 | |
| |
|---|---|
| City | Newark, New Jersey |
| Channels | |
| Branding | THIRTEEN |
| Programming | |
| Affiliations | |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |
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| NJ PBS,WEER,WLIW,WLIW-FM,WMBQ-CD,WNDT-CD | |
| History | |
First air date | May 15, 1948 (77 years ago) (1948-05-15) |
Former call signs |
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Former channel numbers |
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Call sign meaning | National Educational Television (forerunner of PBS) |
| Technical information[1] | |
Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 18795 |
| ERP | 6.5kW |
| HAAT | 507.8 m (1,666 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 40°42′46.8″N74°0′47.3″W / 40.713000°N 74.013139°W /40.713000; -74.013139 |
| Links | |
Public license information | |
| Website |
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WNET (channel 13), branded on-air asThirteen (stylized asTHIRTEEN), is a primaryPBS member television station licensed toNewark, New Jersey, United States, serving the New York City area. Owned by The WNET Group (formerly known as the Educational Broadcasting Corporation and later as WNET.org),[2] it is asister station to the area's secondary PBS member,Garden City, New York–licensedWLIW (channel 21), and twoclass A stations:WMBQ-CD (channel 46), andWNDT-CD (channel 14, whichshares spectrum with WNET). The WNET Group also operates New Jersey's PBS state networkNJ PBS, and the website NJ Spotlight through an outsourcing agreement.
WNET and WLIW share studios atOne Worldwide Plaza inMidtown Manhattan; WNET's transmitter is located atOne World Trade Center.[3]
WNET commenced broadcasting on May 15, 1948, from a transmitter located atop First Mountain inWest Orange, New Jersey, as WATV, a commercial television station owned by Atlantic Television, a subsidiary of Bremer Broadcasting Corporation.[4][5] Frank V. Bremer, the CEO, also owned twoNorth Jersey radio stations,WAAT (970 AM) andWAAT-FM (94.7 MHz). The three stations were based in theMosque Theatre at 1020 Broad Street in Newark. WATV was the first of three new stations in the New York City television market to sign on the air during 1948, and was also the firstindependent station. One unusual daytime program,Daywatch, consisted of a camera focused on ateletypewriter printingwire service news stories, interspersed with cutaways to mechanical toys against a light music soundtrack. Another early series by the station wasStairway to Stardom (1950–1951), one of the first TV series with an African-American host. WATV's transmitter was moved to theEmpire State Building in November 1953.[6]
On October 6, 1957, Bremer Broadcasting announced it had sold its stations for $3.5 million toNational Telefilm Associates (NTA), an early distributor of motion pictures for television, joining itsNTA Film Network.[7][8] On May 7, 1958, channel 13'scall sign was changed to WNTA-TV to reflect the new ownership; the radio stations also adopted these call letters. NTA's cash resources enabled WNTA to produce a schedule of programming with greater emphasis on the people and events of New Jersey, compared to the other commercial television stations.[9] NTA also sought to make channel 13 the center of a new commercial network, though during its run the NTA Film Network offered only one night of "in-pattern" network programming, Friday nights in 1957–58, and for most purposes WNTA served as the New York showcase for nationallysyndicated programming and produced several such entries, notably the anthology drama seriesPlay of the Week; the talk showOpen End, hosted byDavid Susskind;children's showThe Magic Clown; and a populardance program emceed byClay Cole. The station continued to lag behind New York's other independent stations—WNEW-TV (channel 5),WOR-TV (channel 9) andWPIX (channel 11)—in terms of audience size, and NTA incurred a large debt load. National Telefilm Associates put the WNTA stations up for sale in February 1961.[10]
At least three prospective purchasers expressed interest in WNTA. The most prominent was the New York City-based group Educational Television for the Metropolitan Area (ETMA), a consortium of businesspeople, cultural leaders and educators who intended to turn channel 13 into New York City's educational station. By this time, it was obvious that the non-commercial frequency that theFederal Communications Commission (FCC) originally allocated to the city,UHF channel 25, would not be nearly adequate enough to cover a market that stretched fromFairfield County, Connecticut, in the north toOcean County, New Jersey, in the south. Prior to 1964, when the FCC required television manufacturers to include UHF tuners in newer sets as per theAll-Channel Receiver Act passed in 1961, most viewers could not view UHF stations except with an expensive converter; only a few manufacturers made sets with built-in UHF tuning. Even for those who could access UHF stations, reception was marginal even under the best conditions.
With assistance from theUniversity of the State of New York, ETMA had attempted to purchase channel 13 and convert it into a non-commercial station in 1957, when Bremer Broadcasting first put the station on the block;[11] this bid was later withdrawn. This time ETMA was competing with NTA founding presidentEly Landau, who had formed a syndicate to buy the station after resigning from NTA; and David Susskind, who received financial backing fromParamount Pictures.[12]
ETMA's initial bid of $4 million was rejected by NTA,[13] but the citizens' group remained persistent. With the support and guidance ofNational Educational Television (NET), ETMA later received an endorsement from newly appointed FCC chairmanNewton N. Minow, who established public hearings to discuss the fate of channel 13. The pendulum quickly shifted in favor of channel 13 going non-commercial, and the commercial suitors withdrew their interest.[14]
On June 29, 1961, ETMA agreed to purchase WNTA for $6.2 million.[15] About $2 million of that amount came from five of the city's six remaining commercialVHF stations (WPIX was the lone holdout), all of whom were pleased to see a competitor eliminated.[16] In addition,CBS later donated a facility in Manhattan to ETMA and NET to use as a studio. The FCC approved the transfer in October, and converted channel 13's commercial license to non-commercial.[17]
The outgoing New Jersey governor,Robert B. Meyner, addressing state lawmakers' concerns over continued programming specific to New Jersey, and fearing the FCC would move the channel 13 allocation to New York City,[18] petitioned theUnited States courts of appeals on September 6, 1961, to block the sale of WNTA-TV. The court ruled in the state's favor two months later.[19]
The unsettled deal almost caused National Telefilm Associates to reconsider its decision to sell the station altogether, and NTA made plans to go forward: WNTA-TV made a play to acquire broadcast rights for theNew York Mets baseball team for its inaugural 1962 season.[20] Faced with either consummating the transaction or seeing it canceled, ETMA settled their differences with New Jersey officials on December 4, 1961.[21] After a few last-minute issues arose to cause further delays, the transfer became final on December 22.[22][23] Later that evening, WNTA-TV signed off for the final time. ETMA and NET then went to work converting the station, which they said would return with its new educational format within three months.
Ten months later, channel 13 was ready to be reborn under new call letters, WNDT (for "New Dimensions in Television"). WithEdward R. Murrow—then director of theUnited States Information Agency—as host of the maiden broadcast, ETMA—now the Educational Broadcasting Corporation—flipped the switch on September 16, 1962.[22][14][26][27][28] The return of channel 13 as WNDT gave the New York City market its first educational station, and with a dial position on the coveted VHF band (in many other cities, including large ones, educational stations had to make do with UHF frequencies). New York's non-commercial UHF channel, on the other hand, signed on asWNYE-TV four-and-a-half years later in April 1967.Richard Heffner was appointed as WNDT's first general manager, serving in that position in its first year; Heffner continued to appear on channel 13 as producer and host of thepublic affairs programThe Open Mind until his death in December 2013.[29]
During the transition, and after the inaugural broadcast, WNDT faced an immediate crisis. TheAmerican Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA) was concerned about the use of teachers—some of whom were union-certified performers—on non-commercial television, and how they would be compensated should their work be distributed nationally.
AFTRA called a strike on the morning of WNDT's debut. Engineers and technicians who were members of theInternational Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) refused to cross the AFTRA picket line, leaving the station's management and other non-union employees to produce the three-hour inaugural broadcast. Immediately afterwards, channel 13 went off the air again, as the strike continued for nearly two weeks.[22][24][30] The striking workers returned WNDT to the air after ten days[31] and on September 28, the labor dispute was settled.[32] However, the station's financial resources were drained, requiring an infusion of cash from theFord Foundation to help keep the station running.[22][33]
NET originally wanted to merge its operations with WNDT, which would have given the station a direct line of funding as well as make channel 13 NET's flagship station. The Ford Foundation, which supported both groups, stopped the proposed mergers on at least two different occasions in 1962 and 1965.
Events that began in 1967 led the Ford Foundation to change its stance and push for a WNDT-NET merger. The newly formedCorporation for Public Broadcasting (created by anact of theUnited States Congress) initially supported NET's network role, while providing government funding for programming. But that move was followed two years later by the establishment of the Public Broadcasting Service as the CPB's own distribution system—which was a direct threat to NET's territory. It has been intimated that the CPB's creation was an attempt to curb NET's production of controversial documentaries and replace it with a less controversial, government-friendly broadcaster, less hostile in particular to theJohnson, and later theNixon administrations (NET ignored the demand and continued with the production of the critically acclaimed documentaries). At one point, President Nixon, frustrated with NET's documentaries criticizing his administration, especially its handling of theVietnam War, almost managed to cut NET's $20 million funding grant in half.[34] This led both the Ford Foundation and the CPB to threaten NET with funding withdrawal in early 1970, unless it merged its operations with WNDT. Not long after, the Ford Foundation brokered the merger of WNDT and NET, which took effect on June 29, 1970.[35] Channel 13's call sign was changed to the present WNET on October 1, 1970.[36] NET ceased network operations three days later, with PBS taking over the following day. The station continued to produce some shows for the national PBS schedule with the NET branding until early 1972, when they began to be identified as "WNET/13" programs;[37] a formal consolidation of the corporation's separate national and local production facilities occurred later that year.[38]
Following the merger,David Loxton established theTV Lab in 1972[22] with support from the Rockefeller Foundation and New York State Council on the Arts. TV Lab provided artists with equipment to produce video pieces through an artist-in-residence program. The Independent Documentary Fund and Video Tape Review series were both produces of TV Lab. TV Lab ended in 1984 when the CPB withdrew funds.
Since 1979, the station has been known on-air as "Thirteen". It continued to include Newark in its legal IDs (though logos for national productions read "New York") until the late 1990s. Since then, it has identified mostly as "New York", though it is still legally licensed to Newark.[citation needed]
Even after becoming a noncommercial station, channel 13 retained its original studios and offices at the Mosque Theater in Newark. The station eventually moved to the Gateway Center office building, also in Newark. In 1982, more than 20 years after becoming the New York area's flagship public television station, WNET moved its operations to theHudson Hotel at 237 West 58th Street in Manhattan, while retaining the Gateway Center studios for a few more years.
In 1987, channel 13 celebrated its silver anniversary with a series of rebroadcasts of older programs titledThirteen Revisited.[39]
In 1998, WNET moved to450 West 33rd Street, straddling the railroad tracks going intoPennsylvania Station.
Channel 13's transmitter facilities, including a newly installed digital transmission system, were destroyed in theterrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Gerard (Rod) Coppola, channel 13's head transmitter engineer, was among those who died when the north tower collapsed. His remains were discovered on December 25, 2001.[40] For the next ten months, WNYE-TV, headquartered inBrooklyn, became WNET's surrogate transmitter and airwave: for those without cable, repeats of WNET's prime time schedule were broadcast on WNYE until Channel 13 could re-establish transmission facilities back at the Empire State Building.
Some time later, in February 2003, WNET completed its merger with Long Island PBS broadcaster WLIW (licensed to Garden City and based inPlainview), combining the two stations into one operation.[22] While most of the two stations' operations have been merged, they still have separate studio facilities, separate governing boards, and conduct separate fundraising efforts.
During 2009, WNET's parent company, WNET.org, sustained financial difficulties, and in January, the company pared its workforce from 500 employees to 415, due to severe problems with its budget and fundraising. In October, WNET announced that its studios at 450 West 33rd Street would soon be up for sale, as it no longer needed the extra space. In November, WNET announced that all WNET.org employees would take an unpaid furlough for three to five days between Christmas and New Year's Day, with a skeleton crew of engineers remaining during that time to keep the stations on the air; however, they, too, would have to go on furloughs at the start of 2010.[41] In 2011, WNET moved its studios and offices to Worldwide Plaza.
WNET has been broadcastingdigital-only since June 12, 2009.[42][43][44]
On July 1, 2011, WNET took over the programming ofNew Jersey Network's television stations, which were relaunched as NJTV (nowNJ PBS). The network features increased coverage of news and issues pertinent to New Jersey, as well as programming from the WNET and PBS libraries. The transfer of programming to WNET was part of GovernorChris Christie's plan for theNew Jersey government's exit from public broadcasting.[45] As part of the deal, WNET airs NJTV's nightly statewide newscast,NJ Today (which was renamedNJTV News on November 4, 2013), to meet its local programming obligations since it still operates on a frequency allocated to Newark. Previously, it had aired NJN's newscast,NJN News, which it co-produced with NJN from 1978 to 1981 (the program continued to air on WNET even after NJN took full control over its production).
In 2014, the Tisch WNET Studios at Lincoln Center were built at the southwest corner of66th Street andBroadway; this facility houses two television studios. The space can also accommodate lectures, screenings and concerts. The facility is named in honor of James S. Tisch and his wife, Merryl H. Tisch, whose $15 million gift was, at that time, the single largest donation from individuals in WNET's history.[46]
On May 9, 2017, it was announced that WNET would resume broadcasting from Lower Manhattan at One World Trade Center by the end of the year.[47]
In 2019, WNET acquired New Jersey news website NJ Spotlight. The following year, it merged NJ Spotlight with NJTV's newsroom, with the NJTV newscasts becomingNJ Spotlight News.[48] NJ Spotlight would merge with NJTV News in 2020.[49] On March 25, 2021, WNET.org was reorganized as The WNET Group.[50]
On July 2, 2020, at 9 a.m. during theFCC repack, WNET relocated from channel 13 to channel 12.[51]
WNET has produced, created and/or presented a number of PBS shows. This includes, but is not limited to:
*indicates a program that was originally presented byConnecticut Public Television.
**indicates a program that was originally presented byMaryland Public Television.
WNET has also produced programming for public television stations distributed outside of the PBS system, including:
WNET was also one of the original co-producing entities of thePBS NewsHour, along with Washington, D.C. PBS member stationWETA-TV and MacNeil-Lehrer Productions. The show debuted in 1975 as a local news-analysis program,TheRobert MacNeil Report.Jim Lehrer, a frequent guest on MacNeil's show, became co-host the following year, when the show was picked up by other PBS stations. WNET produced weekend editions ofPBS NewsHour alongside WETA-TV for the weekday editions until 2022 when WETA assumed production for the weekend edition in addition to the weekday editions.[53][54]
In 2010, the office of theUnited States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, filed a lawsuit asserting that the WNET subsidiary, the Educational Broadcasting Corporation, misused grant money worth $13 million, donated by theNational Science Foundation, theNational Endowment for the Humanities and theNational Endowment for the Arts between September 2001 and January 2008.[55][56][57][58] The suit asserted that WNET had used grant money that was given for the production of programs includingAmerican Masters,Great Performances andCyberchase for other purposes.[56][57] WNET settled the lawsuit in June 2010 by paying back the United States government $950,000,[56] pledging to instate a program to ensure they honored all future federal grant requirements[55] and agreeing to not receive $1,015,046 infederal grant money that was about to be awarded,[57] WNET Vice President and General Counsel, Robert Feinberg, said toThe New York Times: "This is not a scenario we want to repeat and we have no intention of repeating it."[56]
In November 2012, WNET was scheduled to airAlex Gibney's filmPark Avenue: Money, Power and the American Dream produced byIndependent Lens.[59] The film compared thewealth gap between the New York residents ofPark Avenue in theBronx and the wealthy residents of an exclusiveManhattan apartment block at740 Park Avenue, includingDavid Koch, a billionaire businessman and political activist.[60] At the time Koch was a board member of WNET and was planning on making "a seven-figure donation—maybe more" to WNET.[61] A furor erupted[62][63][64] whenThe New Yorker revealed in May 2013 that to appease Koch, the president of WNET,Neal Shapiro, called Koch offering him the opportunity to screen Gibney's film before broadcast and rebut it after it aired with a written statement. Shapiro said toThe New Yorker that he "just called David Koch. He's on our board. He's the biggest main character. No one else, just David Koch. Because he's a trustee. It's a courtesy. I can't remember doing anything like this [before]".[61] WNET replaced the film's introduction byStanley Tucci with a new introduction calling the film "controversial" and "provocative". Immediately after the broadcast, they aired a statement fromKoch Industries criticizing the film as "disappointing and divisive", although a Koch spokesperson said David Koch had only watched the trailer. WNET followed the statement with an on-air round-table discussion where the moderator repeatedly mentioned that Koch's philanthropic contributions totaled a billion dollars.[61] Gibney was not invited to appear at the round-table and was quoted as saying, "Why is WNET offering Mr. Koch special favors? And why did the station allow Koch to offer a critique of a film he hadn't even seen? Money. Money talks. They tried to undercut the credibility of the film, and I had no opportunity to defend it."[61] Koch did not make the large donation to WNET and resigned from their board on May 16, 2013.[61][65]
In September 2013, WNET launched a series calledThe Pension Peril, examining the economic sustainability of publicpensions and promoting cuts to their funding.[66][67] On December 18, 2013, Neal Shapiro, president and CEO of WNET was quoted in a press release saying "this is the type of complex public policy story that only public television covers in an in-depth and ongoing way. WNET is poised to lead and further the dialogue about this challenging situation all across public media, on PBS, public radio, and online".[68]
On February 12, 2014,PandoDaily reported that the sole sponsor ofThe Pension Peril was formerEnron traderJohn D. Arnold[69] who had financially backed efforts to cut public employee pension benefits.[70][71] Stephen Segaller, WNET's vice president for programming toldThe New York Times on February 13, 2014, that he had "absolute conviction" that theLaura and John Arnold Foundation was an admissible funder and the funding did not violate PBS' "perception" rule. On February 14, Segaller toldThe New York Times that WNET had reversed course after discussing with PBS "both the facts and the optics. We all take very, very seriously any suggestion that there's a perception problem about the integrity of our work or the sources of our funding, and we came to the conclusion that it's better to err on the side of caution".[67]WNET and PBS issued a joint statement saying the series would go on hiatus and WNET would return the $3.5 million grant it had received from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation.[67] Segaller said in the statement, "We made a mistake, pure and simple". PBSombudsman,Michael Getler, commented that PandoDaily's article "shines a light, once again, on what seems to me to be ethical compromises in funding arrangements and lack of real transparency for viewers caused, in part, by the complicated funding demands needed to support public broadcasting, and in part by managers who make some questionable decisions".
Getler added that WNET "went seriously wrong" and that their "decision to accept a grant of $3.5 million from the Arnold Foundation, with a stated interest in 'public employee benefits reform', flunks PBS's own 'perception test', which is part of the service's Funding Standards and Practices."[72]
In late 2014, WNET programming chief Stephen Segaller received widespread criticism for proposing to push the multi award-winning documentary strandsIndependent Lens andPOV out of a prime time slot and onto a secondary station, WLIW (Channel 21).[64][73] Over 2,000 documentarians signed a petition,[64] stating that WNET's action would lead to the shows being marginalized by PBS affiliates nationwide and have a severe effect on cutting edge documentary filmmaking.[73] Among the prominent opponents of reschedulingPOV andIndependent Lens were filmmakers Alex Gibney andLaura Poitras, who had campaigned against a similar move by WNET in 2012.[74] TV producerNorman Lear wrote anop-ed inThe New York Times accusing WNET and PBS of a ratings-chase that "could devastate independent documentary film making". He criticized the broadcaster for "threatening, for the second time in four years, to downgrade documentaries, which are at the heart of its public mission."[73] Many of the subjectsPOV andIndependent Lens covered – like the Koch brothers' influence on American politics in Alex Gibney's film,Park Avenue: Money, Power and the American Dream — have been controversial,[64][73] leading the Indie Caucus, a group of Independent filmmakers to speculate if the provocative subjects they explored might also be relegating them to the more obscure TV schedule.[75] Segaller said it was "preposterous" to suggest that WNET had a censorship agenda when both programs had run for more than a decade. "One disputatious moment in a many-year history does not a conspiracy make," he declared.[64] In April 2015, WNET relented and restored both strands to their original slots.[76]
In June 2015, a media furor forced WNET to postpone the third season ofFinding Your Roots[77][78] when theSony Pictures hack revealed via hacked emails that a subject of the series,Ben Affleck, had lobbied for material relating to a relative owning slaves be removed from the show.[79] Those edits, which violated PBS ethics standards,[77][78] brought strong criticism from the media to WNET and the producers of the show. PBS issued a statement saying "the series co-producers violated PBS standards by failing to shield the creative and editorial process from improper influence, and by failing to inform PBS or WNET of Mr. Affleck's efforts to affect program content". The statement promised the episode would be withdrawn from distribution and that the series would employ "an independent genealogist to review all versions of program episodes for factual accuracy".[80] After the suspension of the series,Adweek commented: "The network clearly understands that its integrity has been thrown into question by this controversy. Even if they understood where the producers of the show were coming from when they decided to entertain the request, PBS and the veracity of all that's included in their documentaries, requires decisive action that conveys just how serious this infraction was".[78] The series returned to the air in January 2016.[81]
In March 2025, WNET came under fire by Republican members of Congress during the Anti-American Airwaves hearing, which saw the station accused of using public funding to push "radical, left positions". Following these hearings, the station scrubbed its archives of three episodes of the educational programLet's Learn—two of which featured a children's book with a transgender protagonist, while the third featured adrag queen.[82]
The station's signal ismultiplexed:
| License | Channel | Res. | Aspect | Short name | Programming |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WNET | 13.1 | 1080i | 16:9 | WNET-HD | PBS |
| 13.2 | 480i | KIDS | PBS Kids | ||
| 21.1 | 1080i | 16:9 | WLIW-HD | PBS (WLIW) | |
| 21.3 | 480i | WORLD | World Channel (WLIW) | ||
| 21.4 | 1080i | AllArts | All Arts (WLIW) | ||
| WNDT-CD | 14.1 | 480i | 16:9 | WNDT-CD | FNX |
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