Władysław Bartoszewski | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
| In office 30 June 2000 – 19 October 2001 | |
| President | Aleksander Kwaśniewski |
| Prime Minister | Jerzy Buzek |
| Preceded by | Bronisław Geremek |
| Succeeded by | Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz |
| In office 7 March 1995 – 22 December 1995 | |
| President | Lech Wałęsa |
| Prime Minister | Józef Oleksy |
| Preceded by | Andrzej Olechowski |
| Succeeded by | Dariusz Rosati |
| Ambassador of The Republic of Poland to Austria | |
| In office 20 September 1990 – 1 September 1995 | |
| Preceded by | Stanisław Bejger |
| Succeeded by | Jan Barcz |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1922-02-19)19 February 1922 |
| Died | 24 April 2015(2015-04-24) (aged 93) Warsaw, Poland |
| Cause of death | Myocardial infarction |
| Spouse | Zofia Bartoszewska |
| Children | Władysław Teofil Bartoszewski |
| Occupation | Academician, journalist, politician, resistance member, social activist, writer |
| Righteous Among the Nations |
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| By country |
Władysław Bartoszewski (Polish:[vwaˈdɨswavbartɔˈʂɛfskʲi]ⓘ; 19 February 1922 – 24 April 2015) was aPolish politician, social activist, journalist, writer, historian and insurgent. A formerAuschwitz concentration camp prisoner,[1] he was aWorld War II resistance fighter as part of thePolish underground and participated in theWarsaw Uprising. After the war he was persecuted and imprisoned by the rulingPolish United Workers' Party (PZPR) of thePolish People's Republic regime due to his membership in theHome Army (Armia Krajowa, AK) and opposition activity.[2]
After theRevolutions of 1989, Bartoszewski served twice as theMinister of Foreign Affairs of democratic Poland from March through December 1995 and again from 2000 to 2001.[3] He was also an ambassador and a member of the Polish Senate. Bartoszewski was a close ally and friend of Solidarity leader and later president of Poland,Lech Wałęsa.[3]
Bartoszewski was achevalier of theOrder of the White Eagle, anhonorary citizen ofIsrael, and a member of the International Honorary Council of the European Academy of Diplomacy.[1]
Bartoszewski was born inWarsaw to a family of civil servants. He grew up on a street next to theGreat Synagogue and a detention centre, later saying "“These two things, the synagogue and the penitentiary, later marked my life."[4]
In September 1939, Bartoszewski took part in thecivil defense of Warsaw as astretcher-bearer.[3] From May 1940, he worked in the first social clinic of thePolish Red Cross in Warsaw.[3] On 19 September 1940, Bartoszewski was detained in the Warsaw district ofŻoliborz during a surprise round-up of members of the public (łapanka), along with some 2,000 civilians (among them,Witold Pilecki).[3][5] From 22 September 1940, he was detained inAuschwitz concentration camp (his inmate number was 4427). Due to actions undertaken by thePolish Red Cross, he was released from Auschwitz on 8 April 1941.[3]
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After his release from Auschwitz, Bartoszewski contacted theAssociation of Armed Struggle (Związek Walki Zbrojnej). In the summer of 1941, he reported on his concentration camp imprisonment to the Information Department of the Information and Propaganda Bureau of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa, or AK, a reformed version of the Association of Armed Struggle and the largestresistance movement in Poland).[6] In 1942, he joined theFront for the Rebirth of Poland (Front Odrodzenia Polski), which was a secret,Catholic, social-educational and charity organisation founded byZofia Kossak-Szczucka.[6] From October 1941 until 1944, Bartoszewski studiedPolish studies in the secret Humanist Department ofWarsaw University. At this time, higher education of Poles was outlawed by the German occupational authorities.[6]
In August 1942, Bartoszewski became a soldier of the Home Army, working as a reporter in the "P" Subdivision of the Information Department of its Information and Propaganda Bureau.[2] His pseudonym "Teofil" was inspired by Teofil Grodzicki, a fictional character fromJan Parandowski's novel entitledThe Sky in Flames. He cooperated withKazimierz Moczarski in the two-man P-1 report of the "P" subdivision.[6]
From September 1942, Bartoszewski was active on behalf of the Front for the Rebirth of Poland in theProvisional Committee for Aid to Jews and its successor organisation, the Council for Aid to Jews (codenamedŻegota). Żegota, a Polish World War II resistance organisation whose objective was tohelp Jews during the Holocaust, operated under the auspices of thePolish Government in Exile through theDelegatura, its presence in Warsaw.[4] He remained a member of Żegota until theWarsaw Uprising. In 1943, he replacedWitold Bieńkowski in the Jewish Department of the Delegatura.[7]
From November 1942 to September 1943, Bartoszewski was an editorial team secretary of the Catholic magazinePrawda (The Truth), the press organ of the Front for the Rebirth of Poland.[4] From fall of 1942 until spring of 1944, Bartoszewski was the editor-in-chief of the Catholic magazinePrawda Młodych (The Youth's Truth), which was also connected with the Front for the Rebirth of Poland and aimed at university and high-school students. In November 1942, Bartoszewski became a vice-manager of a division created in the Department of Internal Affairs of the Delegatura, whose remit was to help prisoners ofPawiak prison.[6] In February 1943, Bartoszewski became a reporter and vice-manager of the Department's Jewish Report. As a part of his activities for Żegota and the Jewish Report, he organised assistance for the participants of theWarsaw Ghetto Uprising in April 1943.[4]
On 1 August 1944, Bartoszewski began his participation in the Warsaw Uprising.[6] He was an aide to the commander of radio post "Asma" and editor-in-chief of the magazineThe News from the City and The Radio News.[6] On 20 September, by orders from thecommandant of the Warsaw District of the AK, GeneralAntoni "Monter" Chruściel, Bartoszewski was decorated with theSilver Cross of Merit.[4] This was the result of a proposal put forward by the chief of the Information and Propaganda Bureau in General Headquarters of the Home Army, ColonelJan Rzepecki). On 1 October, he was appointedSecond Lieutenant by the AK commander generalTadeusz "Bór" Komorowski (also due to a proposal by Rzepecki). He received theCross of Valor order on 4 October.[6]
Bartoszewski left Warsaw on 7 October 1944.[2] He continued his underground activity in the Information and Propaganda Bureau of the Home Army at its General Headquarters inKraków. From November 1944 to January 1945, he held a position as editorial team secretary forInformation Bulletin.[2] At the end of February 1945, he returned to Warsaw, where he began his service in the information and propaganda section ofNIE resistance movement.[3] From May to August 1945, Bartoszewski was serving in the sixth unit of the Delegatura (he was responsible for information and propaganda) under the supervision of Kazimierz Moczarski). On 10 October 1945, he revealed that he had served in the AK.[3]
In Autumn 1945, Bartoszewski started his cooperation with theInstitute of National Remembrance at the presidium of the government and the Head Commission of Examination of German Crimes in Poland.[3] His information gathered during the occupation period about the Nazi crimes, the situation in concentration camps and prisons, as well as his knowledge concerning the Jewish genocide, appeared to be very helpful.[3]
In February 1946 he began his work in the editorial section ofGazeta Ludowa (People's Gazette), the main press organ of thePolish People's Party (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe, PSL). Soon, he joined the PSL, at that time the only influential party in opposition to the PZPR government.[3] In the articles published inGazeta Ludowa, he mentioned the outstanding figures of thePolish Underground State (the interview withStefan Korboński, the report from the funeral ofJan Piekałkiewicz), and the events connected with the fight for liberation of the country (a series of sketches presenting the Warsaw Uprising entitledDzień Walczącej Stolicy).[3]
Due to his collaboration with the PSL, Bartoszewski became subject torepressions by thesecurity services. On 15 November 1946, he was falsely accused of being a spy, resulting in him being arrested and held by theMinistry of Public Security of Poland.[3] In December, he was transferred to theMokotów Prison; he was released on 10 April 1948, with the help ofZofia Rudnicka (a former chief of Żegota, then working in theMinistry of Justice).[3] Although Bartoszewski was accepted into the third year of Polish Studies in December 1948, his arrest in 1949 and the resulting five years' imprisonment rendered him unable to finish his studies.[3]
Bartoszewski was again arrested on 14 December 1949.[2] On 29 May 1952, he was sentenced by the Military District Court to eight years in prison due to the false charge of espionage.[3] In April 1954, he was moved to the prison inRawicz and in June to the prison inRacibórz. He was released in August 1954 on a year's parole due to his bad health condition.[2] On 2 March 1955, during the wave ofde-Stalinization, Bartoszewski was informed he was wrongly sentenced.[2][3]
After Bartoszewski was found wrongly sentenced and released from prison, he returned to his journalistic activity. Since August 1955, he was the editor-in-chief of specialist publishing houses of the Polish Librarians Association.[8] Since July 1956, he was publishing his articles inStolica weekly, and since January 1957 he was a member of an editorial section. From the Summer of 1958 to December 1960, he held the position of the secretary of the editorial section.[8] In August 1957, Bartoszewski began working withTygodnik Powszechny (Universal Weekly). From July 1982, he was a member of the editorial section.[3] In November 1958, Bartoszewski was again accepted by the Linguistic Department of Warsaw University, in extramural mode. He submitted his master's thesis written under the supervision of professorJulian Krzyżanowski.[9] However, by decision of thevice-chancellor, he was expelled from the university in October 1962.[8]
On 18 April 1963, Bartoszewski was decorated with thePolonia Restituta medal for his help to the Jews during the war.[8] The proposal was put forward by theJewish Historical Institute.[8] Between September and November 1963, he resided inIsrael at the invitation of theYad Vashem Institute. In the name of the Council for Aid to Jews, he received the diploma of theRighteous Among the Nations. In 1966, he received the medal of the Righteous Among the Nations.[10] In memoriam, former Israeli Ambassador Govrin would later write: "Władysław Bartoszewski will always be remembered as an individual who greatly contributed to the strengthening of Polish-Israeli ties, well before diplomatic ties were renewed and well after.[11]
From November to December 1963, Bartoszewski lived inAustria, where he entered into communication with Austrian intellectual and political societies.[9] In November 1963, he began his cooperation withRadio Free Europe.[3] In the next years, he was traveling to theFederal Republic of Germany, Great Britain, Italy,Israel and the United States, where he got in touch mainly with some of the representatives of Polish emigration (among others withJan Nowak-Jeziorański,Jan Karski,Czesław Miłosz andGustaw Herling-Grudziński).[8] In 1969–73, Bartoszewski served as the chairman of the Warsaw Department of the Society of Book Lovers (Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Książki) and in December 1969 he was appointed a member of the board of the PolishPEN.[3] From 1972 to 1983, he served as the chief secretary of the Polish PEN.[3] In 1973–82, and again in 1984–85, Bartoszewski lectured as a senior lecturer (the counterpart of vice-professor).[3] His lectures concerned modern history (with the special emphasis on the war and occupation) in the Institute of Modern History on the Humanistic Science Department of KUL (Catholic University of Lublin). In December 1981, he was an active participant in the First Polish Culture Congress, which was interrupted by the enforcement ofmartial law in Poland.[3]
In 1983–1984 and 1986–1988, Bartoszewski lectured at the Institute of Political Science Faculty of Social Sciences at theLudwig-Maximilian University in Munich (as well as the Media Science Institute at the same university in 1989–90).[3] He was named Visiting Professor by theBavarian government. In 1984, he received an honorary doctorate fromHebrew College inBaltimore (USA) as well as a certificate of the recognition from theAmerican Jewish Committee in New York.[3]
From May 1984, Bartoszewski was a full member of theJózef Piłsudski Institute of America.[10] From 1986 he served as one of the deputy-chairmen at the Institute of Polish-Jewish Studies at theUniversity of Oxford. In the academic year 1985 he was lecturing at the Faculty of History and Social Sciences at theCatholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt in the Federal Republic of Germany.[3] From 1988 to 1989, he lectured at the Institute of Political Science in the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences at theUniversity of Augsburg.[3] In 1992 he was appointed a member of theIndependent Commission of Experts (ICE) 1992–2002 which was set up by the Swiss parliament to examine the refugee policy of the Switzerland during World War II as well as economic and financial relationships between Switzerland and Nazi Germany.[3] Bartoszewski took part in many international conferences and seminars dedicated to the issues of World War II, the Jewish genocide, Polish-German and Polish-Jewish relationships as well as the role of Polish intellectualists in politics.[10] He delivered a number of lectures and reports on the various international forums.[8]
In 1970, due to his opposition activity and various relations in Western countries, Bartoszewski was forbidden to publish his works in Poland (until autumn 1974).[1] He also fell victim to searches, denials of passport and distributingforgeries).[8] In 1974, he was engaged in activity focusing on reprieving the convicted members of theRuch [pl] organisation (among othersStefan Niesiołowski andAndrzej Czuma). In January 1976, as one of the first, Bartoszewski signed the letter of intellectualists protesting against the introduction of changes into the constitution of thePeople's Republic of Poland.[10] He helped establish the Society for Educational Courses and he lectured at the "Flying University".[8]
On 21 August 1980, Bartoszewski signed the intellectuals' letter to the protesting workers from the Polish coast.[3] During 1980/1981 he was a member ofSolidarity.[8] After announcingmartial law on 13 December 1981, he was a detainee inBiałołęka prison and later in theInternment Center inJaworze atDrawsko Pomorskie Military Training Area. He was released on 28 April 1982 due to the support from intellectual communities from Poland and from abroad.[1]
In 1981,Edward Raczyński, thePresident of Poland in exile, proposed Bartoszewski as his successor so Bartoszewski could become president in exile after his resignation.[8] Raczyński, according to his own words, wanted someone from the country and not the emigre circles as well as with strong ties to the opposition in Poland. Bartoszewski, however, graciously refused. In 1987 Raczyński's final successor,Kazimierz Sabbat, also proposed Batoszewski be nominated, but he declined.[3] Had he accepted the position, he would have succeeded Sabbat after his sudden death in 1989.[12]
From September 1990 to March 1995, Bartoszewski held the position of Ambassador of the Polish Republic to Austria.[10] On 28 April 1995, he delivered a speech during the solemn joint session of theBundestag andBundesrat on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the ending of World War II as the only foreign speaker. On 22 December 1995, he resigned from his office due to the end ofLech Wałęsa's presidential term.[1] Once again, Bartoszewski became chief of Polish Internal Affairs in June 2000 inJerzy Buzek's government.[1] From 1997 to 2001, he was theSenator of the fourth term and the chairperson in the Office for International Affairs and European Integration. As a Senior Speaker he chaired the inaugural session of theSenate of the Republic of Poland.[10] On 21 November 2007, Bartoszewski was named Secretary of State in the Office of the Chairman of theCouncil of Ministers (Prime MinisterDonald Tusk) andplenipotentiary forinternational affairs.[10]
From June 1990, Bartoszewski was chairperson of the International Council of the National Auschwitz Museum.[3] From 1991 to 1995, he was the member of the National Council for Polish-Jewish Relations from the presidential office. From March 1995, he was the deputy chairman of the Polish PEN. In 1996, he received anhonorary doctorate of theUniversity of Wrocław.[10]
Starting in June 2001, Bartoszewski was the leader of the Council for the Protection of Memory of Combat and Martyrdom. On 27 January 2005, on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the liberation of the concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau, he delivered speeches as the representative of the Polish inmates of concentration camps.[3][10] For many years he was a strong supporter of the Polish-Jewish and Polish-Germanreconciliation.[10] Through his journalistic and academic activity he contributed to retaining the memory of the Polish Underground State, the Warsaw Uprising and the crimes oftotalitarianism.[3]
From 26 January to 29 June 2006, Bartoszewski headed the board ofLOT Polish Airlines.[10] He was a member of thePolish Writers' Association. He was also chairperson of thePolish Institute of International Affairs in Warsaw, but resigned from the position on 29 August 2006.[10] The reason was that there was no reaction from then-Minister of Foreign AffairsAnna Fotyga to the accusations formulated by deputy Minister of DefenseAntoni Macierewicz who alleged that most of hitherto Ministers of Foreign Affairs of theThird Republic of Poland were former agents of the Soviet special services according to files known as "fałszywkas" produced by theSB secret police.[3][13]
Bartoszewski's scholarly credentials were controversial. He had no university degree but used the title of "professor", suggesting that he had an academic degree.[3] After objections from the German and Polish academic communities, theGerman Ministry of Foreign Affairs removed the title of "professor" before Bartoszewski's name from its web page.[14] Despite his lack of formal academic qualifications, Bartoszewski taught graduate-level history courses at several accredited and prestigious universities, including the renownedKUL (John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin), which lists Bartoszewski as a reader in modern history (and chair of Polish Postwar History) in the Faculty of Humanities, 1973–1985, and awarded him an honorary doctorate in 2008.[15] From April 2009 he was a council member of theAuschwitz-Birkenau Foundation.[10] In July 2010 he became a member of the International Council of theAustrian Service Abroad.[10]
At a joint conference of the Polish Institute of International Affairs (PISM) and theIsrael Council on Foreign Relations (ICFR) held in Warsaw in November 2017, ICFR director Laurence Weinbaum paid tribute to Bartoszewski and said he had played an important role in developing relations between Poland and Israel: "At a time when in certain quarters we are witness to shameless opportunism and the grotesque obfuscation of history, his legacy resonates especially strongly. Bartoszewski taught people that bellicose jingoism and intolerance should not be confused with the true love of one's country and that a society that gives way to its basest instincts is doomed to ruin."[16]
Władysław Bartoszewski was first married to Antonina Mijal, but that marriage ended in divorce.[9] He later married Zofia Bartoszewska in 1967; they remained married until his death in 2015.[9] His son, Władysław Teofil Bartoszewski, was born in 1955.[9] He is an academic historian who has written on Polish Jewish history. He is the author of the 1991 book,The Convent at Auschwitz, George Braziller,ISBN 0-8076-1267-7.[9]
On 24 April 2015, Bartoszewski was admitted to a Warsaw hospital, dying shortly after arrival of a heart attack, aged 93.[17][18] Flags at the parliament were lowered to half-staff in Bartoszewski's honor. Bartoszewski was survived by wife Zofia and son Władysław Teofil.[3] Bartoszewski's funeral was on 4 May and was buried atPowązki Military Cemetery.[19]
The article was originally a translation of its Polish version (Władysław Bartoszewski), with additions from the German version.
Z zapisu w katalogu IPN wynika, że spreparowane materiały wytworzono jako "element kombinacji operacyjnej SB mającej na celu skompromitowanie Bartoszewskiego w środowisku dziennikarskim i inteligenckim jako agenta SB"
