Michael Blumenthal | |
|---|---|
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| 64thUnited States Secretary of the Treasury | |
| In office January 23, 1977 – August 4, 1979 | |
| President | Jimmy Carter |
| Preceded by | William E. Simon |
| Succeeded by | G. William Miller |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Werner Michael Blumenthal (1926-01-03)January 3, 1926 (age 99) |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Barbara Bennett |
| Education | |
| Signature |  |
Werner Michael Blumenthal (born January 3, 1926) is aGerman-American business leader, economist and political adviser who served asUnited States Secretary of the Treasury under PresidentJimmy Carter from 1977 to 1979.
At age thirteen, Blumenthal barely escapedNazi Germany with his Jewish family in 1939. He was forced to spendWorld War II living in theghetto of Japanese-occupiedShanghai, China, until 1947. He then made his way to San Francisco and began doing odd jobs to work his way through school. He enrolled in college, eventually graduating fromUniversity of California, Berkeley andPrinceton University with degrees in international economics. During his career, he became active in both business and public service.
Before being appointed to a cabinet position with newly elected PresidentJimmy Carter, Blumenthal had become a successful business leader and had already held administrative positions under PresidentsJohn F. Kennedy andLyndon B. Johnson. As a member of the Carter administration, he helped guide economic policy and took part in re-establishing ties with China. After he resigned, he became chairman and CEO ofBurroughs Corporation andUnisys, followed by seventeen years as director of the restoredJewish Museum in Berlin. He is the author ofThe Invisible Wall (1998, Counterpoint Press) andFrom Exile to Washington: A Memoir of Leadership in the Twentieth Century (2013, The Overlook Press). Blumenthal is the oldest living former U.S. Cabinet member.
Blumenthal was born inOranienburg,Weimar Republic (present-dayGermany), the son of Rose Valerie (née Markt) and Ewald Blumenthal. His family was of modest means as owners of a dress shop.[1][2] His forebears had lived in Oranienburg since the 16th century.[3] As a result of the Nazi party'sNuremberg Laws, which took effect in 1935, his family began to fear for their lives and realized they had to escape from Germany.[2] Blumenthal recalledKristallnacht, a series of coordinated attacks against Jews and their property which began throughout Germany on November 9, 1938, when he was 12 years old:[2]
I clearly remember ... when they came and smashed all the Jewish stores. I remember seeing the largest synagogue in Berlin burn, and I remember being beaten up by kids in uniform.[3]
Nazi Gestapo men forced their way into his home early one morning in 1938 and arrested his father for no stated reason. His father was taken toBuchenwald concentration camp, one of the largest forced labor camps in Germany, where an estimated 56,000 people, mostly Jews, were eventually killed. His mother hastily sold all their household possessions and managed to win her husband's release. They had no choice but to sell their long-established dress store to their managing saleswoman for "practically nothing," says his older sister Stefanie. She recalls, "My mother wept—not so much out of the loss, but out of a sense of the unfairness of it, that someone we'd trained could turn on us, could get something we had worked so hard for, for nothing."[4]
With their little remaining money, his mother bought tickets for them to go toShanghai, China, an open port city which didn't require a visa. They fled Germany on a passenger-carrying freighter shortly before war broke out in 1939.[2] They took only minimal possessions; they were not allowed to take any money.[2] He remembers the voyage: "FromNaples viaPort Said,Suez,Aden,Bombay,Colombo,Singapore, andHong Kong; each one of those ports of call was part of theBritish Empire, and none would admit Jewish refugees."[2]
Upon arriving, they expected to remain only briefly, assuming they could then travel on to a safer country. However, with the outbreak of World War II, Japan had occupied Shanghai, and the Blumenthals were confined to theShanghai Ghetto along with 20,000 other Jewish refugees for the next eight years.[3]
The tough refugee war years were precious lessons for the future ... In Shanghai I learned what it means to be hungry, poor, and forgotten for no fault of one's own, and what people will do when their backs are up against the wall. I saw that life can be unfair, that titles, possessions, and all the trappings of position and status are transitory, that they are not as important as one's own inner resources in the face of hard times, personal setbacks and defeats.
Blumenthal witnessed severe poverty and starvation throughout the ghetto, sometimes seeing corpses lying in the streets. "It was a cesspool," he said.[3] He was able to find a cleaning job at a chemical factory and earned $1 a week, which was used to feed his family:[2]
I was confined to a faraway corner of Asia, so destitute that newspapers were stuffed into my shoes to cover up the holes ... I had no passport at all [and] for two and a half years I was a prisoner of the Japanese, and later not even the most junior American consular official would have given me the time of day.[5][page needed]
His schooling was haphazard, and the stress of survival caused his parents to divorce.[3] Nevertheless, he was able to learn English during a brief period attending a British school, and learned to speak some Chinese, French and Portuguese during other periods there.[6]: 25
When the war in the Pacific ended in the summer of 1945, American troops entered Shanghai. He found a job as a warehouse helper with the U.S. Air Force, which benefited from his linguistic skills.[2] By 1947 he and his sister, after much effort and being refused visas to Canada,[citation needed] received visas to the U.S.
They made their way toSan Francisco, where they knew no one, and with only $200 between them.[7] With limited education, and now a stateless refugee, he did his best to make something of himself:
I came to this country feeling that I had capabilities and talents. I read a lot. I talked to people. I wanted to do things. I found out that I can cope reasonably well.[3]
Blumenthal found his first full-time job earning $40 per week as a billing clerk for theNational Biscuit Company. He later enrolled atSan Francisco City College and supported himself doing part-time work, including truck driver, night elevator operator, busboy and movie theater ticket-taker. He also worked as an armored guard and at a wax factory, where he filled "little paper cups with wax" from midnight until 8 a.m.[3]
Blumenthal was admitted to theUniversity of California, Berkeley where he graduatedPhi Beta Kappa in 1951 with aB.S. degree in international economics.[2] It was also where he met and married Margaret Eileen Polley in 1951.[3] In 1952 Blumenthal became a naturalized U.S. citizen.[6]: 25
Blumenthal was offered a scholarship to attend theWoodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs atPrinceton University, in New Jersey. From there, he earned aMaster of Arts and Master of Public Affairs in 1953, followed by a Ph.D. in economics in 1956.[7] Blumenthal's doctoral dissertation was titled "Labor-management relations in the German steel industry, 1947-54."[8] For income, his wife worked as a secretary and he taught economics at Princeton from 1954 to 1957.[2] He also worked as a labor arbitrator for the state of New Jersey from 1955 to 1957.[6]: 26
Blumenthal leftPrinceton University to joinCrown Cork, a manufacturer of bottle caps, in 1957, where he remained until 1961 and rose to become its vice president and director.[2][3]
In 1961, having by then been a registered Democrat, he moved toWashington, D.C., followingJohn F. Kennedy's inauguration, where he was offered a position by diplomat,George Ball, to serve as Kennedy's deputyAssistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs.[6]: 26 He accepted the position and served in theState Department from 1961 until 1967 as an adviser on trade to Kennedy and, afterKennedy's assassination, as an adviser toLyndon B. Johnson.
Johnson made him U.S. Ambassador and chief U. S. negotiator at theKennedy RoundGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade talks inGeneva, considered to be one of the world's most significant multilateral trade negotiation. Canada's Minister of Trade and Commerce described Blumenthal as a tough negotiator,[3][2] which Blumenthal feels is ironic: "If they'd let me into the country in 1945, I might have been working on their side."[2]
In 1967, Blumenthal left government to joinBendix International, a manufacturing and engineering company specializing in auto parts, electronics and aerospace. After five years he was appointed as its chairman and CEO, and remained with the company for ten more years. When he first took over Bendix, the company was regarded by Wall Street as a faltering company. After five years as its chairman, the company nearly doubled its sales to just under $3 billion, and by 1976Duns Review rated Bendix as "one of the five best-managed companies in the U.S."[3][6]: 27
While Blumenthal headed Bendix, newly electedPresident Carter nominated him to become hisU.S. Secretary of the Treasury, a position in which he served from January 23, 1977, to August 4, 1979.[2]Cyrus Vance had originally wanted him to be his deputy when he became Carter's Secretary of State, but Carter decided he would be better placed as Secretary of the Treasury.[9][page needed] His nomination was unanimously confirmed.[6]: 27 That June, he traveled to theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD) Paris headquarters for its annual conference, with its main agenda concerned with how Western powers would manage the sluggish recovery after the deep recession of 1974–75.[10]
Blumenthal first met Carter in 1975 at a meeting of theTrilateral Commission in Japan.[11] Carter subsequently invited him to his home knowing his talents as a successful business manager and negotiator, and knew Blumenthal would offer him sound economic advice.[11] Blumenthal recalls at the time, "The list of top Democratic businessmen isn't very long."[3] In accepting the position, his income went from $473,000 per year to $66,000.[3] He was also amused at the irony of reading a German newspaper headline, "A Berliner is to Become Carter's New Minister of Finance."[3]
As Secretary of the Treasury, however, he was never made a member of Carter's "inner circle," and his responsibilities were never clearly defined, writes historian Burton Ira Kaufman.[11] Although he was made chair of Carter's Economic Policy Group (EPG), and was Carter's chief economic policy official, he was still unable to chart economic policy or be recognized as the administration's chief economic spokesman. He instead had to share the role with those closer to the president, which caused confusion among outsiders and weakened Blumenthal's effectiveness.[3]
Blumenthal took an active role in fighting inflation, which had increased from 7 percent at the beginning of 1978 to 11 percent by the fall.[11]: 49 By the summer of 1979 inflation had reached 14 percent, with unemployment in some cities running close to 25 percent.[11]: 50 Much of the increase had to do withOPEC raising oil prices.[11]: 50 During this period, the U.S. dollar was also a target of one of the largest currency speculations in history[10] by countries including Germany and Japan, whose currencies were rapidly appreciating against the dollar.[11]: 49
In February 1979, Blumenthal represented the U.S. in its first visit to China by an American Cabinet officer following America's official recognition of their Communist government, which China had proclaimed in 1949. Until that time, most American China scholars had never been to China, and the event was so newsworthy that twenty journalists traveled with Blumenthal and his staff.[5][page needed] His experience living in Shanghai is considered to have been an important factor in Chinese leaders inviting him, instead of a State Department official.[6]: 28 His trip was a great success, notes biographer Bernard Katz.[6]: 28 Blumenthal also went back the following month for the opening of the U.S. Embassy. He explains:
Our visit was an opening move in the slow, carefully managed, renewed coming together of China and the United States, haltingly begun with many fits and starts in the early seventies, and culminating nine years later with the reestablishment of full diplomatic relations (in which I would be destined to play an official role.)[5][page needed]
He used part of his speech, much of which he gave speaking in Chinese, to convey to Chinese leaders America's serious concern with China's invasion ofVietnam a week earlier.Henry Kissinger described the multiprongedinvasion which may have included up to 400,000 Chinese soldiers.[12][page needed] Blumenthal asked them to withdraw their troops "as quickly as possible," since it carried the "risk of wider wars."[12][page needed][13] The Chinese were particularly impressed by Blumenthal's speech, adds Katz. And although the effect of his speech is not known, the Chinese army didwithdraw a few weeks after his visit.
In July 1979, Carter outlined his measures for dealing with the nation's economic and energy crisis, and at the same time asked five members of his cabinet, including Blumenthal, to resign.[11]: 51 Twenty-three other senior staff members were also let go.[14][page needed]
After resigning he joinedBurroughs Corporation in 1980 as vice chairman, then chairman of the board a year later. After merging the company withSperry Corporation, it becameUnisys Corporation in 1986, with Blumenthal its chairman andchief executive officer (CEO). He remained with Unisys until 1990 when he stepped down after several years of losses to become a limited partner atLazard Freres & Company, an investment bank located in New York. Having more free time, he taught economics courses at Princeton.[6]: 29 [15]
In April 2016, he was one of eight former Treasury secretaries who called on theUnited Kingdom to remain a member of theEuropean Union ahead of theJune 2016 Referendum.[16]
In 1997, Blumenthal became the founding director of theJewish Museum Berlin in Germany's then-new capital of the Federal Republic. His work began in December of that year, when he accepted an invitation from the city of Berlin to become president and chief executive of the Berlin Jewish Museum. The first Jewish Museum in Berlin was founded in 1933, but was closed in 1938 by the Nazi regime. The re-imagined museum includes displays documenting 2,000 years of the often-tragic chapters in German-Jewish history, includingThe Holocaust, and is the largest Jewish museum in Europe.[5][page needed] Blumenthal remained the museum's director from 1997 until 2014,[2] with the completion and opening of the Museum in 2001 being credited to his direction.[17] The project has attracted considerable attention within and outside of Germany. In 1999 and 2006, Blumenthal was awarded Germany's Senior Medals of Merit for his services to the Federal Republic of Germany, in recognition of his work in Berlin.
He married Margaret Eileen Polley, a teacher, in 1944, while attending college; they had three daughters:[18] Ann, Jill, and Jane. They divorced in July 1977.[19]
He married his administrative assistant, Barbara Bennett in June 1983.[20] Blumenthal was 57 and Bennett was 28.[20]
Currently he resides inPrinceton, New Jersey with his second wife whom he has one son, Michael.[21]
In 2008, he was elected as a delegate to theDemocratic National Convention, and pledged to back then-SenatorBarack Obama.
Blumenthal is featured in the 2020 documentaryHarbor from the Holocaust.[22]
| Political offices | ||
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| Preceded by | United States Secretary of the Treasury 1977–1979 | Succeeded by |
| U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial) | ||
| Preceded byas Former U.S. Cabinet Member | Order of precedence of the United States as Former U.S. Cabinet Member | Succeeded byas Former U.S. Cabinet Member |
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