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TheWürm glaciation orWürm stage (German:Würm-Kaltzeit orWürm-Glazial, colloquially often alsoWürmeiszeit orWürmzeit; cf.ice age), commonly referred asthe Würm[1] (often spelled "Wurm"), was thelast glacial period in theAlpine region. It is the youngest of the majorglaciations of the region that extended beyond the Alps themselves. Like most of the other ice ages of thePleistocene epoch, it is named after a river, in this case theWürm inBavaria, a tributary of theAmper.[2]
The Würm ice age can be dated to about 115,000 to 11,700 years ago. Sources differ about the dates, depending on whether the long transition phases between theglacials andinterglacials (warmer periods) are allocated to one or other of those periods. Theaverage annual temperatures during the Würm ice age in theAlpine Foreland were below −3 °C (today +7 °C). That has been determined from changes in the vegetation (pollen analysis), as well as differences in thefacies.[3]
The corresponding ice age in North and Central Europe is known as theWeichselian glaciation, after the German name for theVistula river. Despite the global changes in climate that were responsible for the major glaciations cycles, the dating of the Alpine ice sheet advances does not correlate automatically with the farthest extent of the Scandinavianice sheet.[4][5] In North America the corresponding "last ice age" is called theWisconsin glaciation.[6]
In theGelasian, i.e. at the beginning of theQuaternary period around 2.6 million years ago, anice age began in the northern hemisphere which continues today. Characteristic of such ice ages is the glaciation of thepolar caps. After the Gelasian followed the Early, Middle and Late Pleistocene with a succession of several warm and cold periods. The latter are often called "ice ages" or "glacials", the former term often being confused with the overarching ice age period. The warm periods are called "interglacials".
Glaciers repeatedly advanced from the Alps to the northernmolasse foreland and leftmoraines and meltwater deposits behind that are up to several hundred metres thick. Today, the Pleistocene epoch in the Alps is divided into several phases: theBiber,Danube,Günz,Haslach,Mindel,Riss andWürm glaciations. The greatest ice advance into theAlpine Foreland took place during the Riss glaciation,cf. theSaale glaciation in northern Europe.
The most recent foreland glaciation, the Würm, did not have such an extensive and solid glacial front. Nevertheless, itsterminal moraines, which indicate the perimeter of the ice sheet, extend as a single tongue well into the foreland. Whilst they were hemmed in by the high mountainsides of the Alps, once these rivers of ice entered the foreland they often combined to form huge glaciers.
The moraines and gravel beds formed in the Würm glaciation are the best preserved, because since then there have been no more similar geological processes. Traces of the ice sheet have not been scoured out by later glaciers or overlaid by their sediments. This allows a more precise dating for the Würm glaciation than for earlier ice ages.
The Würm glaciation was preceded by theEemian, which began about 126,000 years ago and lasted 11,000 years. Then there was a significant slowdown, characterized by occasional fluctuations of several degrees in average temperatures. The various advances and retreats of glaciers associated with these temperature fluctuations, are called "stadials" (periods of relatively low temperatures) and "interstadials" (relatively higher temperatures).
The Würm Glacial ended around 11,700 years ago with the beginning of theHolocene. The cold period was followed by another warming which continues today and during which the glaciers are retreating. However, even in the Holocene there have been variations in temperature and ice advances, the last one in themodern era being the so-calledLittle Ice Age. The Holocene is considered an "interglacial" of a larger ice age, since the poles and the high mountain areas are still glaciated.
The cold and warm periods of theQuaternary in the Alpine region | ||
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