which will help to promote the language development program and documentation of Wakhi poetry, literature, andhistory.^[7]

In China

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In Russia

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There are approximately 21,000 Wakhi inRussia, Most of them have migrated fromTajikistan andAfghanistan.

In Turkey

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There are some Wakhi villages inTurkey in the eastern regions, where they have migrated from Afghanistan in 1979 during theSoviet-Afghan war.^[8]

Phonology

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Vowels

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	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ɨ	u
Mid	e	ə	o
Open	a

Consonants

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	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Alveolo- palatal	Retroflex	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m	n
Plosive	pb	t̪d̪			ʈɖ	kɡ	q
Affricate			t͡sd͡z	t͡ʃd͡ʒ	ʈ͡ʂɖ͡ʐ
Fricative	fv	θð	sz	ʃʒ	ʂʐ	xɣ	χʁ	h
Approximant		l		j		w
Rhotic		r

Orthography

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Traditionally, Wakhi was not a written language. Wakhi people live in 4 countries,Afghanistan,Tajikistan,Pakistan, andChina, and are in contact with speakers of various other languages. Writing systems have been developed for the language usingArabic,Cyrillic, andLatin scripts, each with inspirations from neighboring languages and orthographic conventions. However, due to the pluricentric nature of Wakhi dialects, marginalization in favour of a more significant national/regional language, remoteness, and political instability, no one orthographic standard has managed to rise to the level of a singular unifying writing system.

Perso-Arabic script

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The Perso-Arabic script for the Wakhi language has been derived from thePersian alphabet used inAfghanistan. However, there are sounds in Wakhi that are not found in Persian. Here, two diverging conventions have emerged, one inAfghanistan and another inPakistan (and Pakistani-controlledGilgit-Baltistan).Pashto has inspired letters in Afghanistan to represent missing sounds in Wakhi, especially the variousretroflex sounds missing in Persian.Urdu and orthographies of other languages ofGilgit-Baltistan have been the inspiration inPakistan.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Afghan Perso-Arabic alphabet

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The below table is the Afghan version of the Perso-Arabic alphabet for the Wakhi language. The alphabet has been derived from the alphabet ofDari (Persian), one of Afghanistan's national languages.Pashto, the other national language of Afghanistan, has been the source of letters for phonemes that don't exist in Persian. This orthographic standard has similarities to the orthographies of otherPamir languages, such asShughni andMunji.^[10]

Wakhi Perso-Arabic Letters (Afghanistan)
Perso-Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ا‎¹ ‌ - (A a/E e/I i/U u) [∅]([a][u][e][i])	آ / ـا‎² (A a) [ɔ]	ب‎ (B b) [b]	پ‎ (P p) [p]	ت‎ (T t) [t̪]	ټ‎ (Ṭ ṭ) [ʈ]
Perso-Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ث‎³ (S s) [s]	ٿ‎³ (Θ ϑ) [θ]	ج‎ (J̌ ǰ) [d͡ʒ]	ڃ‎ (J̣̌ ǰ̣) [ɖ͡ʐ]	چ‎ (Č č) [t͡ʃ]	ڇ‎ (Č̣ č̣) [ʈ͡ʂ]
Perso-Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ح‎ (H h) [h]	خ‎ (X x) [χ]	ځ‎ (Ʒ ʒ) [d͡z]	څ‎ (C c) [t͡s]	د‎ (D d) [d̪]	ډ‎ (Ḍ ḍ) [ɖ]
Perso-Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ذ‎⁴ (Z z) [z]	ڎ‎⁴ (Δ δ) [ð]	ر‎ (R r) [r]	ز‎ (Z z) [z]	ژ‎ (Ž ž) [ʒ]	ڙ‎ (Ẓ̌ ẓ̌) [ʐ]
Perso-Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ږ‎ (Ɣ̌ ɣ̌) [ɣ]	س‎ (S s) [s]	ش‎ (Š š) [ʃ]	ڜ‎ (Ṣ̌ ṣ̌) [ʂ]	ښ‎ (X̌ x̌) [x]	ص‎ (S s) [s]
Perso-Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ض‎ (Z z) [z]	ط‎ (T t) [t̪]	ظ‎ (Z z) [z]	ع‎ ( - ) [∅]/[ʔ]	غ‎ (Ɣ γ) [ʁ]	ف‎ (F f) [f]
Perso-Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ڤ‎ (V v) [v]	ق‎ (Q q) [q]	ک‎ (K k) [k]	گ‎ (G g) [ɡ]	ل‎ (L l) [l]	م‎ (M m) [m]
Perso-Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ن‎ (N n) [n]	او / و‎⁵ (W w) [u][w]	ؤ‎⁶ (Ы ы) [ɨ]	هـ / ه‎⁷ (H h/ - a) [h][a]	ایـ / یـ / ی‎^8,9 (E e/I i/Y y) [e][i][j]	ي‎⁹ (- i) [i]

Notes:

Letteralef at the beginning of a word can serve two functions. First, it precedes vowel letters "ایـ‎" [e] and [i], or "او‎" [u]. Second, it acts as a vowel carrier for diacritics of the vowel, "اَ‎" [a].
Vowel phoneme [ɔ] is represented with "آ‎" when at the beginning of a word, and with "ـا / ا‎" when in the middle or end of a word.
While the letterse "ث‎" represents the phoneme [θ] in Arabic, this letter in Arabic loanwords that have enteredDari (Persian) have come to be pronounced as [s]. Due to consistent contact withDari (Persian), Arabic loanwords have entered Wakhi via Persian, with their modified Persian pronunciation. Unlike Persian, Wakhi does have a separate phoneme [θ]. Some sources use the letterse "ث‎", whereas others use a new letter,te with 4 dots "ٿ‎" that has been introduced so that there can be distinguishment between the native sound [θ] and the sound [s] produced by the letterse "ث‎" in loanwords.
While the letterzal "ذ‎" represents the phoneme [ð] in Arabic, this letter in Arabic loanwords that have enteredDari (Persian) have come to be pronounced as [z]. Due to consistent contact withDari (Persian), Arabic loanwords have entered Wakhi via Persian, with their modified Persian pronunciation. Unlike Persian, Wakhi does have a separate phoneme [ð]. Some sources use the letterzal "ذ‎", whereas others use a new letter,dal with 3 dots "ڎ‎" that has been introduced so that there can be distinguishment between the native sound [ð] and the sound [z] produced by the letterzal "ذ‎" in loanwords.
Represents two phonemes based on context, [w] and [u]. If used at the beginning of a word, if representing consonant [w], it will be written standalone "و‎", if representing a vowel [u], it will be preceded byalef "او‎".
Represents a vowel phoneme. But even if at the beginning of a word, it is written standalone, and without a precedingalef; "ؤ‎".
At the end of a word, the letterhe "ـه ه‎" can either represent a consonant sound [h] or a vowel sound [a] depending on context.
The letterye represents three phonemes based on context, [e], [i] and [j]. If used at the beginning of a word, if representing consonant [j], it will be written standalone "یـ‎", if representing a vowel [e] or a vowel [i], it will be preceded byalef "ایـ‎".
There are two types offinal ye. in At the end of a word, if representing the consonant [j], thedotless final ye "ی‎" is ued. If representing the vowel [i], thedouble dot final ye "ي‎" is used.

Wakhi Perso-Arabic Vowels (Afghanistan)
A a	O o	E e	I i	Ə ə	U u	Ы ы
[a]	[ɔ]	[e]	[i]	[ə]	[u]	[ɨ]
Vowels at the beginning of a word
اَ / ا‎	آ‎	-	ایـ‎	-	او‎	ؤ‎
Vowels at the middle of a word
◌َ‎	ا / ـا‎	◌ِ / یـ / ـیـ‎		-	و / ـو‎	ؤ / ـؤ‎
Vowels at the end of a word
ه / ـه‎	ا / ـا‎	ی / ـی‎	ي / ـي‎	ی / ـی‎	و / ـو‎	ؤ / ـؤ‎

Pakistani Perso-Arabic alphabet

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The below table is the Pakistani version of the Perso-Arabic alphabet for the Wakhi language.[1] This alphabet has also been derived from the alphabet ofDari (Persian). However,Urdu, Pakistan's national language, has been the source of letters for phonemes that don't exist in Persian. The vowels are shown to reflect Urdu pronunciations and not theDari/Tajik pronunciation. Meaning that, for example, the phoneme [ɔ], which is equivalent toIranian Persian[ɒː] after having undergone achain shift, is not written withalef "آ / ا /ا ـا‎", but with the letterwaw "او / و / ـو‎".^[9]^[13]

Stylistically, while in AfghanistanNaskh is the more common script, in Pakistan, similar with Urdu and other orthographies of Northern Pakistan and Pakistani-controlledGilgit-Baltistan,Nastaliq is the more common script.

Wakhi Perso-Arabic Letters (Pakistan)
Perso-Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ا¹ ‌ - (A a/E e/I i/U u) [∅]([ɨ][ɔ][e][i])	آ / ـا² (A a) [a]	ب (B b) [b]	پ (P p) [p]	ت (T t) [t̪]	ٹ (Ṭ ṭ) [ʈ]
Perso-Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ث³ (S s) [s]	ٿ³ (Θ ϑ) [θ]	ج (J̌ ǰ) [d͡ʒ]	ڃ (Ž ž) [ʒ]	چ (Č č) [t͡ʃ]	ڇ (Č̣ č̣) [ʈ͡ʂ]
Perso-Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ح (H h) [h]	خ (X x) [χ]	ݗ (X̌ x̌) [x]	څ (C c) [t͡s]	د (D d) [d̪]	ڈ (Ḍ ḍ) [ɖ]
Perso-Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ذ⁴ (Z z) [z]	ڌ⁴ (Δ δ) [ð]	ر (R r) [r]	ز (Z z) [z]	ڗ (Ʒ ʒ) [d͡z]	ژ (Ẓ̌ ẓ̌) [ʐ]
Perso-Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ڙ (J̣̌ ǰ̣) [ɖ͡ʐ]	س (S s) [s]	ش (Š š) [ʃ]	ݜ (Ṣ̌ ṣ̌) [ʂ]	ص (S s) [s]	ض (Z z) [z]
Perso-Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ط (T t) [t̪]	ظ (Z z) [z]	ع ( - ) [∅]/[ʔ]	غ (Ɣ γ) [ʁ]	ݝ (Ɣ̌ ɣ̌) [ɣ]	ف (F f) [f]
Perso-Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ڤ (V v) [v]	ق (Q q) [q]	ک (K k) [k]	گ (G g) [ɡ]	ل (L l) [l]	م (M m) [m]
Perso-Arabic (Latin) [IPA]	ن (N n) [n]	او / ـُو / و⁵ (O o/U u/W w) [ɔ][u][w]	ہـ / ہ⁷ (H h/ - a) [h][a]	ایـ / یـ / ی^8,9 (E e/I i/Y y) [e][i][j]	ے⁹ (- e) [e]

Notes:

Letteralef at the beginning of a word can serve two functions. First, it precedes vowel letters "ایـ" [e] and [i], or "او" [ɔ]. Second, it acts as a vowel carrier for diacritics of the vowel, "اُ" [ɨ].
Vowel phoneme [a] is represented with "آ" when at the beginning of a word, and with "ـا / ا" when in the middle or end of a word.
While the letterse "ث" represents the phoneme [θ] in Arabic, this letter in Arabic loanwords that have enteredDari (Persian) have come to be pronounced as [s]. Due to consistent contact withDari (Persian), Arabic loanwords have entered Wakhi via Persian, with their modified Persian pronunciation. Unlike Persian, Wakhi does have a separate phoneme [θ]. Some sources use the letterse "ث", whereas others use a new letter,te with 4 dots "ٿ" that has been introduced so that there can be distinguishment between the native sound [θ] and the sound [s] produced by the letterse "ث" in loanwords.
While the letterzal "ذ" represents the phoneme [ð] in Arabic, this letter in Arabic loanwords that have enteredDari (Persian) andUrdu have come to be pronounced as [z]. Due to consistent contact withDari (Persian) andUrdu, Arabic loanwords have entered Wakhi via Persian and Urdu, with their modified pronunciation. Unlike Persian and Urdu, Wakhi does have a separate phoneme [ð]. Some sources use the letterzal "ذ", whereas others use a new letter,dal with 2 dots "ڌ" that has been introduced so that there can be distinguishment between the native sound [ð] and the sound [z] produced by the letterzal "ذ" in loanwords.
Represents three phonemes based on context, [w], [ɔ], and [u]. If used at the beginning of a word, if representing consonant [w], it will be written standalone "و". If representing a vowel [ɔ], it will be preceded byalef "او". If representing the vowel [u], it will be preceded by a [w] consonant, carrying azammah diacritic "وُو".
At the end of a word, the letterhe "ـہ ہ" can either represent a consonant sound [h] or a vowel sound [a] depending on context.
The letterye represents three phonemes based on context, [e], [i] and [j]. If used at the beginning of a word, if representing consonant [j], it will be written standalone "یـ", if representing a vowel [e] or a vowel [i], it will be preceded byalef "ایـ".
There are two types offinal ye. in At the end of a word, if representing the consonant [j] or the vowel [i], thesmall ye "ی" is used. If representing the vowel [e], thebig ye "ے" is used.

Wakhi Perso-Arabic Vowels (Pakistan)
A a	E e	I i	Ə ə	Ы ы	O o	U u
[a]	[e]	[i]	[ə]	[ɨ]	[ɔ]	[u]
Vowels at the beginning of a word
آ	ایـ		-	اُ	او	وُو
Vowels at the middle of a word
◌َ / ا / ـا	◌ِ / یـ / ـیـ		-	◌ُ	و / ـو	◌ُو / ـُو
Vowels at the end of a word
ہ / ـہ	ے / ـے	ی / ـی		◌ُ / ـُہ	و / ـو	◌ُو / ـُو

Cyrillic script

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When Wakhi is written in Cyrillic, the sounds are usually represented by these letters:^{[citation needed]}

Letter	А а	Б б	В в	В̌ в̌	Г г	Ғ ғ	Г̌ г̌	Д д	Д̣ д̣	Д̌ д̌	Е е	Ё ё	Ж ж	Ж̣ ж̣	З з	Ҙ ҙ	И и	Й й	К к	Қ қ	Л л	М м	Н н	О о	П п
IPA	[a]	[b]	[v]	[w]	[ɡ]	[ʁ]	[ɣ]	[d̪]	[ɖ]	[ð]	[e], [je]	[jo]	[ʒ]	[ʐ]	[z]	[d͡z]	[i]	[j]	[k]	[q]	[l]	[m]	[n]	[ɔ]	[p]
Letter	Р р	С с	Т т	Т̣ т̣	Т̌ т̌	У у	Ф ф	Х х	Х̌ х̌	Ҳ ҳ	Ц ц	Ч ч	Ч̣ ч̣	Ҷ ҷ	Ҷ̣ ҷ̣	Ш ш	Ш̣ ш̣	Щ щ	Ъ ъ	Ы ы	Ә ә	Ь ь	Э э	Ю ю	Я я
IPA	[r]	[s]	[t̪]	[ʈ]	[θ]	[u]	[f]	[χ]	[x]	[h]	[t͡s]	[t͡ʃ]	[ʈ͡ʂ]	[d͡ʒ]	[ɖ͡ʐ]	[ʃ]	[ʂ]	[ʃt͡ʃ]	Ø	[ɨ]	[ə]	Ø	[e]	[ju]	[ja]

Latin script

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The new Wakhi alphabet, which includes some Cyrillic and Greek letters, which was developed in 1984 by Haqiqat Ali:^[14]

A Latin alphabet, which in some variants includes Cyrillic and Greek letters, was developed in 1953 by I.I. Zaroubine and V. S. Sokolova, and further developed by A.L Grünberg and I.M Stéblinn-Kamensky in the early 1960s:^[14]^[15]

Letter	A a	Ā ā	Ā̒ ā̒	B b	C c	Č č	Č̣ č̣	D d	Ḍ ḍ	Δ δ	E e	Ə ə	F f	G g	Ɣ γ	Ɣ̌ ɣ̌	H h	I i	J̌ǰ	J̣̌ ǰ̣	K k	L l	M m	N n
IPA	[a]			[b]	[t͡s]	[t͡ʃ]	[ʈ͡ʂ]	[d̪]	[ɖ]	[ð]	[e]	[ə]	[f]	[ɡ]	[ʁ]	[ɣ]	[h]	[i]	[d͡ʒ]	[ɖ͡ʐ]	[k]	[l]	[m]	[n]
Letter	O o	Ō ō	Ō̒ ō̒	P p	Q q	R r	S s	Š š	Ṣ̌ ṣ̌	T t	Ṭ ṭ	Θ θ	U u	U̒ u̒	Ū̒ ū̒	V v	W w	X x	X̌ x̌	Y y	Z z	Ž ž	Ẓ̌ ẓ̌	Ʒ ʒ	Ы ы
IPA	[ɔ]			[p]	[q]	[r]	[s]	[ʃ]	[ʂ]	[t̪]	[ʈ]	[θ]	[u]			[v]	[w]	[χ]	[x]	[j]	[z]	[ʒ]	[ʐ]	[d͡z]	[ɨ]

Vocabulary

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The Wakhi lexicon exhibits significant differences with the other Pamir languages. Gawarjon's comparison of the dialects ofSarikoli and Wakhi spoken in China is reproduced below.

**Lexical comparison of seven Iranian languages**^[16]
English gloss	Persian	Tajik	Shughni	Sarikoli	Pashto	Wakhi	Avestan
one	jæk (یک)	jak (як)	jiw	iw	jaw (يو)	ji	aēuua-
meat	ɡuʃt (گوشت)	ɡuʃt (гушт)	ɡuːxt	ɡɯxt	ɣwaxa,ɣwaʂa (غوښه)	ɡuʂt	?
son	pesær (پسر)	pisar (писар)	puts	pɯts	zoi (زوی)	putr	puθra-
fire	ɒtæʃ (اتش)	otaʃ (оташ)	joːts	juts	or (اور)	rɯχniɡ	ātar-
water	ɒb (اب)	ob (об)	xats	xats	obə (اوبه)	jupk	āp-, ap-
hand	dæst (دست)	dast (даст)	ðust	ðɯst	lɑs (لاس)	ðast	zasta-
foot	pɒ (پا)	po (по)	poːð	peð	pxa,pʂa (پښه)	pɯð	pāδ-
tooth	dændɒn (دندان)	dandon (дандон)	ðinðʉn	ðanðun	ɣɑx,ɣɑʂ (غاښ)	ðɯnðɯk	daṇt-
eye	tʃæʃm (چشم)	tʃaʃm (чашм)	tsem	tsem	stərɡa (سترګه)	tʂəʐm	cašman-
horse	æsb (اسب)	asp (асп)	voːrdʒ	vurdʒ	ɑs (masculine),aspa (feminine) (آس,اسپه)	jaʃ	aspa-
cloud	æbr (ابر)	abr (абр)	abre	varm	urjadz (اوريځ)	mur	maēγa-, aβra-
wheat	ɡændom (گندم)	ɡandum (гандум)	ʒindam	ʒandam	ɣanam (غنم)	ɣɯdim	gaṇtuma-
many	besjɒr (بسيار)	bisjor (бисёр)	bisjoːr	pɯr	ɖer (ډېر)	təqi	pouru-
high	bolænd (بلند)	baland (баланд)	biland	bɯland	lwaɻ (لوړ)	bɯland	bərəzaṇt-
far	dur (دور)	dur (дур)	ðar	ðar	ləre (لرې)	ðir	dūra-
good	χub (خوب)	χub (хуб)	baʃand	tʃardʒ	xə,ʂə (ښه)	baf	vohu-, vaŋhu-
small	kutʃik (کوچک)	χurd (хурд)	dzulik	dzɯl	ləɡ,ləʐ (لږ)	dzəqlai	?
to say	ɡoft (گفت)	ɡuft (гуфт)	lʉvdo	levd	wajəl (ويل)	xənak	aoj-, mrū-, saŋh-
to do	kærd (کرد)	kard (кард)	tʃiːdo	tʃeiɡ	kawəl (کول)	tsərak	kar-
easiness	ɒsɒni (آسانی)	osonj (осонй)	os:une	ossoni	asanatiya (اسانتیا)	ossony	usi-
to see	did (ديد)/ bin (present stem)	did (дид)/ bin(бин)	wiːnto	wand	lid (لید)/ win (present stem)	wiŋɡ	dī-, vaēn-

Publications

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In Pakistan multiple books have been published since 1980s. X̌ikwor zik by Master Haqiqat, Religious hymes by Riaz Ahmed Riaz.Qaida e Wakhi Zaban by Ahmed Jami Sakhi.Magazines and Parlon Wakhi by Karim Khan Saka."Beyoz-e-Bulbul" byNazir Ahmad Bulbul.A collection of old and new poems folklores compiled by Bulbulik Heritage Center, Gulmit.

Sample text

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Sample text from a Bible translation published in 2001 is shown here below:^[15]

**Lord's Prayer (Luke 11:2–4)**
Wakhi in Latin alphabet	Wakhi in Cyrillic alphabet	English (ESV)
²Yiso yavər x̌atəy: «Sayišt ʒi dəo carəv, x̌anəv: „Ey bzыrgwor Tat ki də osmonət cəy! Ti bəzыrg nung bər olam ыmыt! Ləcər dəwroni Ti podšoyi γ̌at-ət, zəmin-ət zəmon də hыkmi taw ыmыt!	²Йисо йавəр х̌атəй: «Сайишт ҙи дəо царəв, х̌анəв: „Ей бзыргв̌ор Тат ки дə осмонəт цəй! Ти бəзырг нунг бəр олам ымыт! Лəцəр дəв̌рони Ти подшойи г̌ат-əт, зəмин-əт зəмон дə ҳыкми тав̌ ымыт!	²And he said to them, When you pray, say: Father, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come.
³Spo rыsq-ət rыzi sakər nəsib car!	³Спо рысқ-əт рызи сакəр нəсиб цар!	³Give us each day our daily bread,
⁴Cə spo gənoən šəxs! Sak bə kuy, ki sakər šakiγ̌ cə kərk! kыx̌tər baxṣ̌əṣ̌ carən. Cə bandi nafs-ət awasən, Cə waswasayi Iblisən saki niga δыr!“»	⁴Цə спо гəноəн шəхс! Сак бə куй, ки сакəр шакиг̌ цə кəрк! Кых̌тəр бахш̣əш̣ царəн. Цə банди нафс-əт ав̌асəн, Цə в̌асв̌асайи Иблисəн саки нига д̌ыр!“»	⁴and forgive us our sins, for we ourselves forgive everyone who is indebted to us. And lead us not into temptation.
Wakhi in Perso-Arabic Script (Afghanistan)	Wakhi in Perso-Arabic Script (Pakistan)	Dari^[17]
^۲عیسا یَڤر ښَتی:‌ «سَییشت ځي دعا څَری ښَنڤ: ای بزؤرگوار تَت کي دی آسمانت څی! تي بزؤرگ نونگ بر عالم اؤمؤت! لڅر دورانی تي پادشایي ږَتت، زمینت زمان دی حؤکمي تَو اؤمؤت!‎	^۲عیسو یاڤر ݗاتی:‌ «ساییشت ڃی دعو څانڤ:‌ ای بزُرگووْر تات دی اوسمونت څای! تی بزُرگ نُونگ بر عولَم اُمُت! لڅر دورونی تی پودشویی ݝاتت، زمینت زمون دی حُکمی تاو اُمُت!‎	^۲عیسی به آنها گفت: «هر وقت دعا می کنید، بگویید: ای پدر آسمانی، نام تو مقدس باد. پادشاهی تو بیاید.‎
^۳سپا رؤزقت رؤزي سَکر نصیب څَر!‎	^۳سپو رُزقت زُزی ساکر نصیب څار!‎	^۳نان روزانۀ ما را امروز به ما بده.‎
^۴څی سپا گناهن شخص! سک بی کوی، کي سَکر شاکیږ څی کرک! کؤښتر بخڜڜ څَرن. څی بَندي نَفست اَوَسن، څی وَسوَسه‌یي اِبلیسن سَکي نیگه ڎؤر!»‎	^۴څی سپو گنوهن شخص! سکا بی کوی، کی ساکر شاکیݝ څی کرک! کُݗتر باخݜݜ څارن. څی باندی نَفست آواسن، څی وَسوَسه‌یی اِبلیسن ساکی نیگہ ڌُر!»‎	^۴گناهان ما را ببخش، زیرا ما نیز همه کسانی را که به ما گناه کرده اند می بخشیم. ما را آزمایش مکن.»‎

References

[edit]

^Wakhi atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
^Frye, R.N. (1984).The History of Ancient Iran. C.H.Beck. p. 192.ISBN 9783406093975.[T]hese western Saka he distinguishes from eastern Saka who moved south through the Kashgar-Tashkurgan-Gilgit-Swat route to the plains of the sub-continent of India. This would account for the existence of the ancient Khotanese-Saka speakers, documents of whom have been found in western Sinkiang, and the modern Wakhi language of Wakhan in Afghanistan, another modern branch of descendants of Saka speakers parallel to the Ossetes in the west.
^Bailey, H.W. (1982).The culture of the Sakas in ancient Iranian Khotan. Caravan Books. pp. 7–10.It is noteworthy that the Wakhi language of Wakhan has features, phonetics, and vocabulary the nearest of Iranian dialects to Khotan Saka.
^Carpelan, C.; Parpola, A.; Koskikallio, P. (2001). "Early Contacts Between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations: Papers Presented at an International Symposium Held at the Tvärminne Research Station of the University of Helsinki, 8–10 January, 1999".Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.242: 136....descendants of these languages survive now only in the Ossete language of the Caucasus and the Wakhi language of the Pamirs, the latter related to the Saka once spoken in Khotan.
^Payne, John (1989). "Pamir Languages". In Schmitt, Rüdiger (ed.).Compendium Linguarum Iranicum. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. p. 419.ISBN 3-88226-413-6.
^Viires, Ants; Lauri Vahtre (2001).The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. Tallinn: NGO Red Book.ISBN 9985-9369-2-2.
^Wakhi Tajik Cultural Association report 1991–2001. Pakistan: Wakhi Cultural Association. 2001.
^See the book online^{[citation needed]} "The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan in Turkey"
^^a ^bJami, Sakhi Ahmad. (2004)Languages and Literature of the Northern Areas (Balti, Shina, Khowar, Burushaski, Wakhi) / شمالی علاقہ جات کی زبانیں و ادب (بلتی، شنا، کھوار، بروشسکی، وخی) (Urdu). ChapterThe origin and evolution of the Wakhi language / وخی زبان کا آغاز و ارتقاء. Allama Iqbal Open UniversityAccess
^^a ^bGurg Ali Khayrkhah.Wakhi Literacy Primer - Teacher’s Guide / ڜؤرد جاینکؤرگڤ کتاب - سک ښیک زیک - کتاب رهنمای معلمڤر (Wakhani ). AP Mersi Afghanistan Publisher[1] (Archive)
^"[.m] masterhost - профессиональный хостинг сайтаwww.pamirian.ru"(PDF).www.pamirian.ru. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2018-05-02.
^"ScriptSource - Wakhi written with Arabic script, Naskh variant".
^Ido, S. (2017). The Vowel System of Jewish Bukharan Tajik: With Special Reference to the Tajik Vowel Chain Shift. Journal of Jewish Languages, 5(1), 81–103. doi:10.1163/22134638-12340078
^^a ^bAli, Haqiqat (1984).Wakhi Language. Vol. 1.
^^a ^bLuqo Inǰil (Gospel of Luke). (in Wakhi). Bəzыrg Kitob tarǰimacrakыzg institute. 2001.:Title page,passages in Roman alphabet [2],passages in Cyrillic alphabet [3]
^Gawarjon (高尔锵/Gāo Ěrqiāng) (1985).Outline of the Tajik language (塔吉克语简志/Tǎjíkèyǔ Jiǎnzhì). Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House.
^Afghan Bibles. (2022-New Dari).The Holy Bible in Dari / کتاب مقدس دری (Dari).https://afghanbibles.org/prs/dari-bible/luke/luke-11?prefdialect=ndv

External links

[edit]

Wakhi language test ofWikipedia atWikimedia Incubator

v t e Languages of Afghanistan
Official languages	Dari Pashto	Afghanistan portal
Regional languages	Balochi Nuristani (language family) Pashayi Tajiki Turkmen Uzbek
Minority languages	Ashkun Gujari Brahui Katë Khowar Kyrgyz Moghol Nuristani Kalasha Pamiri Ishkashimi Munji Shughni Yidgha Prasun Tregami Wakhi Zemiaki
Sign languages	Afghan Sign Language

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Category

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Wakhi language

Classification and distribution

In Afghanistan

In Tajikistan

In Pakistan

In China

In Russia

In Turkey

Phonology

Vowels

Consonants

Orthography

Perso-Arabic script

Afghan Perso-Arabic alphabet

Pakistani Perso-Arabic alphabet

Cyrillic script

Latin script

Vocabulary

Publications

Sample text

See also

References

Further reading

External links