Winfried Georg Sebald[1] (18 May 1944 – 14 December 2001), known asW. G. Sebald or (as he preferred)Max Sebald, was a German writer and academic. At the time of his death at the age of 57, he was according toThe New Yorker ”widely recognized for his extraordinary contribution to world literature.”[2]
Sebald was born inWertach,Bavaria, the second of the three children of Rosa and Georg Sebald, and his parents' only son. From 1948 to 1963, he lived inSonthofen.[3] His father had joined theReichswehr in 1929 and served in theWehrmacht under theNazis. His father remained a detached figure, aprisoner of war until 1947; his maternal grandfather, the small-town police officer Josef Egelhofer (1872–1956), was the most important male presence during his early years.[4] Sebald was shown images ofthe Holocaust while at school inOberstdorf and recalled that no one knew how to explain what they had just seen. The Holocaust and European modernity, especially its modes of warfare and persecution, later became central themes in his work.[5]
W.G. Sebald to Andreas Dorschel, June 2001, page 1
The 2001 publication ofAusterlitz (both in German and English) secured Sebald worldwide fame:[10] "Austerlitz was received enthusiastically on an international scale; literary critics celebrated it frenetically; the book established Sebald as a modern classic."[11] He was tipped as a possible future winner of theNobel Prize in Literature.[2][12][13] With grown and still growing reputation, he was now in high demand by literary institutions and radio programmes throughout Western Europe.[14] Newspapers, magazines and journals from Germany, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Britain and the U.S. urged him for interviews.[15] "Condemned to unrest I am, I am afraid", he wrote toAndreas Dorschel in June 2001, returning from one trip and setting out for the next.
For a considerable time, Sebald had been aware of a congenital cardiac insufficiency;[16] to a visitor from the US, he described himself in August 2001 as "someone who knows he has to leave before too long".[17] Sebald died while driving nearNorwich in December 2001.[18] The event threw the literary public into a state of shock.[19] Sebald had been driving with his daughter Anna, who survived the crash.[12] The coroner's report, released some six months after the accident, stated that Sebald had suffered a heart attack and had died of this condition before his car swerved across the road and collided with an oncoming lorry.[20]
W.G. Sebald is buried in St. Andrew's churchyard inFramingham Earl, close to where he lived.[21]
Sebald's works are largely concerned with the themes of memory and loss of memory (both personal and collective) and decay (of civilizations, traditions or physical objects). They are, in particular, attempts to reconcile himself with, and deal in literary terms with, the trauma of theSecond World War and its effect on the German people. InOn the Natural History of Destruction (1999), he wrote an essay on the wartime bombing of German cities and the absence in German writing of any real response. His concern withThe Holocaust is expressed in several books delicately tracing his own biographical connections withJews.[22] Contrary to Germany's political and intellectual establishment,[23] Sebald denied the singularity of the Holocaust: "I see the catastrophe caused by the Germans, dreadful as it was, by no means as a singular event – it developed with a certain logic from European history and then, for the same reason, ate itself into European history."[24] Consequently, Sebald, in his literary work, always tried to situate and contextualize the Holocaust within modern European history, even avoiding a focus on Germany.
Sebald completely rejected the mainstream of Western German literature of the 1950s to 1970s, as represented byHeinrich Böll andGünter Grass: "I hate [...] the German postwar novel like pestilence."[25] He took a deliberate counter-stance. Sebald's distinctive and innovative novels (which he mostly called simply:prose ("Prosa")[26]) were written in an intentionally somewhat old-fashioned and elaborate German (one passage inAusterlitz famously contains a sentence that is 9 pages long). Sebald closely supervised the English translations (principally byAnthea Bell andMichael Hulse). They includeVertigo,The Emigrants,The Rings of Saturn andAusterlitz. They are notable for their curious and wide-ranging mixture of fact (or apparent fact), recollection and fiction, often punctuated by indistinct black-and-white photographs set in evocative counterpoint to the narrative rather than illustrating it directly. His novels are presented as observations and recollections made while travelling around Europe. They also have a dry and mischievous sense of humour.[27]
Sebald was also the author of three books of poetry:For Years Now withTess Jaray (2001),After Nature (1988), andUnrecounted (2004).
(2003)Unrecounted. London: Hamish Hamilton. (Unerzählt, 33 Texte) English ed. 2004
(2008)Across the Land and the Water: Selected Poems, 1964–2001. London: Hamish Hamilton. (Über das Land und das Wasser: Ausgewählte Gedichte 1964–2001) English ed. 2011
As a memorial to the writer, in 2005 the town ofWertach created an eleven kilometre long walkway called the"Sebaldweg". It runs from the border post atOberjoch (1,159m) to W. G. Sebald's birthplace on Grüntenseestrasse 3 in Wertach (915m). The route is that taken by the narrator inIl ritorno in patria, the final section ofVertigo ("Schwindel. Gefühle") by W. G. Sebald. Sixsteles have been erected along the way with texts from the book relating to the respective topographical place, and also with reference to fire and to people who died in the Second World War, two of Sebald's main themes.[33]
In the grounds of theUniversity of East Anglia inNorwich a round wooden bench encircles acopper beech tree, planted in 2003 by the family of W. G. Sebald in memory of the writer. Together with other trees donated by former students of the writer, the area is called the "Sebald Copse". The bench, whose form echoesThe Rings of Saturn, carries an inscription from the penultimate poem ofUnerzählt ("Unrecounted"): "Unerzählt bleibt die Geschichte der abgewandten Gesichter" ("Unrecounted always it will remain the story of the averted faces"[34])
^In a number of interviews, Sebald claimed that his third given name was "Maximilian" – this has, however, turned out not to be the case; see Uwe Schütte,W.G. Sebald. Leben und literarisches Werk. Berlin/Boston, MA: de Gruyter, 2020, p. 8.
^Uwe Schütte, 'Rezeption | Anglo-amerikanischer Raum'. In: Claudia Öhlschläger, Michael Niehaus (eds.),W.G. Sebald-Handbuch: Leben – Werk – Wirkung. Stuttgart: Metzler, 2017, pp. 305–309, pp. 305 and 306.
^Christian Hein, 'Rezeption | Deutschsprachiger Raum'. In: Claudia Öhlschläger, Michael Niehaus (eds.),W.G. Sebald-Handbuch: Leben – Werk – Wirkung. Stuttgart: Metzler, 2017, pp. 300–305, p. 300: "Austerlitz wurde international begeistert rezipiert, von der Literaturkritik frenetisch gefeiert und verlieh Sebald den Status eines modernen Klassikers."
^Philippa Comber, 'Autorbiographie'. In: Claudia Öhlschläger, Michael Niehaus (eds.),W.G. Sebald-Handbuch: Leben – Werk – Wirkung. Stuttgart: Metzler, 2017, pp. 5–9, p. 9.
^Uwe Schütte,W.G. Sebald. Einführung in Leben und Werk. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2011, p. 33.
^Uwe Schütte,Figurationen. Zum lyrischen Werk von W.G. Sebald. Eggingen: Isele, 2021, p. 49.
^Lynne Sharon Schwartz (ed.),The Emergence of Memory: Conversations with W.G. Sebald, New York, NY/London/Melbourne/Toronto 2007, p. 162.
^Vanessa Thorpe, 'Cult novelist killed in car accident',The Observer, 16 December 2001.
^Scott Denham, 'Foreword: The Sebald Phenomenon', in: Scott Denham, Mark McCulloh (eds.),W.G. Sebald: History – Memory – Trauma, Berlin/New York, NY: de Gruyter 2006, pp. 1–6, p. 2: ”Sebald's premature death in December, 2001, shocked the literary world in Germany as well as in his home, Britain, and in the U.S.”
^W.G. Sebald,"Auf ungeheuer dünnem Eis." Gespräche 1971 bis 2001, ed. Torsten Hoffmann, Frankfurt/M.: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 2011, p. 260: "Ich sehe die von den Deutschen angerichtete Katastrophe, grauenvoll wie sie war, durchaus nicht als Unikum an – sie hat sich mit einer gewissen Folgerichtigkeit herausentwickelt aus der europäischen Geschichte und sich dann, aus diesem Grunde auch, hineingefressen in die europäische Geschichte."
^W.G. Sebald,"Auf ungeheuer dünnem Eis." Gespräche 1971 bis 2001, ed. Torsten Hoffmann, Frankfurt/M.: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 2011, p. 77: "Ich hasse [...] den deutschen Nachkriegsroman wie die Pest." Ironically, Sebald received theHeinrich-Böll-Preis in 1997.
^Peter Morgan distinguishes the "novel"Austerlitz from the "prose narratives"Vertigo,The Emigrants andThe Rings of Saturn ('The Sign of Saturn: Melancholy, Homelessness and Apocalypse in W.G. Sebald's Prose Narratives.' In: Franz-Josef Deiters (ed.),Passagen: 50 Jahre Germanistik an der Monash Universität. St. Ingbert: Röhrig, 2010, pp. 491–517, p. 491).
^Jo Catling; Richard Hibbitt, eds. (2011).Saturn's Moons, W. G. Sebald - A Handbook. Translated by Hamburger, Michael. Legenda. p. 659.ISBN978-1-906540-0-29.
Arnold, Heinz Ludwig (ed.).W. G. Sebald. Munich, 2003 (Text+Kritik. Zeitschrift für Literatur. IV, 158). Includes bibliography.
Bewes, Timothy. "What is a Literary Landscape? Immanence and the Ethics of Form".differences, vol. 16, no. 1 (Spring 2005), 63–102. Discusses the relation to landscape in the work of Sebald and Flannery O'Connor.
Bigsby, Christopher.Remembering and Imagining the Holocaust: The Chain of Memory. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Blackler, Deane.Reading W. G. Sebald: Adventure and Disobedience. Camden House, 2007.
Breuer, Theo, "Einer der Besten. W. G. Sebald (1944–2001)" in T.B., Kiesel & Kastanie.Von neuen Gedichten und Geschichten, Edition YE 2008.
Denham, Scott and Mark McCulloh (eds.).W. G. Sebald: History, Memory, Trauma. Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 2005.
Grumley, John, "Dialogue with the Dead: Sebald, Creatureliness, and the Philosophy of Mere Life",The European Legacy, 16,4 (2011), 505–518.
Jacobs, Carol.Sebald's Vision. New York: Columbia University Press, 2017.
Long, J. J.W. G. Sebald: Image, Archive, Modernity. New York, Columbia University Press, 2008.
Long, J. J. and Anne Whitehead (eds.).W. G. Sebald: A Critical Companion. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2006.
McCulloh, Mark R.Understanding W. G. Sebald. University of South Carolina Press, 2003.
Patt, Lise et al. (eds.).Searching for Sebald: Photography after W. G. Sebald. ICI Press, 2007. An anthology of essays on Sebald's use of images, with artist's projects inspired by Sebald.
Wylie, John. "The Spectral Geographies of W. G. Sebald".Cultural Geographies, 14,2 (2007), 171–188.
Zaslove, Jerry. "W. G. Sebald and Exilic Memory: His Photographic Images of the Cosmogony of Exile and Restitution".Journal of the Interdisciplinary Crossroads, Vol. 3 (No. 1) (April 2006).
Rupprecht, Caroline. “Silkworms and Concentration Camps: W.G. Sebald’s The Rings of Saturn and Austerlitz” Asian Fusion: New Encounters in the Asian-German Avant-garde, Peter Lang, 2020. 33-54.
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Max Sebald
