 | You can helpexpand this article with text translated fromthe corresponding article in Hebrew. (March 2023)Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
TheWadi Salib riots were a series ofstreet demonstrations and acts ofvandalism in theWadi Salib neighborhood ofHaifa,Israel, in 1959. They were sparked by the shooting of a Moroccan Jewish immigrant by police officers. Demonstrators accused the police of ethnic discrimination againstMizrahi Jews.
Israeli scholarOren Yiftachel characterizes the riots as "the first wave of Mizrahi protest outside the[development] towns."[1]
On July 9, 1959, police confronted a Wadi Salib resident, Yaakov Elkarif, who was drunk and disturbing the peace. When he began behaving erratically and hurling empty bottles at the police sent to arrest him, he was shot and seriously wounded. Residents surrounded the police vehicle and dragged an officer out of it. He was released only after shots were fired in the air.[2]
Conflicting testimonies arose from the event. One witness claimed Elkarif provoked the officer through threats. Another witness offered that Elkarif, perceived as a stereotypical Moroccan immigrant—i.e., violent and hot-tempered—was shot for his lack of standing in society. Lastly, another witness claimed that the officer fired with the intention of calming the situation, which resulted in Elkarif's accidental shooting.
After false rumors circulated that he had died, several hundred Wadi Salib residents marched toHadar HaCarmel, a predominantly Ashkenazi district, smashing shop windows and setting cars on fire.[2] Back in Wadi Salib, the angry demonstrators targeted the headquarters ofMapai [Labor Party] and theHistadrut (the Israeli congress oftrade unions). The police tried to disperse the demonstrators by force, leaving 13 police and 2 demonstrators wounded. 34 demonstrators were arrested.
On July 11, riots broke out elsewhere in Israel, particularly in large communities ofMaghrebiimmigrants, likeTiberias,Beersheba, andMigdal HaEmek. It was claimed the riots were not completely spontaneous, and that a local movement, Likud Yotsei Tsfon Africa (Union of North African Immigrants) was involved in planning some of them.David Ben-Haroush [he], one of the movement's founders, was sent to prison. Ben-Haroush ran for the next Knessetelections while incarcerated, on the Union's list, though he failed to cross theelectoral threshold.
Shay Hazkani sees the struggle of Moroccan Jews against Ashkenazi racism in Israel that led to the Wadi Salib riots as an extension of theanti-colonial struggle they had been engaged in againstFrance in Morocco.[3]
Discrimination against Mizrahim is believed to have been one of the main catalysts of the riot.[4] This event marked the initial recognition of ethnic discrimination among Israeli Jews.[5] Prior the creation of the State of Israel in 1948, the term “Mizrahim“ was not commonly used, but entered the Jewish lexicon as a term used broadly to refer to Jews of Middle Eastern and North African ancestry.[6] The Mizrahim were viewed as passive recipients, whereas the Ashkenazim actively contributed to the creation of the Zionist vision of a Jewish-national community in Israel.[7]
The Wadi Salib riots still resonate in Israeli society as a symptom of the social malaise that led to clashes between Mizrahi and Ashkenazi Jews.[8]
In 1959, Jewish Israeli authorLeah Goldberg's children's short story and poemRoom for Rent was reprinted as a book reportedly due to its message on tolerance and as a reaction to the Wadi Salib Riots.[9]
In 1979,Amos Gitai produced a film on the subject—Me'urot Wadi Salib ["the events of Wadi Salib"].[10] The Wadi Salib riots have been discussed in many scholarly articles.[11][12]